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RESEARCH AND PRACTICE



Hospital Practices and Women's Likelihood of Fulfilling Their
Intention to Exclusively Breastfeed
 Eugene Declercq, PhD, Miriam H. Labbok, MD, MPH, Carol Sakata, PhD, MPH, and MaryAnn O'Hara. MD, MPH


Exclusive breastfeeding through at least the
                                                                 Objectives. We sought to assess whether breastfeeding-related bospital prac-
first 6 months is the physiologically appropriate
                                                              tices reported by mothers were associated with achievement of tbeir intentions
approach to infant feeding,' Mixed or formula
                                                              to exclusively breastfeed.
feeding canics with it increased lisks of inleclion,
                                                                 Methods. We used data from Listening to Mothers II, a nationally represen-
developmental probkims, mortality, and long-
                                                              tative survey of 1573 mothers wbo bad given birtb in a hospital to a singleton in
      ailments such as diabetes and cancers For               2005, Mothers were asked retrospectively about their breastfeeding intention,
               child." "'^ In support of the                  infant feeding at 1 week, and 7 bospital practices.
evidence, the American Academy of Pediatrics,'^                  Results. Primíparas reported a substantial difference between tbeir intention
American College of Obstetrics and Gynecol-                   to exclusively breastfeed (70%) and tbis practice at 1 week (50%). They also
i.)gy,^ the American Public Health Association"               reported bospitat practices that conflicted witb the Baby-Friendly Ten Steps,
the World Heidth Organization," iuid many                     including supplementation (49%) and pacifier use (45%|. Primíparas wbo deliv-
other medical and heallli pfofes,sioiial organiza-            ered in hospitals that practiced 6 or 7 of tbe steps were 6 times more likely for
tions'"""'" recommend that infants consume only               acbieve their intention to exclusively breastfeed than were tbose in hospitals that
mother's milk (exdusive breastfeeding) for at                 practiced none or 1 of the steps. Mothers wbo reported supplemental feedings for
                                                              tbeir infant were less likely to acbieve tbeir intention to exclusively breastfeed.
least the first 6 months of life, followed by
                                                              primíparas (adjusted odds ratio [A0R]=4.4; 95% confidence interval |CI1 = 2.1,
continued breastfeeding with age-^propriate
                                                              9.3); multiparas (AOR = 8.8; 95% CU4.4, 17.6).
nutrient ridi complementaiy foods. The
                                                                 Conclusions. Hospitals should implement policies that support breastfeedrtig
irvised US Healthy P{!ople 2010 national objec-
                                                              witb particular attention to eliminating supplementation of heallby newborns.
tives call for 17"/(i of new mothers to be                    {Atn J Public Health. 2009;99:929-936. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135236)
exclusively breastfeeding at 6 montlis.''
Nonetlieless. national statistics indicate that less
tlian 12'yu of mottier-baby pairs achieve this            instRiction (/'< .001 ). Acceptance of fi-ee fomiula    METHODS
goal."*                                                   was significantly assodatfîd (7^.03) with overall
   The "Ten Steps for the FYotection, Promo-              Ten Steps implementation. Althougti several in-            We present rt"suft.s from a 2 0 0 6 national
tion and Support of Breastfeeding"'" are the              ternational studies iiave eoneluded that even           sui-vey of 1573 women aged 18 to 4 5 yeai-s
centr-al part of the Baby-Friendly Hospital               some progress toward "Baby-Friendly Hospil^"            who had given birth in 2 0 0 5 in a hospital to a
initiative, along with adherence to the hitema-           status is assodated with ino-eases in breastfeed-       singleton, sdll-living infant. The survey, entitled
tional Code of Marltelitig of Breast-Milk Substitule.'i   ing, availaliie US data"" on the achievement of         Listening to Mothers II,"" was devclo|.xd
and subsequent World I leatth Orgaiiiy^Eion               exdusive breastfeeding in relation to the nuniber       thiougli a collalioration between Childbirtli
resolutions."' 'Ihi'se pracücts have been                 of steps in place are limited.                          Connection iuid tlie Boston Univci'sity School of
reported to support breastfeeding behaviors                  The goal of our study was to provide dinica!         I'ublic Heaitii and was conducted by Hanis
iuid influence outc»mes,''''" t h o u ^ in some           and hospital administi'ative dedsion-makers             Interactive. The standard tclcpbone sam|)ling
cases ihcy have been subjecis of political dis-           with the infonnation they need to institute             approadi of random-digit dialing, though ad-
[jutca,'' However, with the exception of a                policies and practices that enhance a woman's           vaiitageous for reaching a divei-se population, is
I ecent Centere for Disease Control and                   ability to achieve her intended duration of             not feasible for a national sui'vey of new motliers
ñ-evendon stiidy*^" and sum«! data fi-orn                 exclusive breastfeeding. We examined tbe re-            becaii.se tlic number of US birtlis (4 million
hos|jitals that have achieved "Baby-Friendly"             sults of a national survey tliat asked mothers          annually) Ls small in proptJiüon to the number of
status, little is known about the prevalenœ of            about their feeding intentions "as [they] came          boiiseholcfs (IU million); tlierefore, respondents
these practices in haspitals acrass the United            to tbe end t)f ftheirl pregnancy" «md their actual      were drawn fi^om 2 oth(?i' sourcts.
States.                                                   feeding patterns 1 week after tbe birth. We also          Tbe Internet portion of tlie sample was
   Grizzard et al.^' assessed Massachusetts hos-          asked motliers to report on their experiences           drawn from Hanis Interactive's ongoing Inter-
pitals and noted tliat hos¡iil;ils witli high or          with hospital practices kiiown to influence             net panel of more tlian 5 million individuals
moderately liigb levels of implementation signif-         breastfeeding success. Based on past research,          who agree to periodically pajtidpate in tlieir
icantly differed fi'om hospitals with paitial             we expected that hospital pracUcc-s would be            surveys. To ensure a more representative
implementation vnth respect to pacifier usage             related to tlie fulfillment of a plan to exclusively    overall sample, a telephone sample was also
(F=.i)()2) and postpattiim breastfeeding                  breastfeed.                                             drawn. Respondents in tliis sample were



May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5 , American Joumal of Public Health                                             Declercq et al.   Peer Reviewed   Research and Practice   929
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE



limited to non-White mothei-s and were iden-            all 50 states and the Distiid of Columbia In                        community breastfeeding rtisoui'ces, supple-
Liiied through tlie useofapropnetaiy list"^ tliat       tenus of age. nZ'^'ii of the study ¡xipulation and                  menting breastfeeding with fonnula or water,
contained telephone numbers and zip eodes of            52% of the comparable birthing population were                      giving tbe baby a pacifier, providing free for-
motliers who had given hirth in 2005. House-            aged between 25 and 34 years. Non-Hispanic                          mula samples to mothers), and a global ques-
holds in ziji codfis willi lai^ge non-White popu-       Black mothers made up 12'I'd and I iisparuc                         tion about tiw. hrt^astfeeding support they re-
lations were called and respondents were                mothers 21% of the study sample, compaied with                      ceived from hospital staff. Where possible,
screened to eiisuR' nol only thai they met llie         14'Vi) and 23"''i). respectively, in the birthing                   these items were taken directly from the Raby-
original inclusion aiteria hut also that they were      population. Finally, tlie breastfeeding ratis we                    Friendly Hospital Initiative Ten Steps,''^ with
non-Hispanic Black or Hispanie. The combined            report are generally comparable to 2 0 0 5 rates                    spedfic Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative steps
survey resulLs wen' weighttid by 1 lanis with tlieir    repoited by the Centers ft)i" Disease Contnil                       conesponding to survey questions nottxl in 1 a-
validated "propensity sa)re" metliodology {G.           and IVeverition hasi-d on the National Immuni-                      hte 2. Mothers were given 3 [ios.sible ways to
Terhanian et al., unpublished data, 2000; avail-        zation Survey. Althou^ the spedfic questions                        dfscribe the pattern of feeding intended during
ahle from authors on request) to adjust for             were not the same, the overall rate of any                          late pn'gnancy and practiced at 1 week: (1)
|X)tentiiiJ biases associated witli online res|N)n-     bi^eastfeetling at ;ill at 1 week iu oui" sample                    exclusive breasUetniing, (2) exclusive formula
dents. We applied population wei^ts to statisti-        {73"/()) matches tlie 73.1<^/(i reported as any                     feeding, or (3) mixed feeding. In a separate pml
cal analyses by using ciurently available options       breastfeeding at 7 days in the 2 0 0 5 National                     of the questionnairi', we also asked the mother's if
m S I ^ version 15.0 (Sf'SS Inc, Chicago, IL).          biununization Sur'ey."^^                                           tliey experienced "rooming in" and induded thai
                                                                                                                            vaiiable in the muitivariate analysis.

Survey                                                  Measurements                                                           We tabulated these results with a particufar
   Details on the survey metliodology are                  We retrospectively asked motlitirs about                         foais on wheUier women who intended to
available elsewhere.^"^ The survey sample se-           their infant feeding intention at the end of their                  exdusively breastfeed at the end of pregnancy
lection and consent process complied with the           pregnancy, their feeding practices at 1 week                        had in fact established exdusive breastfeeding
codes and standards ol' the Council ol' American        (summarized in Table I), their experience with                      1 week postpartum. We recognize tbat many
Survey Reso^eh Oi^anizations and the code of            hospital stafî related to 7 specific practices                      women make mfaiit feeding dedsions at an
the National Council of Public Polls, Data were         associated with exclusive breastfeeding (help-                      earlier point in time and that many women who
(Xitiectpd and housed secur<!ly hy Harris Intnr-        ing mother get stalled breastfeeding, showing                       establish breastfeeding continue beyond
active and the authors had acass only to a              mothers how to position baby, encouraging                           1 week. We selected these time points to
deidentified file provided by Harris Interactive.       feeding on demand, infomiing mothers about                          examine the assodation between hospital
   Questions related to hi'eastfeeding were a
brief part oí the 3(>minute survey that also
ineluded questions on prenatal, intrapartiim,
and postpartum experiences: maternal atti-                  TABLE 1-lnfant Feeding Intentions Compared With Actual Practice at 1 Week Postpartum
tudes related to bittli; and demogi'aphic ehar-             Among US Mothers Who Gave Birth in 2005, hy Parity: Listening to Mothers II Survey
aeteristies.^' AU phone and Internet interviews
                                                                                                                                     Feeding Intention
were conducted between January 20 and Feb-
                                                                                                             Exclusive          Mixed (Breastfeeding       Exclusive
niaiy 21, 2006; no niotlier was askefl to recdl
                                                            Feeding Practice'' at 1 Week Postpartum      Breastfeeding, %         and Formula), %         Formula, %       Total,' %
experiences from morí* than 13 months earlier,
and for most mothers the recall time period was             Primiparas

much sootiei'. The average i-eK[>oiident had given                Exclusive breastfeeding                       44                        4                    1              50
birtb 7.3 months before completing the survey                     Mixed (breastfeeding and formula)             20                        8                    0               28
(online, 7.4 months; telephone, fi.4 montlis). Past               Exclusive formula                              6                        4                   13               22
researdi has found tliat mothei-s are able to                     Total                                         70                      16                    14             100
validly recall estimates of breastfeeding initiation        Multiparâs
and duration up to 3 years.""*                                    Exclusive breastfeeding                       17                        5                    1               53

   The resulting sample of mothers who had                        Mixed (breastfeeding aid formula)              7                      U                      1               18

given birth in 2 0 0 5 was generally representa-                  Exclusive fomiiiia                             3                        5                   21               29
tive (within 1 to 3 percentajie points) of the                    Total                                         57                      21                    22              100
comparable national population of hiilhing                  Note. For primiparas, n'519. For multíparas, n-1052.
mothers—aged 18 to 4 5 years; singleton, hos-               *Women were asked, "As you came to tfie end of your pregnancy, bow liad you fioped to feed your baby? Options:
pital births—based on the most recent US                    breastfeeding alone, formula only, a combination of breastfeeding and formula."
                                                            '^omen were asked, "One week after you gave birth, how were you feeding your baby? Options: breastfeeding alone, formula
tinta" ' available for comparison. A table sum-             only, a combination of breastfeeding and formula,"
marizing the compajTson was published in a                  "^Totals are rounded.
related article.^'' Survey respondents {»me from



9 3 0 I Research and Practice | Peer Reviewed | Declercq et al.                                                American Joumal of Public Health 1 fulay 2 0 0 9 , Vol 9 9 , No, 5
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE



                                                                                                                                    discrepancy between intent and exclusive
    TABLE 2-Hospital Practices Reported by US Mothers Who Gave Birth in 2005 and Who                                                breastfeeding to be those mothers with a
    intended to Exclusiveiy Breastfeed, by Parity: Listening to Mothers II Survey                                                   reported income of $25000 to $49999 (78%
                           Hospital Practice (6FHI Step'                           Primiparas, %     Multipafas, %     All, %
                                                                                                                                    intention vs 49"/o actual exclusive breastfeed-
                                                                                                                                    ing at 1 week), Hispanic mothers (59% vs 32"Vo,
    On ttie whole would you say Ihe staff, (BFHI 3)                                                                                 respectively), non-Hispanic Black mothers
       Encouraged breastfeeding                                                         81                 73            76         (59% vs 33'y(i, respectively), or mothers
       Encouraged formula feeding                                                        5                  1             2         employed part-time (78'Vo vs 51'ya, respec-
       Expressed no preference                                                          15                 26            22         tively). Among multiparas the same general
    Other hospital practices                                                                                                        patterns emerged, though the difîei-ence be-
       Helped you get started breastfeeding when you and your                           89                 70            77         tween intent and actual exclusive breastfeeding
          baby were ready (BFH! 4)'                                                                                                 was mudi smaller.
      Gave you free formula samples or offers"                                          74                 61            65            We also examined the bivariatc relationship
      Showed you how to position your baby to limit nipple soreness (BRil               78                 59            66         between intrapartuni experiences and fulfill-
      Encouraged you to feed "on demand" (BFHI 8)'                                      80                 75            77         ment of intention to exclusively breastfeed
      Told you about community breastfeeding support resoun:es for                      69                 64            65         (data not showi). Among primiparas, factors
          ongoing help (BFHI 10)'                                                                                                   that were related in bivaiiatc analysis to
      Provided formula or water to supplement your breastmilk (BFHI 6)"                 49                29             37         achievement of intent to exclusively breastfeed
      Gave your baby a pacifier (BFHI 9 f                                               45                40             42         included having an obstetrician (rather than a
    Note. BFHI-Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Data excludes mothers with babies ir the neonatal intensive care unit. For
                                                                                                                                    family doctor or midwife) as the ¡jrenaLal care
    primíparas, n-338. For multíparas, n''577. For the total sample, N = 915.                                                       provider and not having a cesarean delivery.
    ^Most closely related BFHI step noted in parentheses. The 10 steps are available at: http://www.ünicef,org/nutntion/            Among multipaius. there were more factors
    index_24806,html.
                                                                                                                                    related to achievement of intention to exclu-
    'Violates Ititernational Cotie of Marketing Breast-Milk Substitutes.^
                                                                                                                                    sively breastfeed, including not having an epi-
                                                                                                                                    dural or a cesarean delivery, having the baby in
                                                                                                                                    contact witli the mother immediately after
practices and initial fulfillment of intention to                 differed by parity, with 65% of primiparas and                    birth, rooming in with the baby, and a post-
exclusively breastfeed. Past research has found                   79''/ii of multiparas feeding the baby at 1 week                  partum length of stay of 2 days or less. TTiese
wide variations in exclusive breastfeeding by                     in the way they had intended at the end of                        variables were included in the multivariate
parity.^^'^^ so we stratified all analyses to dis-                pregnancy. The largest group were those                           analysis.
tinguish primiparas from multíparas. Because our                  mothers who intended to, and at 1 week were.                         Table 2 presents responses concerning hos-
intention was to examine the typical pos^artum                    exclusively breastfeeding their babies. Most                      pital practices related to breastfeeding from
hospital experienœ for mothers, we limited                        who did not achieve their intention to exclu-                     mothers who intended to exclusiveiy bi'east-
analyses to those cases where the infant was not                  sively breastfeed (2O"/o of piimipaious women;                    feed and whose babies were not in tlic neonatal
in the intensive care unit, resulting in the toss of              7% of multiparous women) practiced mixed                          intensive care unit. Responses are sti atified by
6% (100) ofthe respondents (Table 2, Table 3,                     feeding. There were some respondents (4'^/i) of                   parity. More than four fifths of priniipai-as
and Figure 1).                                                    primiparas and 5"/o of multiparas) who had                        (81"/ü) who intended to exclusively breastfeed
                                                                  intended to use mixed feeding but were ex-                        indicated that the staff encouraged breastfeed-
Analyses                                                          clusively breastfeeding at 1 week.                                ing. In terms of specific hospital practices,
   We conducted data analyses with SPSS ver-                         Overall, 61"/(! of respondents indicated that                  primiparas reported that in some cases staff
sion 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). We per-                        they had intended to exclusively breastfeed,                      were highly supportive in providing help get-
formed multiple logistic regression methods to                    and about half of the mothei-s (51%) were                         ting started (89%), encouraging breastfeeding
examine the association between ñüfillment of                     exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week. When                         on demand (8O'fo). and showing how to posi-
intention to exclusively breastfeed, various                      these findings were stratified by parity and                      tion the baby (78'Wi). However, almost half
hospital practices, and related demographic                       demographic characteiistics of mothers, we                        {49%) of those first-time mothers who intended
variables for each parity stratum.                                found substantial variance across groups                          to exclusively breastfeed reported that their
                                                                  (data not shown). TTiose most likely to intend                    baby was given water or formula for supple-
RESULTS                                                           to and aclually exclusively breastfeed at I week                  mentation, 45% reported that their baby had
                                                                  were mothers who were non-Hispanic White,                         been given a pacifier, and 74% of those
   Table 1 compares intended and 1-week rates                     better educated, had higher incomes, had pri-                     intending to exclusively breastfeed reportt^d
of feeding types, by parity. Mothers' repoi-ts of                 vate insurance, or were employed pmt-time.                        being given free formula samples or ofTei-s. On
fulfilling their feeding intention (exclusive                     When we stratified the results by parity, we                      the whole, the pattern for multiparas involved
breastfeeding, exclusive formula, or mixed)                       found that first-time mothei-s with the largest                   less vaiiation tban primiparas across the



May 2009. Vol 99. No. 5           American Journal of Public Health                                                      Declercq et al.   Peer Reviewed   Research and Practice i 931
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE



                                                                                                                                       hospitals engaged in and the achievement of
   TABLE 3-Percentage of US Mothers Who Gave Birth in 2005 Who Intended to Exclusively
                                                                                                                                       exclusive breastfeeding, f-igure 1 displays a
    Breastfeed and Were Exclusively Breastfeeding at 1 Week, by Parity and Reported Hospital                                           strong cumulative effect of these polides for
    Practices: Listening to Mothers il Survey                                                                                          both parity groups. Primiparas who reported
                                                                                                                                       experiencing at least 6 of the 7 practices were 6
                                                                 Primíparas                              Multíparas
                                                                                                                                       times more likely (86% vs 14%) to fulfill their
                                                     Mother       Mother Did                 Mother        Mother Did
                                                                                                                                       intention to exclusively breastfeed than
                                                   Experienced Not Experience              Experienced Not Experience
                                                     Practice,     Practice,                 Practice.      Practice.
                                                                                                                                       mothers experiencing 1 or none of these prac-
                                                     % (No.)        % (No.)                  % (No.)         % (No.)                   tices, Multiparous mothers in the same com-
                                                                                                                                       parison were more than twice as likely (93'Vi) vs
   Hospital practice
                                                                                                                                       45"/o),
      Helped yoL gel started hreastfeeding when     69 (301)       33 (36)       <.O01" 83 (403)            82 (173)      ,691
         you and your baby were ready
                                                                                                                                          Finally we examined what factors were
      Gave you free formula samples or offers
                                                                                                                                       most strongly related to achievemeni of ex-
                                                    61 (249)       74 (90)        .002      7 (349)
                                                                                             7              92 (228)     <.OO1
                                                                                                                                       clusive breastfeeding intention in a multi-
      Showed yoj how to position your hshy to       69 (263)       49 (75)        .002      82 (339)        83 (238)      .883
                                                                                                                                       variate analysis. Because of the substantial
         limit nipple soreness
                                                                                                                                       differences consistently noted for parity, we
      Encouraged you to feed "on demand"            69 (271)       50 (66)        .004      87 (432)        70 (144)     <,001
                                                                                                                                       ran separate models for primiparEis and
      Told you about community breastfeeding        73 (231)       48 (106)      <.0Ol      84 (367)        81 (210)      .334
                                                                                                                                       multiparas. Consistent with our focus on the
         support resources for ongoing help
                                                                                                                                       relationship between hospital practices and
      Provided fomuia or water to supplement        49(166)        81(172)       <,001 56(169)              94(407) <.O01
                                                                                                                                       achievement of intention to exclusively
         your breastmilk
                                                                                                                                       breastfeed, we included the 7 hospital prac-
      Gave your baby a pacifier                     57 (152)       71 (186)       .009      82 (228)        83 (349)      .640         tices as well as key intrapartum variables
   Hospital staff attitude                                                        ,071                                    .115         (prenatal care provider, epidural use, method
      Hospital staff encouraged breastfeeding                        67                                     85                         of delivery, rooming in, where the haby
      Hospital staff encouraged formula                              40                                                                was in the first hours after birth, and post-
      Hospital staff expressed no preference                         60                                     78                         partum length of stay), and demographic
    Note. Data eKcluöes motfiers witfi babies in the neonatai intensive care unit.                                                     variables (age, education, income, race/eth-
    ''P values reflect x^ test on comparisons of within parity group breastfeeding rate at 1 week across hospital practices.           nicity, employment status, and third-party
                                                                                                                                       payer source) associated with feeding
                                                                                                                                       choices.
                                                                                                                                          When we controlled for all the other noted
clifîerent hospital practices. An analysis of tJicsc                breastfeed. .-Vmong primiparas there was a                         demographic and intrapartum variables,
practices by racc/cthnicity (data not shown)                        significant difference in the rate of achieving                    among pnmiparas. only 4 hospital practices
loiind that non-Hi.spaiiic White primiparas                         their intention by whether a hospital engaged                      were statistically significantly assocjated witli
intending lo exclusively breastfeed were much                       in each ofthe practices, partiailariy supple-                      the likelihood of achieving hreastfeeding in-
less likely to report supplementation wilh water                    mentation, with slightly less than half (49"''o)                   tention; (1) helping mothers get started (ad-
or formula (40"'o) than were non-Hispanic                           achieving their intention to exclusively breast-                   justed odd.s ratio [AORl—6.3; 95"/() confidence
Black (71%) or Hispanic (74"/ii) mothers with                       feed compared with 81"/n in cases where there                      interval [a] = 1.8, 21,6). (2) hospital staff not
this intention.                                                     was no supplementation.                                            supplementing with formula or water
   Table 3 presents data on Ehe percentages of                         The differences for multiparas were gener-                      (AOR = 4.4; 95% Cl = 2.1, 9.3). (3) telling
mothers who Ililhlled llieir intention to exclu-                    ally less pronounced, with the exception of                        mothers about community resources for
sively breastfeed. In this table, the columns                       supplementation: 94% of the mothers who did                        breastfeeding support (AOR=2,3; 95%
represent different levels of painty and whether                    not report supplementation occuning achieved                       CI = 1.1, 4.9), and (4) staff not giving the baby a
the mother reported that the hospital engaged                       their intention to exclusively breastfeed, com-                    padñer(AOR = 2.3; 95"/.iCI = 1.2, 4.4). Among
in a paiiiailar practice. For example, (i9'Vi) of                   pared with 56%) where supplementation was                          multiparas, 2 hospital practices significantly
the mothers who intended to exclusively                             reported. The provision of formula samples or                      impacted fulfillment of intention; hospital staff
bi'eastfeed and repoited iliat hospital staff                       coupons'"' was associated with a significant                       not supplementing (A0R=a.8; 95% CI=4,4,
helped them get stalled hreastCeeding were                          rcHiuction in achievement of intention to exclu-                    17.6) and hospital staff encouraging feeding on
exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week. This find-                     sively breastfeed for both primiparas and mul-                     demand (AOR=3.4; 95% CI=1.7, 6.8). None
ing can be compai^ed with 33"/o of piiniiparas                      tiparas.                                                           of the demographic or intrapartum events
fulfilling their intention to exclusively breast-                                                                                      remained significantly related to iiilfillment of
                                                                       We examined whether there was a dose-
feed at 1 week in hospitals where they reported                                                                                        intended exclusive breastfeeding duration in
                                                                    response relationship between the number of
that they did not get help in starting to                                                                                              these models.
                                                                    supportive practices mothers reported that


932 [ Research ancf Practice | Peer Reviewed               Declercq et al.                                                     American Joumal of Public Health I May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE



                                                                                                                                         Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, confirms that
                                                                                                                                         there is substandal evidence beiiind Step 6,
                                                                                                                                         "Give newborn infants no food or drink other
                                                                                                                                         than breastmiik, unless medically indicated,"
                                                                                                                                         repoiting that the feiding of supplements dis-
                                                                                                                                         rupted breastfeeding,'" a condusion supported
                                                                                                                                         by studies from Honduras and italy.'"' '^

                                                                                                                                         Comparison With Other Studies
                                                                                                                                            Few studies have examined hospital prac-
                                                                                                                                         tices as predictors of success at (exclusive
                                                                                                                                         breastfeeding."" '"^ A recent shidy of Colorado
                                                                                                                                         mothers' descripdons of hijspitai pracdces and
                                                                                                                                         their inlant feeding exix'riences found a signifi-
                                                        2-3                         fl-5                        6-7
                                                                                                                                         cant relation between hospital pracdces unsup-
                                                                                                                                         pordve of breastfeeding and discontinuation of
                                      Number of the 7 Policies Mothers Reponed Hoîpiials Practicing
                                                                                                                                         breastfeeding at 8 weei«. The study also found,
    iVoíes. Hospital practices: (1) staff fielped mother get stafted breastfeeding, (3) staff showed mother how to position baby,        as we did, a aimuladve effect of hospital prac-
    {3) staff encouraged feeding on demand, (4) staff directed motbers to community breastfeeding resources, (5) staff did not           dces, but did not .sti-atify mothers by ¡jaiity- or
    encourage supplementing breastfeeding with formula or water, (6) staff did not encourage pacifier use. (7) staff did not give
                                                                                                                                         perform a muttivariate analysis on their resuits."'
    out free formula or offers. Differences in fulfillment are statistically significant across numbers of policies (P<,01),
                                                                                                                                         These studies, which invoived different method-
    FIGURE 1-Hospital support and breastfeeding success among US mothers who gave birth in                                               ologies and were done in different settings,
    2005: Listening to iVIothers ii Survey.                                                                                              reinforce Hie need for hospital practices sup-
                                                                                                                                         porting inidadon ajid later suca^ssful continua-
                                                                                                                                         tion of exdusive breastfeeding.


DISCUSSION                                                           support breastfeeding in the United States.                         Limitations
                                                                     Applying these differences to national data                            Our study was based on a US nadonal
    We itkîiitihed several hospital practices, as                    results in a totai of more than 400000 infants                      sample drawn from a combinadon of internet
reported by mothers, that were strongiy related                      annually (10% of all US births) whose mothers                       and teiephone respondents. Internet-based
to rates of exclusive breastfeeding. We used a                       intended lo exclusiveiy breastfeed as they                          samples ai-e increasingly being used in public
iarge. representative national sample to focus                       completed their pregnancies but were not do-                        opinion research,'' and our data weœ .supple-
on a cridcai time in estabiishing exciusive                          ing so 1 week after birth.                                          mented with a telephone survey of non-White,
breastfeeding and examined how hospital                                  Experiencing hospital practices that inhibit                    English-speaking mothers. The aimbined sample
practices were positiveiy and negativeiy asso-                       exclusive breastfeeding (i.e., staff supplement-                    was weighted to adjust for the nadonal úv.ma-
ciated with the likeiihood that a mother who                         ing breastfeeding with formula or water, being                      graphic dLstribudon of tlie childbeamig ¡jopiila-
intended to exclusively breastfeed her infant                        given free fomiula samjjies, babies given pac-                      don and the propensity to be online. The result is
was actuaiiy doing so 1 week after birth. We                         ifiers) was significantly assodated with mothers'                   a sample that is generally representadve of the
also doaimented hospitai practices from a                            failure to fuifill their intendon to exdusively                     US birthing populadon and US breastfeiKling
unique pei'speilive—that of niothei-s—rather                         breastfeed, in cases where mothers reported a                       rates. Althou^ the resiiits mirror the demo-
than stated policies or rcpoils nom hospital                         comprehensive pacicage of supportive prac-                          graphic chai acterisdcs of tlie US birthing popu-
stíüT. In this way, our study can serve as a                         tices, primiparas were 6 times more iikely and                      ladon, we cannot be ceiiain that our respondents
complement to a recent Centers for Disease                           multiparas twice as iikely to achieve their                         were representadve of ali hospital and breast-
Conti'oi and Prevention survey of hospitai                           intention to exclusively breastfeed.                                feeding experiences of birtliing women in the
practices and policies reiated to breastfeeding                          The practice of hospital staff providing for-                   United States. However, there were no indica-
as reported by hospital staff at the fadiity                         mula or water to supplement breastfeeding was                       tions suggesdJig a likelihood of bias in the results.
levei.^"                                                             sigiiificantiy related to failure to achieve ex-                       Our study relied on mothers' recall and was
   We found a substantiai difference between                         dusive breastfeeding. Mothers whose babies                          not validated by recoids review. Past researdi
primipai-as' intention to exclusively breastfeed                     did not experience supplementation were 4.4                         has shown that mothers are generally accurate
(7O"/o) and their actual rate of exclusive                           dmes {primíparas) or 8.8 dmes (muldparas)                           in their reports of their own birth experi-
breastfeeding 1 weei< after birth (50"/ii). These                    more iikely to achieve their intention to exclu-                    ences.''^ Nonetheie.ss, it is possible that some
shifts between intention and practice represent                      sively breastfeed. ITie Worid Health Organi-                        respondents could have based their rétrospective
a huge lost opportunity to encourage ajid                            zadon 1998 compendium. Evidence for (he Ten                         response regarding intention on their actuai


May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5 , American Journal of Public Health                                                                   Declercq ei al.   Peer Reviewed I Research and Practice | 933
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE



bit'astfcetiing experience. To pR)tec1 against         Hospital Initiative will contribute to increasing             7. ACQG Committee for Healthcare of underserved
                                                                                                                     Women and Committee on Ohsletriral huctices. Spedal
Ulis possibility, tlie survey was stnictui-ed to be    the proportion of mothers who are given tlie
                                                                                                                     report from ACOG. Breastfeedingniatenial and infant
neutral and nonjudgmental about feetling choice.       support tliey need to fulfill their intention to              aspects. Clin Rev. 2OO7;I2(1 suppi):lS-16S.
It is also fx)ssib!e that motliei-s who stopped        exclusively breastfeed. •                                      8. .-M'HA Potic>- Statement 200114. APHA Supports
breastfeeding chose to "blanu!" hospital practices                                                                    the Health ancl Human Services BliiepnnI for Action on
for theii- decision. To minimize this possible                                                                        Breastfeeding, Washington, IX; American l*ublic liedtti
                                                                                                                      /XssocJation; 2 0 0 ! . Available at: http://www.apha.org/
efFect, we asked the question on breastfeeding at      About the Authors                                              ad vocacy / pol i cj' /pol icy seareh /default.htin?id=253.
1 wec'k after the questions on haspital practice.      .-^t the time oftkestudi/. Eugene Declercq tvas With School of Accessed Tebruary 20, 2009.
Also the comparable national data most often           Public Health, Boston Uniivi'siti/. fA. Miriam H. Lohhcik
                                                                                                                      9. WHO-VNICEF Global Strategy for Infant and Young
                                                       was with the School of Public Hetillh, Universitif of North
usetl in reporting breastfeeding trends, the Na-       Carolina. Chapel Hill. Carol Sakala was with Childbirth
                                                                                                                      Child Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: Worid Heaitii
                                                                                                                      Organization; 2003.
tional Immunization Survey, as well as data from       Cannectinns, .Veit' York. iVV. Mary.Ann O'Hara wtii with the
Ross Laboratories Mothers Surveys'''"' relied on       Universittf of Washington. Seattle.                            10. Moreland J, Coombs J. Promoting and .supporting
                                                           Requests for reprints can be sent to Eugene Declercq.      breast feeiling. .Am Fam Ptn/sidan. 20i)0;(il :2093-
matemal recall."*" and a study of maternal recall                                                                     2100.2103-2104.
                                                       Department of Matermd ami Child Health. Boston Uni-
of bi'eastfeeding experiences Ibiuid motheiï' i"e-     verstty School of Puhlic Heohh. 71 ñ .Mhany St, Talhot          11. Mission statement. New Rochelle, ^fY; Academy of
sponses both valid and reliable.'"''                    W5-40. ihston. .MA 021 IS (e-mail: declercq@bu.edu).          Breastfeeding Medieinc; 2006. Available at; http;//
                                                            Tliis article was accepted October 7. 2008.               ww:bfmed.oi-g, Accessed November 7. 2006,
                                                                                                                      12 Hasition statement; breastfeeding. Silver Spring. MD
Conclusions                                            Contributors                                                  .American College of Nurse Midwives; 2004. Available
    Breastfeeding protection, promotion, and           E. Dedercq designed the sttidy, wrote the first draft of      at: http://www.anim.org/siU;I''iles/p<)sition/
suppoil may rely on identifying and using              (he "Methotis" mid "Rcsulls" sections, and did the data       Brf-astfeeding_05,|Kff. Accessed Decembei- 29. 2008.
                                                       analysis. M. H. I.abbok, M. O'Hara. and C. Sakala did Üic
"teachable moments"' to increase motheiV in-                                                                         Î 3, Centers for I)isea.se Control aiid tYevention,
                                                       literature review and wrote the first draft of the Intro-
tention to achieve exclusive breastfeeding, and                                                                      DATA2010 riTie Heal% People 2010 databa.se May
                                                       duction and "Discussion" sections. C. Sakala and E.
                                                                                                                     2008 etlition foais area: 16-mateiTial infant and chiki
these findings present opportunities and raise         Declercq were iTivolved in the design of the tinestion-
                                                                                                                     health]. Available at: http;//wonder,cdcgov/data20IO/
                                                       nairc thai wai Ihc basis tor the siin'cy. All autliors were
questions in 2 ai eas. First, should we be                                                                           objhtm. Accessed June 17. 2008.
                                                       involved in writing subsequent drafts.
pleased or disappointed that 7O"/o of first-time                                                                     14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
and 57''^ of experienced mothers had the                                                                             Breastfeeding among US children horn 1999-200S,
                                                       Acknowledgments                                               CDC National InimunizatiiJii Survey. Available at; http;//
intention late in their pregnancy to exdusively       This research was .suppoited by the Roheit Wood                www. ccic.gov/l)rea<itieeding/data/NlS_ciata/index.litm.
breastfeed? We need to consider why almost            Johnson I'oiiiidation and Childhirth Connection.               Acct^sed October 2, 2008.
half of thf nuiltiparoiis mothofs in 2005                KobJn Young assisted witJi tlie data analysis.
                                                                                                                     1 5. World Heaith Organization. Linited Nations
ix'poited no intention to exdusively breast-                                                                         Children's Fund. Protecting. Promoting and Supporung
feed their baby. Clearly some efïbris are              Human Participant Protection                                  Breastfeeding: The Special Hole of Materniti/ Servicey
                                                       This study was ruled exempt by the institutional review       Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation;
needed to promote a gi"eater interest in exclu-                                                                      1990.
                                                       board office of the Bost[>n University School of Medidjie
sive breastfeeding among all mothers, particu-         becaii.se autliors only had access to a rieidentified file.    16. International Code of Marketing of Hrvast-Milk Sub-
larly among those who have given birth before          Original data are securely stored al Harris Interactive.      stitutes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organiza-
and may have had adverse experiences. Im-                                                                            tion; 1981. Available at; http://www.who.iiit/nutiition/
                                                                                                                     pubiicat ions/code_english.pdf Acees.se(i June 17, 2008.
proving in-hospital breastfeeding support for
first-time mothers may have the added benefit          References                                                    17. Work! 1 lííalth Organization, Uniled Nations Chil-
                                                       1. Kraniei" M.S. Kakiinia R. Tlie ojitinial duiation of       dren's Tumi. BFHl; RevLsecl and ujxiated materials,
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934   Research and Practice    Peer Reviewed ' Declercq et al.                                               American Journai of Public Health | May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5
RESEARCH AND PRACTICE



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28. DiGirolamo AM, Tbompsnn N, Martorell R, Fein S.
d n I m mer-Strain LM. Intentiun or ex{)erienee? fredic-
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32. Giíjvannini M. Riva K. Baiiderali G, el al. E.«Lclusive
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|N'w connsciing intei-ventiim: ihe role of clhnicity. / Hum
                                                                          "... unique in occupational health literature... an invaluable yet
¿flrt. 2007:23: lR-23.                                                    handy reference../'                                                  Medscapc nniay, Augt,st u. 2005
34. Boimck KA, Trombley M, l-reem!in K, McKee D.
Handomi/ed, controlled Irial oi a prenalal ¡aid postnatal                                          Most hazards can be anticipated, and prevented. However, each year
laclation consiillan! incen^enlion (in duration and inten-                                         in the United States, 5,000 to 6,000 workers die from acute traumatic
sity of broastlceding up to 1 2 montlts. Pediatrics.
2005;! l(i:1413-142fi.
                                                                                                   (Kcupational injuries.
                                                                                                      This hook, thoroughly updated from its first edition puhlished
35. Coiitinho SB. de Lira i'l, dc ('arvallio Lima M,
Ashwortb A. Comparison of tfie effect ol' two systems
                                                                                                   in 1991, provides information to assist in anticipating the potential
for tile pnjmiiti(»n of t-xcUisive breastfeeding. Lancet.                                          tor disea.se or injury, recognizing occupational diseases and in-
2005:366:1094-1100.                                                                                juries, evaluating relevant data, and designing and implementing
36. Murray KK, RirkettsS. DellaportJ. Hiwpi(a! practices                                           control measures.
Ihal increase breiLstfe€'ding duration: results h'om a pop-
iilation-basiHl study. Hirth. 2007:34:202-21 1-
37. Couper M. W'eb surveys: a iTview of issues and
approaches. l>ublic Opin Q. 2000;64:4fi4~494.                             ORDER TODAY!                                              American Public Health Association
3y. Yawn BP. Suman VJ, Jarabsen S). Maternal recall of                    ISBN 0-87553-043-5                                        PUBLICATION SALES
di.'itaiit pregnancy events. / Clin Epidemiol 1 998;                      590 pages, softcover, 2004                                WEB: www.3pha,org E-MAIL: APHA@pbd,com
51:399-405.
                                                                          S25.00 APHA Members (plus s&h)                            TEL: 888-320-APHA FAX: 888-361-APHA
39, Ryan .'S. IVatl WT, WysongJL, I.ewaiidowski G,
                                                                          S36.00 Nonfnembers (plus s&h)
McNallyJW. Krieger FW. . companson of breasl-feeding
ilata from tJie National Surveys of Family Growtb and tbe




May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5 | American Jojmal of Public Healtb                                                               Declercq et al. i Peer Reviewed | Research and Practice | 935
Hospital Practices And Womens Likelihood Of Fulfilling Their Intention To Exclusively Breastfeed

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Hospital Practices And Womens Likelihood Of Fulfilling Their Intention To Exclusively Breastfeed

  • 1. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Hospital Practices and Women's Likelihood of Fulfilling Their Intention to Exclusively Breastfeed Eugene Declercq, PhD, Miriam H. Labbok, MD, MPH, Carol Sakata, PhD, MPH, and MaryAnn O'Hara. MD, MPH Exclusive breastfeeding through at least the Objectives. We sought to assess whether breastfeeding-related bospital prac- first 6 months is the physiologically appropriate tices reported by mothers were associated with achievement of tbeir intentions approach to infant feeding,' Mixed or formula to exclusively breastfeed. feeding canics with it increased lisks of inleclion, Methods. We used data from Listening to Mothers II, a nationally represen- developmental probkims, mortality, and long- tative survey of 1573 mothers wbo bad given birtb in a hospital to a singleton in ailments such as diabetes and cancers For 2005, Mothers were asked retrospectively about their breastfeeding intention, child." "'^ In support of the infant feeding at 1 week, and 7 bospital practices. evidence, the American Academy of Pediatrics,'^ Results. Primíparas reported a substantial difference between tbeir intention American College of Obstetrics and Gynecol- to exclusively breastfeed (70%) and tbis practice at 1 week (50%). They also i.)gy,^ the American Public Health Association" reported bospitat practices that conflicted witb the Baby-Friendly Ten Steps, the World Heidth Organization," iuid many including supplementation (49%) and pacifier use (45%|. Primíparas wbo deliv- other medical and heallli pfofes,sioiial organiza- ered in hospitals that practiced 6 or 7 of tbe steps were 6 times more likely for tions'"""'" recommend that infants consume only acbieve their intention to exclusively breastfeed than were tbose in hospitals that mother's milk (exdusive breastfeeding) for at practiced none or 1 of the steps. Mothers wbo reported supplemental feedings for tbeir infant were less likely to acbieve tbeir intention to exclusively breastfeed. least the first 6 months of life, followed by primíparas (adjusted odds ratio [A0R]=4.4; 95% confidence interval |CI1 = 2.1, continued breastfeeding with age-^propriate 9.3); multiparas (AOR = 8.8; 95% CU4.4, 17.6). nutrient ridi complementaiy foods. The Conclusions. Hospitals should implement policies that support breastfeedrtig irvised US Healthy P{!ople 2010 national objec- witb particular attention to eliminating supplementation of heallby newborns. tives call for 17"/(i of new mothers to be {Atn J Public Health. 2009;99:929-936. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.135236) exclusively breastfeeding at 6 montlis.'' Nonetlieless. national statistics indicate that less tlian 12'yu of mottier-baby pairs achieve this instRiction (/'< .001 ). Acceptance of fi-ee fomiula METHODS goal."* was significantly assodatfîd (7^.03) with overall The "Ten Steps for the FYotection, Promo- Ten Steps implementation. Althougti several in- We present rt"suft.s from a 2 0 0 6 national tion and Support of Breastfeeding"'" are the ternational studies iiave eoneluded that even sui-vey of 1573 women aged 18 to 4 5 yeai-s centr-al part of the Baby-Friendly Hospital some progress toward "Baby-Friendly Hospil^" who had given birth in 2 0 0 5 in a hospital to a initiative, along with adherence to the hitema- status is assodated with ino-eases in breastfeed- singleton, sdll-living infant. The survey, entitled tional Code of Marltelitig of Breast-Milk Substitule.'i ing, availaliie US data"" on the achievement of Listening to Mothers II,"" was devclo|.xd and subsequent World I leatth Orgaiiiy^Eion exdusive breastfeeding in relation to the nuniber thiougli a collalioration between Childbirtli resolutions."' 'Ihi'se pracücts have been of steps in place are limited. Connection iuid tlie Boston Univci'sity School of reported to support breastfeeding behaviors The goal of our study was to provide dinica! I'ublic Heaitii and was conducted by Hanis iuid influence outc»mes,''''" t h o u ^ in some and hospital administi'ative dedsion-makers Interactive. The standard tclcpbone sam|)ling cases ihcy have been subjecis of political dis- with the infonnation they need to institute approadi of random-digit dialing, though ad- [jutca,'' However, with the exception of a policies and practices that enhance a woman's vaiitageous for reaching a divei-se population, is I ecent Centere for Disease Control and ability to achieve her intended duration of not feasible for a national sui'vey of new motliers ñ-evendon stiidy*^" and sum«! data fi-orn exclusive breastfeeding. We examined tbe re- becaii.se tlic number of US birtlis (4 million hos|jitals that have achieved "Baby-Friendly" sults of a national survey tliat asked mothers annually) Ls small in proptJiüon to the number of status, little is known about the prevalenœ of about their feeding intentions "as [they] came boiiseholcfs (IU million); tlierefore, respondents these practices in haspitals acrass the United to tbe end t)f ftheirl pregnancy" «md their actual were drawn fi^om 2 oth(?i' sourcts. States. feeding patterns 1 week after tbe birth. We also Tbe Internet portion of tlie sample was Grizzard et al.^' assessed Massachusetts hos- asked motliers to report on their experiences drawn from Hanis Interactive's ongoing Inter- pitals and noted tliat hos¡iil;ils witli high or with hospital practices kiiown to influence net panel of more tlian 5 million individuals moderately liigb levels of implementation signif- breastfeeding success. Based on past research, who agree to periodically pajtidpate in tlieir icantly differed fi'om hospitals with paitial we expected that hospital pracUcc-s would be surveys. To ensure a more representative implementation vnth respect to pacifier usage related to tlie fulfillment of a plan to exclusively overall sample, a telephone sample was also (F=.i)()2) and postpattiim breastfeeding breastfeed. drawn. Respondents in tliis sample were May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5 , American Joumal of Public Health Declercq et al. Peer Reviewed Research and Practice 929
  • 2. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE limited to non-White mothei-s and were iden- all 50 states and the Distiid of Columbia In community breastfeeding rtisoui'ces, supple- Liiied through tlie useofapropnetaiy list"^ tliat tenus of age. nZ'^'ii of the study ¡xipulation and menting breastfeeding with fonnula or water, contained telephone numbers and zip eodes of 52% of the comparable birthing population were giving tbe baby a pacifier, providing free for- motliers who had given hirth in 2005. House- aged between 25 and 34 years. Non-Hispanic mula samples to mothers), and a global ques- holds in ziji codfis willi lai^ge non-White popu- Black mothers made up 12'I'd and I iisparuc tion about tiw. hrt^astfeeding support they re- lations were called and respondents were mothers 21% of the study sample, compaied with ceived from hospital staff. Where possible, screened to eiisuR' nol only thai they met llie 14'Vi) and 23"''i). respectively, in the birthing these items were taken directly from the Raby- original inclusion aiteria hut also that they were population. Finally, tlie breastfeeding ratis we Friendly Hospital Initiative Ten Steps,''^ with non-Hispanic Black or Hispanie. The combined report are generally comparable to 2 0 0 5 rates spedfic Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative steps survey resulLs wen' weighttid by 1 lanis with tlieir repoited by the Centers ft)i" Disease Contnil conesponding to survey questions nottxl in 1 a- validated "propensity sa)re" metliodology {G. and IVeverition hasi-d on the National Immuni- hte 2. Mothers were given 3 [ios.sible ways to Terhanian et al., unpublished data, 2000; avail- zation Survey. Althou^ the spedfic questions dfscribe the pattern of feeding intended during ahle from authors on request) to adjust for were not the same, the overall rate of any late pn'gnancy and practiced at 1 week: (1) |X)tentiiiJ biases associated witli online res|N)n- bi^eastfeetling at ;ill at 1 week iu oui" sample exclusive breasUetniing, (2) exclusive formula dents. We applied population wei^ts to statisti- {73"/()) matches tlie 73.1<^/(i reported as any feeding, or (3) mixed feeding. In a separate pml cal analyses by using ciurently available options breastfeeding at 7 days in the 2 0 0 5 National of the questionnairi', we also asked the mother's if m S I ^ version 15.0 (Sf'SS Inc, Chicago, IL). biununization Sur'ey."^^ tliey experienced "rooming in" and induded thai vaiiable in the muitivariate analysis. Survey Measurements We tabulated these results with a particufar Details on the survey metliodology are We retrospectively asked motlitirs about foais on wheUier women who intended to available elsewhere.^"^ The survey sample se- their infant feeding intention at the end of their exdusively breastfeed at the end of pregnancy lection and consent process complied with the pregnancy, their feeding practices at 1 week had in fact established exdusive breastfeeding codes and standards ol' the Council ol' American (summarized in Table I), their experience with 1 week postpartum. We recognize tbat many Survey Reso^eh Oi^anizations and the code of hospital stafî related to 7 specific practices women make mfaiit feeding dedsions at an the National Council of Public Polls, Data were associated with exclusive breastfeeding (help- earlier point in time and that many women who (Xitiectpd and housed secur<!ly hy Harris Intnr- ing mother get stalled breastfeeding, showing establish breastfeeding continue beyond active and the authors had acass only to a mothers how to position baby, encouraging 1 week. We selected these time points to deidentified file provided by Harris Interactive. feeding on demand, infomiing mothers about examine the assodation between hospital Questions related to hi'eastfeeding were a brief part oí the 3(>minute survey that also ineluded questions on prenatal, intrapartiim, and postpartum experiences: maternal atti- TABLE 1-lnfant Feeding Intentions Compared With Actual Practice at 1 Week Postpartum tudes related to bittli; and demogi'aphic ehar- Among US Mothers Who Gave Birth in 2005, hy Parity: Listening to Mothers II Survey aeteristies.^' AU phone and Internet interviews Feeding Intention were conducted between January 20 and Feb- Exclusive Mixed (Breastfeeding Exclusive niaiy 21, 2006; no niotlier was askefl to recdl Feeding Practice'' at 1 Week Postpartum Breastfeeding, % and Formula), % Formula, % Total,' % experiences from morí* than 13 months earlier, and for most mothers the recall time period was Primiparas much sootiei'. The average i-eK[>oiident had given Exclusive breastfeeding 44 4 1 50 birtb 7.3 months before completing the survey Mixed (breastfeeding and formula) 20 8 0 28 (online, 7.4 months; telephone, fi.4 montlis). Past Exclusive formula 6 4 13 22 researdi has found tliat mothei-s are able to Total 70 16 14 100 validly recall estimates of breastfeeding initiation Multiparâs and duration up to 3 years.""* Exclusive breastfeeding 17 5 1 53 The resulting sample of mothers who had Mixed (breastfeeding aid formula) 7 U 1 18 given birth in 2 0 0 5 was generally representa- Exclusive fomiiiia 3 5 21 29 tive (within 1 to 3 percentajie points) of the Total 57 21 22 100 comparable national population of hiilhing Note. For primiparas, n'519. For multíparas, n-1052. mothers—aged 18 to 4 5 years; singleton, hos- *Women were asked, "As you came to tfie end of your pregnancy, bow liad you fioped to feed your baby? Options: pital births—based on the most recent US breastfeeding alone, formula only, a combination of breastfeeding and formula." '^omen were asked, "One week after you gave birth, how were you feeding your baby? Options: breastfeeding alone, formula tinta" ' available for comparison. A table sum- only, a combination of breastfeeding and formula," marizing the compajTson was published in a "^Totals are rounded. related article.^'' Survey respondents {»me from 9 3 0 I Research and Practice | Peer Reviewed | Declercq et al. American Joumal of Public Health 1 fulay 2 0 0 9 , Vol 9 9 , No, 5
  • 3. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE discrepancy between intent and exclusive TABLE 2-Hospital Practices Reported by US Mothers Who Gave Birth in 2005 and Who breastfeeding to be those mothers with a intended to Exclusiveiy Breastfeed, by Parity: Listening to Mothers II Survey reported income of $25000 to $49999 (78% Hospital Practice (6FHI Step' Primiparas, % Multipafas, % All, % intention vs 49"/o actual exclusive breastfeed- ing at 1 week), Hispanic mothers (59% vs 32"Vo, On ttie whole would you say Ihe staff, (BFHI 3) respectively), non-Hispanic Black mothers Encouraged breastfeeding 81 73 76 (59% vs 33'y(i, respectively), or mothers Encouraged formula feeding 5 1 2 employed part-time (78'Vo vs 51'ya, respec- Expressed no preference 15 26 22 tively). Among multiparas the same general Other hospital practices patterns emerged, though the difîei-ence be- Helped you get started breastfeeding when you and your 89 70 77 tween intent and actual exclusive breastfeeding baby were ready (BFH! 4)' was mudi smaller. Gave you free formula samples or offers" 74 61 65 We also examined the bivariatc relationship Showed you how to position your baby to limit nipple soreness (BRil 78 59 66 between intrapartuni experiences and fulfill- Encouraged you to feed "on demand" (BFHI 8)' 80 75 77 ment of intention to exclusively breastfeed Told you about community breastfeeding support resoun:es for 69 64 65 (data not showi). Among primiparas, factors ongoing help (BFHI 10)' that were related in bivaiiatc analysis to Provided formula or water to supplement your breastmilk (BFHI 6)" 49 29 37 achievement of intent to exclusively breastfeed Gave your baby a pacifier (BFHI 9 f 45 40 42 included having an obstetrician (rather than a Note. BFHI-Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative. Data excludes mothers with babies ir the neonatal intensive care unit. For family doctor or midwife) as the ¡jrenaLal care primíparas, n-338. For multíparas, n''577. For the total sample, N = 915. provider and not having a cesarean delivery. ^Most closely related BFHI step noted in parentheses. The 10 steps are available at: http://www.ünicef,org/nutntion/ Among multipaius. there were more factors index_24806,html. related to achievement of intention to exclu- 'Violates Ititernational Cotie of Marketing Breast-Milk Substitutes.^ sively breastfeed, including not having an epi- dural or a cesarean delivery, having the baby in contact witli the mother immediately after practices and initial fulfillment of intention to differed by parity, with 65% of primiparas and birth, rooming in with the baby, and a post- exclusively breastfeed. Past research has found 79''/ii of multiparas feeding the baby at 1 week partum length of stay of 2 days or less. TTiese wide variations in exclusive breastfeeding by in the way they had intended at the end of variables were included in the multivariate parity.^^'^^ so we stratified all analyses to dis- pregnancy. The largest group were those analysis. tinguish primiparas from multíparas. Because our mothers who intended to, and at 1 week were. Table 2 presents responses concerning hos- intention was to examine the typical pos^artum exclusively breastfeeding their babies. Most pital practices related to breastfeeding from hospital experienœ for mothers, we limited who did not achieve their intention to exclu- mothers who intended to exclusiveiy bi'east- analyses to those cases where the infant was not sively breastfeed (2O"/o of piimipaious women; feed and whose babies were not in tlic neonatal in the intensive care unit, resulting in the toss of 7% of multiparous women) practiced mixed intensive care unit. Responses are sti atified by 6% (100) ofthe respondents (Table 2, Table 3, feeding. There were some respondents (4'^/i) of parity. More than four fifths of priniipai-as and Figure 1). primiparas and 5"/o of multiparas) who had (81"/ü) who intended to exclusively breastfeed intended to use mixed feeding but were ex- indicated that the staff encouraged breastfeed- Analyses clusively breastfeeding at 1 week. ing. In terms of specific hospital practices, We conducted data analyses with SPSS ver- Overall, 61"/(! of respondents indicated that primiparas reported that in some cases staff sion 15.0 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL). We per- they had intended to exclusively breastfeed, were highly supportive in providing help get- formed multiple logistic regression methods to and about half of the mothei-s (51%) were ting started (89%), encouraging breastfeeding examine the association between ñüfillment of exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week. When on demand (8O'fo). and showing how to posi- intention to exclusively breastfeed, various these findings were stratified by parity and tion the baby (78'Wi). However, almost half hospital practices, and related demographic demographic characteiistics of mothers, we {49%) of those first-time mothers who intended variables for each parity stratum. found substantial variance across groups to exclusively breastfeed reported that their (data not shown). TTiose most likely to intend baby was given water or formula for supple- RESULTS to and aclually exclusively breastfeed at I week mentation, 45% reported that their baby had were mothers who were non-Hispanic White, been given a pacifier, and 74% of those Table 1 compares intended and 1-week rates better educated, had higher incomes, had pri- intending to exclusively breastfeed reportt^d of feeding types, by parity. Mothers' repoi-ts of vate insurance, or were employed pmt-time. being given free formula samples or ofTei-s. On fulfilling their feeding intention (exclusive When we stratified the results by parity, we the whole, the pattern for multiparas involved breastfeeding, exclusive formula, or mixed) found that first-time mothei-s with the largest less vaiiation tban primiparas across the May 2009. Vol 99. No. 5 American Journal of Public Health Declercq et al. Peer Reviewed Research and Practice i 931
  • 4. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE hospitals engaged in and the achievement of TABLE 3-Percentage of US Mothers Who Gave Birth in 2005 Who Intended to Exclusively exclusive breastfeeding, f-igure 1 displays a Breastfeed and Were Exclusively Breastfeeding at 1 Week, by Parity and Reported Hospital strong cumulative effect of these polides for Practices: Listening to Mothers il Survey both parity groups. Primiparas who reported experiencing at least 6 of the 7 practices were 6 Primíparas Multíparas times more likely (86% vs 14%) to fulfill their Mother Mother Did Mother Mother Did intention to exclusively breastfeed than Experienced Not Experience Experienced Not Experience Practice, Practice, Practice. Practice. mothers experiencing 1 or none of these prac- % (No.) % (No.) % (No.) % (No.) tices, Multiparous mothers in the same com- parison were more than twice as likely (93'Vi) vs Hospital practice 45"/o), Helped yoL gel started hreastfeeding when 69 (301) 33 (36) <.O01" 83 (403) 82 (173) ,691 you and your baby were ready Finally we examined what factors were Gave you free formula samples or offers most strongly related to achievemeni of ex- 61 (249) 74 (90) .002 7 (349) 7 92 (228) <.OO1 clusive breastfeeding intention in a multi- Showed yoj how to position your hshy to 69 (263) 49 (75) .002 82 (339) 83 (238) .883 variate analysis. Because of the substantial limit nipple soreness differences consistently noted for parity, we Encouraged you to feed "on demand" 69 (271) 50 (66) .004 87 (432) 70 (144) <,001 ran separate models for primiparEis and Told you about community breastfeeding 73 (231) 48 (106) <.0Ol 84 (367) 81 (210) .334 multiparas. Consistent with our focus on the support resources for ongoing help relationship between hospital practices and Provided fomuia or water to supplement 49(166) 81(172) <,001 56(169) 94(407) <.O01 achievement of intention to exclusively your breastmilk breastfeed, we included the 7 hospital prac- Gave your baby a pacifier 57 (152) 71 (186) .009 82 (228) 83 (349) .640 tices as well as key intrapartum variables Hospital staff attitude ,071 .115 (prenatal care provider, epidural use, method Hospital staff encouraged breastfeeding 67 85 of delivery, rooming in, where the haby Hospital staff encouraged formula 40 was in the first hours after birth, and post- Hospital staff expressed no preference 60 78 partum length of stay), and demographic Note. Data eKcluöes motfiers witfi babies in the neonatai intensive care unit. variables (age, education, income, race/eth- ''P values reflect x^ test on comparisons of within parity group breastfeeding rate at 1 week across hospital practices. nicity, employment status, and third-party payer source) associated with feeding choices. When we controlled for all the other noted clifîerent hospital practices. An analysis of tJicsc breastfeed. .-Vmong primiparas there was a demographic and intrapartum variables, practices by racc/cthnicity (data not shown) significant difference in the rate of achieving among pnmiparas. only 4 hospital practices loiind that non-Hi.spaiiic White primiparas their intention by whether a hospital engaged were statistically significantly assocjated witli intending lo exclusively breastfeed were much in each ofthe practices, partiailariy supple- the likelihood of achieving hreastfeeding in- less likely to report supplementation wilh water mentation, with slightly less than half (49"''o) tention; (1) helping mothers get started (ad- or formula (40"'o) than were non-Hispanic achieving their intention to exclusively breast- justed odd.s ratio [AORl—6.3; 95"/() confidence Black (71%) or Hispanic (74"/ii) mothers with feed compared with 81"/n in cases where there interval [a] = 1.8, 21,6). (2) hospital staff not this intention. was no supplementation. supplementing with formula or water Table 3 presents data on Ehe percentages of The differences for multiparas were gener- (AOR = 4.4; 95% Cl = 2.1, 9.3). (3) telling mothers who Ililhlled llieir intention to exclu- ally less pronounced, with the exception of mothers about community resources for sively breastfeed. In this table, the columns supplementation: 94% of the mothers who did breastfeeding support (AOR=2,3; 95% represent different levels of painty and whether not report supplementation occuning achieved CI = 1.1, 4.9), and (4) staff not giving the baby a the mother reported that the hospital engaged their intention to exclusively breastfeed, com- padñer(AOR = 2.3; 95"/.iCI = 1.2, 4.4). Among in a paiiiailar practice. For example, (i9'Vi) of pared with 56%) where supplementation was multiparas, 2 hospital practices significantly the mothers who intended to exclusively reported. The provision of formula samples or impacted fulfillment of intention; hospital staff bi'eastfeed and repoited iliat hospital staff coupons'"' was associated with a significant not supplementing (A0R=a.8; 95% CI=4,4, helped them get stalled hreastCeeding were rcHiuction in achievement of intention to exclu- 17.6) and hospital staff encouraging feeding on exclusively breastfeeding at 1 week. This find- sively breastfeed for both primiparas and mul- demand (AOR=3.4; 95% CI=1.7, 6.8). None ing can be compai^ed with 33"/o of piiniiparas tiparas. of the demographic or intrapartum events fulfilling their intention to exclusively breast- remained significantly related to iiilfillment of We examined whether there was a dose- feed at 1 week in hospitals where they reported intended exclusive breastfeeding duration in response relationship between the number of that they did not get help in starting to these models. supportive practices mothers reported that 932 [ Research ancf Practice | Peer Reviewed Declercq et al. American Joumal of Public Health I May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5
  • 5. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE Steps to Successful Breastfeeding, confirms that there is substandal evidence beiiind Step 6, "Give newborn infants no food or drink other than breastmiik, unless medically indicated," repoiting that the feiding of supplements dis- rupted breastfeeding,'" a condusion supported by studies from Honduras and italy.'"' '^ Comparison With Other Studies Few studies have examined hospital prac- tices as predictors of success at (exclusive breastfeeding."" '"^ A recent shidy of Colorado mothers' descripdons of hijspitai pracdces and their inlant feeding exix'riences found a signifi- 2-3 fl-5 6-7 cant relation between hospital pracdces unsup- pordve of breastfeeding and discontinuation of Number of the 7 Policies Mothers Reponed Hoîpiials Practicing breastfeeding at 8 weei«. The study also found, iVoíes. Hospital practices: (1) staff fielped mother get stafted breastfeeding, (3) staff showed mother how to position baby, as we did, a aimuladve effect of hospital prac- {3) staff encouraged feeding on demand, (4) staff directed motbers to community breastfeeding resources, (5) staff did not dces, but did not .sti-atify mothers by ¡jaiity- or encourage supplementing breastfeeding with formula or water, (6) staff did not encourage pacifier use. (7) staff did not give perform a muttivariate analysis on their resuits."' out free formula or offers. Differences in fulfillment are statistically significant across numbers of policies (P<,01), These studies, which invoived different method- FIGURE 1-Hospital support and breastfeeding success among US mothers who gave birth in ologies and were done in different settings, 2005: Listening to iVIothers ii Survey. reinforce Hie need for hospital practices sup- porting inidadon ajid later suca^ssful continua- tion of exdusive breastfeeding. DISCUSSION support breastfeeding in the United States. Limitations Applying these differences to national data Our study was based on a US nadonal We itkîiitihed several hospital practices, as results in a totai of more than 400000 infants sample drawn from a combinadon of internet reported by mothers, that were strongiy related annually (10% of all US births) whose mothers and teiephone respondents. Internet-based to rates of exclusive breastfeeding. We used a intended lo exclusiveiy breastfeed as they samples ai-e increasingly being used in public iarge. representative national sample to focus completed their pregnancies but were not do- opinion research,'' and our data weœ .supple- on a cridcai time in estabiishing exciusive ing so 1 week after birth. mented with a telephone survey of non-White, breastfeeding and examined how hospital Experiencing hospital practices that inhibit English-speaking mothers. The aimbined sample practices were positiveiy and negativeiy asso- exclusive breastfeeding (i.e., staff supplement- was weighted to adjust for the nadonal úv.ma- ciated with the likeiihood that a mother who ing breastfeeding with formula or water, being graphic dLstribudon of tlie childbeamig ¡jopiila- intended to exclusively breastfeed her infant given free fomiula samjjies, babies given pac- don and the propensity to be online. The result is was actuaiiy doing so 1 week after birth. We ifiers) was significantly assodated with mothers' a sample that is generally representadve of the also doaimented hospitai practices from a failure to fuifill their intendon to exdusively US birthing populadon and US breastfeiKling unique pei'speilive—that of niothei-s—rather breastfeed, in cases where mothers reported a rates. Althou^ the resiiits mirror the demo- than stated policies or rcpoils nom hospital comprehensive pacicage of supportive prac- graphic chai acterisdcs of tlie US birthing popu- stíüT. In this way, our study can serve as a tices, primiparas were 6 times more iikely and ladon, we cannot be ceiiain that our respondents complement to a recent Centers for Disease multiparas twice as iikely to achieve their were representadve of ali hospital and breast- Conti'oi and Prevention survey of hospitai intention to exclusively breastfeed. feeding experiences of birtliing women in the practices and policies reiated to breastfeeding The practice of hospital staff providing for- United States. However, there were no indica- as reported by hospital staff at the fadiity mula or water to supplement breastfeeding was tions suggesdJig a likelihood of bias in the results. levei.^" sigiiificantiy related to failure to achieve ex- Our study relied on mothers' recall and was We found a substantiai difference between dusive breastfeeding. Mothers whose babies not validated by recoids review. Past researdi primipai-as' intention to exclusively breastfeed did not experience supplementation were 4.4 has shown that mothers are generally accurate (7O"/o) and their actual rate of exclusive dmes {primíparas) or 8.8 dmes (muldparas) in their reports of their own birth experi- breastfeeding 1 weei< after birth (50"/ii). These more iikely to achieve their intention to exclu- ences.''^ Nonetheie.ss, it is possible that some shifts between intention and practice represent sively breastfeed. ITie Worid Health Organi- respondents could have based their rétrospective a huge lost opportunity to encourage ajid zadon 1998 compendium. Evidence for (he Ten response regarding intention on their actuai May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5 , American Journal of Public Health Declercq ei al. Peer Reviewed I Research and Practice | 933
  • 6. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE bit'astfcetiing experience. To pR)tec1 against Hospital Initiative will contribute to increasing 7. ACQG Committee for Healthcare of underserved Women and Committee on Ohsletriral huctices. Spedal Ulis possibility, tlie survey was stnictui-ed to be the proportion of mothers who are given tlie report from ACOG. Breastfeedingniatenial and infant neutral and nonjudgmental about feetling choice. support tliey need to fulfill their intention to aspects. Clin Rev. 2OO7;I2(1 suppi):lS-16S. It is also fx)ssib!e that motliei-s who stopped exclusively breastfeed. • 8. .-M'HA Potic>- Statement 200114. APHA Supports breastfeeding chose to "blanu!" hospital practices the Health ancl Human Services BliiepnnI for Action on for theii- decision. To minimize this possible Breastfeeding, Washington, IX; American l*ublic liedtti /XssocJation; 2 0 0 ! . Available at: http://www.apha.org/ efFect, we asked the question on breastfeeding at About the Authors ad vocacy / pol i cj' /pol icy seareh /default.htin?id=253. 1 wec'k after the questions on haspital practice. .-^t the time oftkestudi/. Eugene Declercq tvas With School of Accessed Tebruary 20, 2009. Also the comparable national data most often Public Health, Boston Uniivi'siti/. fA. Miriam H. Lohhcik 9. WHO-VNICEF Global Strategy for Infant and Young was with the School of Public Hetillh, Universitif of North usetl in reporting breastfeeding trends, the Na- Carolina. Chapel Hill. Carol Sakala was with Childbirth Child Feeding. Geneva, Switzerland: Worid Heaitii Organization; 2003. tional Immunization Survey, as well as data from Cannectinns, .Veit' York. iVV. Mary.Ann O'Hara wtii with the Ross Laboratories Mothers Surveys'''"' relied on Universittf of Washington. Seattle. 10. Moreland J, Coombs J. Promoting and .supporting Requests for reprints can be sent to Eugene Declercq. breast feeiling. .Am Fam Ptn/sidan. 20i)0;(il :2093- matemal recall."*" and a study of maternal recall 2100.2103-2104. Department of Matermd ami Child Health. Boston Uni- of bi'eastfeeding experiences Ibiuid motheiï' i"e- verstty School of Puhlic Heohh. 71 ñ .Mhany St, Talhot 11. Mission statement. New Rochelle, ^fY; Academy of sponses both valid and reliable.'"'' W5-40. ihston. .MA 021 IS (e-mail: declercq@bu.edu). Breastfeeding Medieinc; 2006. Available at; http;// Tliis article was accepted October 7. 2008. ww:bfmed.oi-g, Accessed November 7. 2006, 12 Hasition statement; breastfeeding. Silver Spring. MD Conclusions Contributors .American College of Nurse Midwives; 2004. Available Breastfeeding protection, promotion, and E. Dedercq designed the sttidy, wrote the first draft of at: http://www.anim.org/siU;I''iles/p<)sition/ suppoil may rely on identifying and using (he "Methotis" mid "Rcsulls" sections, and did the data Brf-astfeeding_05,|Kff. Accessed Decembei- 29. 2008. analysis. M. H. I.abbok, M. O'Hara. and C. Sakala did Üic "teachable moments"' to increase motheiV in- Î 3, Centers for I)isea.se Control aiid tYevention, literature review and wrote the first draft of the Intro- tention to achieve exclusive breastfeeding, and DATA2010 riTie Heal% People 2010 databa.se May duction and "Discussion" sections. C. Sakala and E. 2008 etlition foais area: 16-mateiTial infant and chiki these findings present opportunities and raise Declercq were iTivolved in the design of the tinestion- health]. Available at: http;//wonder,cdcgov/data20IO/ nairc thai wai Ihc basis tor the siin'cy. All autliors were questions in 2 ai eas. First, should we be objhtm. Accessed June 17. 2008. involved in writing subsequent drafts. pleased or disappointed that 7O"/o of first-time 14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. and 57''^ of experienced mothers had the Breastfeeding among US children horn 1999-200S, Acknowledgments CDC National InimunizatiiJii Survey. Available at; http;// intention late in their pregnancy to exdusively This research was .suppoited by the Roheit Wood www. ccic.gov/l)rea<itieeding/data/NlS_ciata/index.litm. breastfeed? We need to consider why almost Johnson I'oiiiidation and Childhirth Connection. Acct^sed October 2, 2008. half of thf nuiltiparoiis mothofs in 2005 KobJn Young assisted witJi tlie data analysis. 1 5. World Heaith Organization. Linited Nations ix'poited no intention to exdusively breast- Children's Fund. Protecting. Promoting and Supporung feed their baby. Clearly some efïbris are Human Participant Protection Breastfeeding: The Special Hole of Materniti/ Servicey This study was ruled exempt by the institutional review Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organisation; needed to promote a gi"eater interest in exclu- 1990. board office of the Bost[>n University School of Medidjie sive breastfeeding among all mothers, particu- becaii.se autliors only had access to a rieidentified file. 16. International Code of Marketing of Hrvast-Milk Sub- larly among those who have given birth before Original data are securely stored al Harris Interactive. stitutes. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organiza- and may have had adverse experiences. Im- tion; 1981. Available at; http://www.who.iiit/nutiition/ pubiicat ions/code_english.pdf Acees.se(i June 17, 2008. proving in-hospital breastfeeding support for first-time mothers may have the added benefit References 17. Work! 1 lííalth Organization, Uniled Nations Chil- 1. Kraniei" M.S. Kakiinia R. Tlie ojitinial duiation of dren's Tumi. BFHl; RevLsecl and ujxiated materials, of promoting exdusive breastfeeding in subse- exclusive breastfeeding: a systematic review. Adv Hxji 2006. .Available at: http;//www.unicef.org/nutrition/ quent diildren. Mei/flio/.2O04;554:63-77. inde,_2 48 5tl.html. Accessed June 17, 2008. 2. l|» S, CliiLiig M. Raman G, ct al., for Agenc>' for 18. Kramer MS, Chalmers B. llotinen HD, et al. IVo- Second, why are those hospital practices that Healthcare Research and Quality. Evidence Report/Tech- niotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PRQBIT): a have been repeatedly shown to increase nologii A.'isessment Number 153: Brea^feeding and Ma- randomized trial in the Repuhlic of Btrianis. JAMA. breastfeeding among new mothers not more tenial and Infant Health Otilcomes in Developed Countnes. 2001;285:413-420, Hockville. MD; Agency for Healthcare Research anci consistently instituted in Uniled States hospi- Quality; 2007. !9. Smith S. Romney ousts ') at health aiunril: gone tals? A large proportion of mothers stop ex- are backers of a ban on infant formula giveaways. 3. Jones G, Sleketee RW. Black RE, Bhutta ZA. Boston Clobe. May 20, 2006. Available at; http;// dusive breastfeeding within the first week, and Morris SS; Bellagio Child Survival Study Croup How w ww.boston .com/yourlife/health/other/a!iicl«/200(i/ that action was strongly related to hospital many child deaths can we prevent this year? Lancet. OS/20/roniney_oiisLs_3_at_heallli_,(;ounciL Accessed 2003;362:fi5-71. June 17.2008. practices. As policy statements from the 4. Horta B, Bahl R. Martines J. Victora C. Evidence on 20. Centers for Disease Control and hevcntion. American Public Health Assodation and other the Long-Term Effects of Breastfeeding: Sptematic Reviews Breastfeed ing-relateci maternity jiractices at hospitals aiui leading oi^ganizations declare, these practices und Meta-Analyses. Geneva. Switzerland; World Health biilh centers-United States, 2007. MMWR Morb Mortal must be changed at the hospital and profes- Organization; 20t)7. iniyRep. 2008;57;62I-625. sional levels to ensure that the hospitaJ expe- 5. Labbok MH. Hffects oi' breastfeeding on the mothei 21. Grizzai-d TA. Bartick M, Nikolov M. Griffin BA, l.e<' Pediatr Clin North Am. rience more consistently contributes to tlie KG. Policies and practices related to breastfeeding in ti. Gartner LM. Morton J. LawTence R.', et al Breast- Massachusetts; hospital implementation of the ten steps health and welfare of mothers and babies. fording and the use of human milk. Pediatrics. 2005; to successful hi-eastfeeding. Mtueni Child Health J. implementatioÈi of the updated Baby-Friendly 200(i;10;247-2(i3. 934 Research and Practice Peer Reviewed ' Declercq et al. American Journai of Public Health | May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5
  • 7. RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 1Í2. IJcdenT[ l-.R. Sakala C, Corry ME', Applcbauni S. Ross Laixiratories Motbers Surveys, AmJ Public Heallh. Listening to Mothers 11: lîpporl of Iho Secoiid National 199!;81;1O49-1O52. U.S. Survey of Women's Childbcaring Kxpe rien ces. New 40. Ryan M , Zliou W, Gaslon MH. Regional and Vnrk, NY: Childbirth Connection; 2006. sociodemograpbic variation oi'breastii-eciing in the Unit«) 23. Survey Sampling Ititematíonat - SSI-I.ITP. Newborn States, 2002. Clin PH/W/T fñiiH 2004,43:815-824, baby samples. 24. Li H, Sranlon KS, Serdiila MK. The validity aiiri rcliabilily of maternal recall of breastfeedtTig prartice. .XiitrRev. 2005;63:103-110, 25. MaJ-tin JA, 1 Uiniillon BI', Sutn>n PD, ct al. Birtb.s; final dala for 2(X)5. 'atl Vital Stat Rej). 2()()7;íiíi;l-103, 26. IXflLTc-q [-.. Cunniiigliam DK. Jobnson C, Sakala C. Motfifi-s' rp)M)rLs of postpartum pain aisociatctJ wiüi vaginai and ci'sarran deliveries: resulls of a national survey, Birth. 2008;35:lfi-24. 27. Centers for Disease Control iunl Prevention. Breasl feeding practices—resulLs from Üie 20(15 National Immtinization Survey. Available at: bltp://wwv.c(lc.gov/ breastfceding/dala/NIS_(lala/iiidnx.hlm. Arrcsserl Oc- tober 2. 200B, 28. DiGirolamo AM, Tbompsnn N, Martorell R, Fein S. d n I m mer-Strain LM. Intentiun or ex{)erienee? fredic- iiirs (if coiiüniied bi-eastfeeding. Health Educ Behav. 2 005 ;3 2:208-226. 29. Rosenberg KD, Eastbam CA. Kasebagen I.J. Sandnval Al'. Marketing infant funniila tlirougb hospitals: the impad of commercial hospital discharge packs on brrastfeciiiilji. Am/ Public Hi-alth 3 0 . Evidence for the Ten Stefjs to Siicces.'iful Brea.'itfeeding. lVHn/CHIJ^98.9. Geneva. Swil/erlaml: World I k-allb Oi-ganization; 1998. ,tl. Pèrez-Escamilla R, Segura-Millán S, Canabiiati J, Allen H. PnilacteaJ feeds are negatively associated with breast-feeding oiitconics ii I lonciuras. / j'Viíír, 1 996; 126:2765-2773. 32. Giíjvannini M. Riva K. Baiiderali G, el al. E.«Lclusive Preventing Occupational verstrs pi'etiominant brea.stferoding in Italian maternity wards and feediTig ¡it aiticí-s ihrougii ibe first year of life. ¡Hum ¡MCt. 2OO5;21:259-265. Disease and Injury, Edited by Barry S. Levy, Gregory R. Wagner, Kathleen M. Rest, lames L Weeks 33. Anderson AK. Damin G, Oiapman DJ. Peivz-Hscamilla R, Differential resiKinse to an exclusive breastfeeding |N'w connsciing intei-ventiim: ihe role of clhnicity. / Hum "... unique in occupational health literature... an invaluable yet ¿flrt. 2007:23: lR-23. handy reference../' Medscapc nniay, Augt,st u. 2005 34. Boimck KA, Trombley M, l-reem!in K, McKee D. Handomi/ed, controlled Irial oi a prenalal ¡aid postnatal Most hazards can be anticipated, and prevented. However, each year laclation consiillan! incen^enlion (in duration and inten- in the United States, 5,000 to 6,000 workers die from acute traumatic sity of broastlceding up to 1 2 montlts. Pediatrics. 2005;! l(i:1413-142fi. (Kcupational injuries. This hook, thoroughly updated from its first edition puhlished 35. Coiitinho SB. de Lira i'l, dc ('arvallio Lima M, Ashwortb A. Comparison of tfie effect ol' two systems in 1991, provides information to assist in anticipating the potential for tile pnjmiiti(»n of t-xcUisive breastfeeding. Lancet. tor disea.se or injury, recognizing occupational diseases and in- 2005:366:1094-1100. juries, evaluating relevant data, and designing and implementing 36. Murray KK, RirkettsS. DellaportJ. Hiwpi(a! practices control measures. Ihal increase breiLstfe€'ding duration: results h'om a pop- iilation-basiHl study. Hirth. 2007:34:202-21 1- 37. Couper M. W'eb surveys: a iTview of issues and approaches. l>ublic Opin Q. 2000;64:4fi4~494. ORDER TODAY! American Public Health Association 3y. Yawn BP. Suman VJ, Jarabsen S). Maternal recall of ISBN 0-87553-043-5 PUBLICATION SALES di.'itaiit pregnancy events. / Clin Epidemiol 1 998; 590 pages, softcover, 2004 WEB: www.3pha,org E-MAIL: APHA@pbd,com 51:399-405. S25.00 APHA Members (plus s&h) TEL: 888-320-APHA FAX: 888-361-APHA 39, Ryan .'S. IVatl WT, WysongJL, I.ewaiidowski G, S36.00 Nonfnembers (plus s&h) McNallyJW. Krieger FW. . companson of breasl-feeding ilata from tJie National Surveys of Family Growtb and tbe May 2009, Vol 99, No. 5 | American Jojmal of Public Healtb Declercq et al. i Peer Reviewed | Research and Practice | 935