Mrs. B.Gomathi, Associate Professor and Head, SUM Nursing College, Shiksha 'O' Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar.

1. Mrs. B.Gomathi
Associate Professor and Head
Dept of OBG Nsg
SUM Nursing College
SOA (DTU), BBSR.

2. What is research ?
▪ Search for knowledge
▪ Finding a solution to a problem is research
▪ It is an art of scientific investigation

3. Polit & Beck defines
research is a systematic
inquiry that uses disciplined
methods to answer questions
or solve problems

4. Purposes
 Description
 Exploration
 Explanation
 Prediction and Control

5. Quantitative approach
Qualitative approach.

6. Nursing research is a systematic
inquiry designed to develop trustworthy
evidence about issues of importance to the
nursing profession including nursing
practice, education, administration and
informatics
( Polit & Beck)

7. Purpose :
To answer questions or to solve problems
in nursing practice, administration,
education and informatics. The ultimate
goal of nursing research is to improve the
quality of care provided to patients

8. Concepts or broad problem areas
that indicate the foci of essential
research knowledge needed to provide
evidence based nursing practice ( Burns &
Grove )

9. PROBLEM :
▪ A perplexing problem or a condition about
which one is curious.
▪ An area of concern in which there is a gap
in the knowledge base needed for nursing
practice
(TOPIC – Stress and coping, Pain)

10. ▪ Personal experiences
▪ Nursing literature
▪ Social issues
▪ Theory
▪ Ideas from external sources

11. ▪ Significance of the problem
▪ Researchability of the problem
▪ Feasibility
▪ Interest to the researcher

12. ▪ Statement of the problem
▪ Statement of the research
question

13. A problem statement articulates the
problem to be addressed and indicates
the need for a study through the
development of an argument ( Polit &
Beck )

14. Research question is the interrogative
form of problem statement. The research
question has the advantage of simplicity
and directness. They invite answers and
help to focus attention on the kinds of data
that would have to be collected to provide
that answer

15. ▪ Level 1 - One variable
▪ Level II - Two variables
▪ Level III - Two or more variables that
specify cause and effect

16. ▪ A research objective is a clear, concise,
declarative statement, which provides
direction to investigate the variables
under the
▪ Developed from research problem
▪ Clarify variables and population to be
studied, possible relationships

17. ▪ Statements that are taken for granted
▪ Considered true even though not
statistically tested
▪ Influences development and
implementation of research process

18. ▪ Definition of concepts in a study
▪ Types
- Conceptual definition
- Operational definition

19. Presents the theoretical meaning of
the concepts based on theoretical
literature

20. Definition of a concept or variable in
terms of the procedure by which is to
be measured

21. ▪ Prediction about relationship between
two or more variables
▪ Proposed answer for a research question to
be tested
▪ Mostly used in quantitative studies

22. ▪ Simple hypothesis
▪ Complex hypothesis
▪ Directional hypothesis
▪ Non directional hypothesis

23. ▪ Research hypothesis
▪ Null hypothesis / Statistical
▪ Associative hypothesis
▪ Causal hypothesis

24. Researcher decide to set boundaries
or limits of their work. It is under
researchers control.

25. Restrictions in a study that may
decrease the credibility and
generalizability of the findings

26. Phase 1
The Conceptual
Phase
Phase 2
The design and
planning phase
Phase 3
The empirical
phase
Phase 4
The analytic
phase
Phase 5
The dissemination
phase
1. Formulating and delimiting the problem
2. Reviewing the related literature
3. Undertaking clinical fieldwork
4. Defining the framework/developing con.def
5. Developing hypothesis
6. Selecting a research design
7. Developing intervention protocols
8. Identifying the population
9. Designing the sampling plan
10. Specifying methods to measure research variables
11. Safe guard the subjects
12. Finalize the plan
13. Collecting the data
14. Preparing the data for analysis
15. Analyzing the data
16. Interpreting the results
17. Communicating the findings.
18. Utilizing the findings in practice

27. Steps of Research
Process

28. 1.CONCEPTUAL PHASE

29. • Substantive issues
• Theoretical issues
• Clinical issues
• Methodological issue
• Ethical issues

30. • Conducted within conduct of previous
knowledge
• What is known about a research problem
• Thorough review provides foundation for new
evidence
• Review of current procedures and existing
practice guidelines or protocols.

31. • Discussions with Clinical and health
care administrators, practitioner
and educators
• Observation of current practices

32. • Performance of research under
theoretical Frame work - Broader
significance of utility findings.
• Develop a conceptual rationale and clear
Sense of concepts under study.

33. • Expectation about relationship
between the variables.
• Prediction of outcomes
• Designed to test hypothesis
through statistical analysis

34. 2.DESIGN AND
PLANNING PHASE

35. • Over all plan for obtaining answer to the
questions being studied.
• Wide variety of designs – Exp. Non Exp
• Steps to minimize bias and enhance
interpretability of results.
• How data will be collected
• What type of comparisons and settings.

36. • Specify what protocol or intervention
• Who will administer
• How frequently/long treatment will last
• All subjects in each group treated in
same way

37. • Identify the individuals or objects
with common defining characteristics
e.g.
All patients undergoing chemotherapy
All adolescents in a selected
commodity.

38. • Impractical to study whole
population.
• Representative sample.
• Specify how sample will be selected
and recruited
• How many subjects

39. • Based on Conceptual definition design
appropriate methods to operationalize
the variable and collect data.
• Primary methods - Self report,
observation and biophysiologic
measurements.

40. • Adhere to Ethical principles
(Autonomy, beneficence, justice,
Non. Maleffecience)
• Scrutinize the study plan to ensure
adequate protection of rights of
subjects.

41. • Reliability of written materials for
comprehension
• Pretesting the instrument to test
adequacy & pilot study
• Critiquing of plan by peers,
consultants for feedback.
• Proposal for financial support.

42. 3. EMPIRICAL PHASE

43. • Proceed according to pre
established plan
• Where, When , what and how of
data

44. • Coding and translating verbal data
into numeric form (e.g. M-1 F-2)
• Transferring in Computer files for
analysis

45. 4. ANALYTIC PHASE

46. • Analyse data in orderly coherent
form
• Statistical analysis of quantitative
data.

47. • Making sense of results
• Examining the implications
• Explaining the findings in the light of prior
evidence, theory and their own clinical
experience
• Determine to use findings in clinical
practice
• Further research needed

48. 5. DISSEMINATION
PHASE

49. Term papers, dissertation,
Journals, Articles
Presentations in conferences

50. ⚫ Plan for its use in practice
⚫ Recommendation for utilizing the
information in practice

51. Planning the study
Identifying the research problem
Doing a literature review
Developing and gaining entrée into
research sites
Developing methods to safeguard
participants
Disseminating findings
Communicating findings
Utilizing (or making recommendations
for utilizing ) findings in practice and
future research
Developing data collection strategies
Deciding what type of data to gather
and how to gather them
Deciding from whom to collect the data
Deciding how to enhance
trustworthiness
Gathering and analyzing data
Collecing data
Organizing and analyzing data
Evaluating data:making modifications to data
collection strategies, if necessary
Evaluating data: determining if saturation has

52. ➢ Polit D.F and Beck C.T, Nursing Research
Generating & Assessing evidence for Nursing
Practice 2015, Wolters Kluwer (India)
➢ Houser, Janet, Nursing Research Reading,
using & creating evidence 2008 by Jones &
Bartlett Publishers.

53. ➢ Hott J.B & Budin, W.C Notter’s essentials of
Nursing Research sixth edition 1999
Springer Publishing Company.
➢ Johnross @ C.W Com.net Way of
approaching research quantitative design.
➢ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia ( May
2009) Quantitative Research.

54. ➢ Neill James htm, Quantitative
Research designs 03 Aug 2003.
➢ Gall, M.D, et. Al Educational Research:
An Introduction Quantitative Research
Design (chapter 10-13, PP 287-431), 7th
editor 2003, white plains New York,
Longman.