Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is commonly used as an industrial solvent. It can be harmful if inhaled or absorbed through the skin. This document discusses various methods for biodegrading toluene using bioreactors like a jet loop reactor. A jet loop reactor contains a central draft tube where a bi-fluid nozzle introduces a liquid and gas stream to absorb toluene using surfactants. The absorbed toluene is then biodegraded into harmless byproducts like carbon dioxide and water by microbes in the reactor. The jet loop reactor is effective at transferring oxygen and can degrade 70% of toluene from the circulating liquid.

1. Toluene biodegradation using jet
loop reactor
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2. • Toluene is an aromatic hydrocarbon solvent
and natural sources of toluene include crude
oil and small quantities it is found in tolu tree.
Toluene alternative names include
methylbenzene, toluol, anisen, phenyl
methane.Toluene is produced during the
process of making gasoline and other fuels
from crude oil, in making coke from coal, and
as a by-product in the manufacture of styrene.
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3. • Toluene has numerous commercial and
industrial applications and is a solvent in
paints, lacquers, thinners, glues, correction
fluid and nail polish remover, and is used in
the printing and leather tanning processes.
Methylbenzene can also be used as a fullerene
indicator, and is a raw material for toluene
diisocyanate.
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4. • Toluene as a solvent used in carbon nanotubes
like fullerenes. It is also used as cement for fine
polystyrene kits as. Biological usage of toluene includes
breaking or disrupting red blood cells in order to
extract hemoglobin in biochemistry experiments.
• Toluene can be used as an octane booster
in gasoline fuels used in internal combustion engines.
Absolute toluene can be used as a fuel for both two-
stroke and four-stroke engines.
• One of the cosmetic and personal care products like
nail products containing toluene are applied to the
hard, largely impenetrable surface of the nail where a
smooth and glossy film is quickly formed upon
evaporation of the solvents.
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5. • Methylbenzene is used to manufacture benzene,
urethane raw materials, and other organic chemicals. It
is used in the production of pharmaceuticals, dyes, and
cosmetic nail products. It is used in agricultural sector
against roundworms and hookworms.
• Toluene occurs naturally at low levels from crude oil
and is usually produced in the processes of gasoline via
a catalytic reformer, in an ethylene cracker or making
coke from coal. It is widely used in industry, often as a
substitute for benzene.
• The methyl group which is present in methylbenzene
makes it around 25 times more reactive than benzene
in such reactions. Methylbenzene undergoes smooth
sulfonation to give p-toluenesulfonic acid, and
chlorination by Cl2 in the presence of FeCl3 to give
ortho and para isomers of chlorotoluene.
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6. • Toluene may have local as well as systemic harmful effects. It may
cause irritation of the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. Repeated or
prolonged contact with the liquid may cause removal of natural
lipids from the skin resulting in dry, fissured dermatitis. Low-level,
chronic exposure as well as acute exposure to toluene may result in
central nervous system depression and decreased memory. Other
symptoms include headache, dizziness, fatigue, muscular weakness,
drowsiness, and incoordination with staggering gait, skin
paresthesia, collapse, and coma.
• The rate of polluted gases in the atmosphere comprises of dissolved
organic compounds which affects the environment apparently. One
of the best methods to reduce harmful gases in environment is
bioreactors. The bioreactors are abundantly used to degrade those
substances depending upon various parameters and suitable
materials like packing material, microbes, etc. One such dissolved
organic compound which is highly toxic to human beings and also
present in the gaseous state is Toluene.
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7. • A bioreactor is a vessel in which a chemical
process is carried out. This process can
conducted either be aerobically or
anaerobically. These bioreactors are
commonly cylindrical, capacity ranging in size
from litres to cubic metres, and are made of
stainless steel material.
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8. Bioreactor comprises of an
• Air compressor
• Oxygen tank
• Dehumidifier
• Activated carbon beds
• Dynamic system for the generation of BTX vapours
• Foam columns
• Cell reservoir
• Deformer
• Controlling devices
In the field of biochemical engineering, using various types of
reactors, including an airlift loop reactor, a bubble column reactor, a
stirred tank reactor, and a jet loop reactor etc.
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9. Various techniques have been used for
treating toluene
• Physiochemical treatment methods
• Bio filtration
• Bio degradation
• Thermal oxidation
• Catalytic oxidation
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10. All these biological treatment methods
can convert toluene into
• Carbon dioxide
• Water
• Salt
• Biomass
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11. Jet loop reactor
• A jet loop reactor (JLR) contains a central draft tube inside the
reactor. A bi fluid (liquid and gas) nozzle is located at the top or
bottom of the reactor in a structure of two concentric cylinders. The
gas delivered through one cylinder is dispersed by the liquid jet
stream, delivered through the other cylinder.
• The liquid or gas can be circulated back to the reactor to increase
the concentration of the gas species in the liquid phase. In JLR
toluene is absorbed by circulating nonionic surfactants which is of
polyoxyethylene based (LA5 and LA7) Polyol- based and Surfactants.
• The toluene removal efficiency was 70 per cent in Tween 81. The
removal efficiency of toluene was not affected by Tween 81 which
concentration is observed by effects of liquid flow rate. Dissolving
oxygen in the water is found to be superior to other reactors
interms of oxygen transfer rate per unit power input.
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