What is the chemistry of a perfume?

What is the chemistry
of a perfume?
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• Since the beginning of history recorded, human beings have sought to
mask or augment their own body odor by applying perfume, which
imitates nature’s pleasant smells.
• Many natural and man-made materials have been utilized or extracted to
make perfumes. No perfume smells the same on any two people, because
of the differences in chemistry, temperature and the odors of the body.
Let’s learn more about perfume and chemistry running behind it.
• Perfume is a mixture of fragrant oils, aroma compounds, fixatives or
solvents, which is used to give the humans, animals, food or living spaces
a pleasant scent or smell. The word perfume was derived from the Latin
word perfumare, which means “to smoke through”.

History of Perfumes
• The art of making perfumes which is known as perfumery, began in
ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt, and was then further refined by the
Romans and Persians.
• From 2nd
millennium BC in Mesopotamia, a woman named Tapputi, a
perfume maker was considered the world first-recorded chemist,
mentioned in a cuneiform tablet.
• In India, perfume and perfumery the art of making perfume prevailed in
the Indus civilization. The perfume date backs over 4000 years.
• In the 19th
century Al-Kindi, an Arab chemist wrote the Book of the
Chemistry of Perfume and Distillation, which had more than 100 recipes
for making fragrant oils, aromatic water and substitutes of costly drugs.

• The process of extracting oils from flowers through distillation was
introduced by the Persian chemist Ibn Sina. First, he experimented
distillation with the rose.
• Perfumes were primarily used to mask body odors by the wealthy part of
the society between 16th
and 17th
century. Due to this patronage, the
perfume industry got developed.
• The Grasse region of France, Sicily and Calabria by the 18th
century, were
planting aromatic plants to provide raw materials for growing perfume
industry. Till today, Italy and France are the center of European perfume
design and trade.

Chemistry of Perfume
• Olfactory structure:
Majority of perfumes composes three part structure. The “head,” also
known as the “top” note is the first olfactory impression the perfume
conveys. The second is the “heart” note, which is the
main fragrance which lasts for several hours. The last one is the “base”
note, which is the fragrance that underpins the full perfume and it
comprise of the minimum volatile chemicals. These parts or structure
makes the fragrances lasts the whole day.
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Main chemicals or
compounds of Perfume
• Perfume/Fragrant oils: Perfume oil can be divided into two types:
synthetic oil or a fragrance taken out of specific sources by methods such
as headspace. Headspace vacuums the smell directly from the object and
recreates the smell by getting a print out of its chemical equation. Oils are
extracted from flowers, plants, animals or other natural resources. The
chemical equations for perfume oil are dependent completely upon what
the oil was taken from.
• Water and Alcohol: There are many types of alcohol that can be used in
perfume making, but Ethyl Alcohol (C2H6O), is most commonly used as it
helps the fragrance to spread out. Distilled water (H2O), is also used in
fragrance for spreading out the smell of the fragrance. Based on the
amount of dilution added, there is much different strength of perfumes.
The concentrated perfume you can buy is Parfum and the least
concentrated perfume is Cologne.

Role of Chemistry
• A smell is a molecule that floats in the air as it is very light. Materials used
in the fragrances are generally semi volatile organic compounds and
molecular weight of these organic compounds hardly exceeds 260 AMU.
However, very molecule that floats in the air does not have a smell or
does not have enough smell to be perceived by the human nose, e.g.,
Carbon Monoxide.
• How a perfume smells is not dependent upon what it comes from, but
also on how an individual is chemically connected to perceive it.

• Chemical reactions resulted by light can alter your perfume smell, as the
energy present in light can break down the bonds present in molecules of
the fragrance.
• Bright sunlight can damage your perfume and air can also corrode
perfume fragrance because of oxidation, the same process that turns
uncorked wine into vinegar.
• With this being informed the best place to keep the perfume is in a dark
place and at a room temperature in a spray bottle and the best place to
apply perfume is on the pulse points, because the pulse will warm the
perfume and cause consistent spreading of its scent.

Thank You
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What is the chemistry of a perfume?

What is the chemistry of a perfume?

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