Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as example jec edama 3rd nov. 2015

Biodiesel production in Middle East
Opportunities and Challenges
Jordan as example
In JEC EDAMA
3rd
Nov. 2015
By Dr. Ibrahim F Gad
info@biorotterdam.com
www.biorotterdam.com

“A Good Question” is “half of knowledge”

Content
• What is biodiesel ?
• What is Uses of biodiesel ?
• How to produce ?
• Global and Arabic production volume ?
• Where is Jordan position?
• What is the challenges?
• What is future plans ?
• Questions and Answers

Petroleum
A naturally occurring oil that contains mainly
hydrocarbons with some other elements such as
sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen
Gasoline: A mixture of hydrocarbons containing
5-8 carbon atoms, boiling point 40-180o
C
Kerosine (paraffin oil): A mixture of
hydrocarbons containing 11-12 carbon atoms,
boiling point 160-250o
C
Diesel oil: A mixture of hydrocarbons containing
13-25 carbon atoms, boiling point 220-350o
C

Petro – Diesel
• A fuel derived from the distillation of crude oil
• It is heavier than gasoline but lighter than engine oil and
heavy oils.
• Diesel fuel is generally separated into two fuels: diesel
number 1 and diesel number 2. Diesel number 1 is
similar to kerosene and is lighter than diesel number 2.
While diesel number 2 is sold most of the time, diesel
number 1 is sold during winter in very cold climates
because it doesn’t cloud or gel as easily as diesel
number 2.
• Diesel fuel is ignited in an internal combustion engine
cylinder by the heat of air under high compression in
contrast to motor gasoline, which is ignited by electrical
spark.

Fossil fuels emit a lot
of carbon dioxide that
remains in the
atmosfere and gives
way to the negative
consequences of the
enhanced greenhouse
effect.

Vegetable fuel
emits small
quantities of
carbon dioxide.
This fact
makes
biodiesel a low
environmental
impact fuel,
because
carbon dioxide
produced by it,
is absorbed by
plants in 1
year.

What is it the difference between
biodiesel and diesel?
Diesel is a derivate
of petroleum and it is
a fossil fuel.
• Biodiesel, instead, is
a vegetable fuel
feedstock “UCO –
WVO – Fats – Algae”
Crude oil ( Fossil
fuel)

What is biodiesel ?
• Biodiesel is the name of a clean
burning alternative fuel produced
from domestic, renewable resources.
Biodiesel contains no petroleum, but
it can be blended at any level with
petroleum diesel to create a biodiesel
blend.

What is Biodiesel?
• A diesel fuel replacement
produced from vegetable
oils or animal fats through
the chemical process of
Transesterfication
– Mono-alkyl esters
• Biodiesel can be used in
any diesel motor in any
percent from 0-100% with
little or no modifications to
the engine

• It can be used in compression ignition
(diesel) engines with no modifications.
Biodiesel is simple to use, biodegradable,
nontoxic, and essentially free of sulfur and
aromatics.

Technical Definition
• Biodiesel, n—a fuel composed of mono-
alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids
derived from vegetable oils or animal fats,
designated B100, and meeting the
requirements of EN14214 or ASTM D
6751.

Biodiesel: What is it not?
Ethanol or E85
Unprocessed Vegetable Oil
Mixtures of vegetable
oil or alcohol with
diesel fuel

What is Uses of biodiesel ?
• Normal uses of Diesel Motor
• Heating system as usual
• Cars need low Sulfur content fuel
• Anti dusting while digging
• Solvent for Environmentally friendly paints

Why Biodiesel?
 Can be used in existing diesel engines without modification.
 Can be blended in at any ratio with petroleum diesel.
 Similar Btu/gal as petroleum diesel.
 Also eliminates the huge cost of revamping the nationwide fuel
distribution infrastructure.
 Reduces CO2 emission.
Average Density and Heating Value of Biodiesel and Diesel Fuel
Fuel Density, g/cm3 Net Heating Value Avg., Btu/gal. % Difference vs.
No. 2 Diesel Avg.
No. 2 Diesel 0.850 129,500
Biodiesel (B100) 0.880 118,296 8.65 %
B20 Blend (B20) 0.856* 127,259* 1.73 %*
B2 Blend (B2) 0.851* 129,276* 0.17 %*
* Calculated Values from those of No. 2 Diesel and Biodiesel (B100)

Wide Acceptance
 By diesel vehicle industry
Audi BMW Case Claas
Deutz Iseki John Deere Kubota
Massey-Ferguson Mercedes-Benz Nissan
Puegot Renault Same Seat
Skoda Steyr Valmet Volkswagen
Volvo
 By the fuel trade; e.g, Texaco, Shell, Total
 By the end-user – bus companies, taxi fleets, forestry
enterprises, boat owners
 More than 100 production sites (capacity 500-120,000
tons/annum)

NRRaje Feb 06
CARBON TRADING POTENTIAL
• Reduction in GHG (CO2)
• 1 Ton bio-diesel avoids Appx 3 ton CO2e
• Certified Emission reduction (CER) 1 ton of CO2e
• 1 CER @ US $ 5
• 75 p/ liter additional revenue

History of Vegetable Oil Based
Fuels
• 1900 - Rudolph Diesel debuted the first
diesel engine running on peanut oil at the
World’s Exhibition in Paris
– He likely used peanut oil at the request of
the French Government, who were
interested in its use in their African colonies
• After Diesel’s mysterious death in 1913,
development focused on the use of
petroleum-based fuels

The use of vegetable oils as engine fuels may
seem insignificant today but the such oils may
become, in the course of time, as important as
petroleum and the coal tar products of the
present time.
-Rudolph Diesel, 1912

How it produced?
• Introduction
• Transesterification
• Esterification
• Homogeneous catalysis
• Heterogeneous catalysis
• Enzymatic conversion
• Conversion without a catalyst
• Lipid hydrotreating
• Planning for production
• Site selection

Natural phenomenon
VS.
Controlled phenomenon

Triacylglyceride
C
C
C
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
H
OH
OH
OH
+
HOOCR
HOOCR’
HOOCR”
+ 3H2
O
GLYCEROL FATTY ACIDS TRIGLYCERIDES WATER

Fatty Acid Molecular Structure

R - COOH + R1- OH R – COO - R1 + H2O
Fatty Acid Alcohol Catalyst Ester/biodiesel Water
Esterification
Methanol safety:
http://www.biodiesel.org/resources/reportsdatabase/reports/gen/20060401_
GEN-370.pdf

Transesterification
R1, R2, R3 are hydrocarbon chains on fatty acids and
R’ is the alkyl group on an alcohol molecule
Triacylglyceride Alcohol Esters/Biodiesel Glycerine

Homogeneous Catalyst Options
 Base Catalysts: NaOH, KOH, Na/K-Methoxide
 Acid Catalysts: H2SO4, H3PO4, CaCO3
 Lipase Enzymes

Base Catalyzed Conversions
Base catalyzed processes dominate current commercial
production
Sensitive to water and free fatty acids
Typical alcohol to oil ratio varies between 6:1 and 10:1
(mole ratio)
Typical catalyst concentrations (w/w, %)
NaOH/KOH 0.3-1.4%
Na-Methoxide 0.5% or less

Acid Catalyzed Conversions
 Direct esterification, oils with high free fatty acid
content or for making esters from soap stock
 Requires water removal
 Requires high alcohol:free fatty acid ratio, i.e. 40:1
 Requires large amount of catalyst (5-25%)

Enzymatic Conversion
 Lipases are used as catalyst
 Immobilized or free enzymes
Oil + Alcohol
Enzyme
Reactor
Separator
Biodiesel
Glycerine

Comparison of Enzyme
and Base Catalysis
Catalyst Base Enzyme
Reaction temperature 60-70°C 30-4Oo
C
Free fatty acids Saponified products Methyl esters
in raw materials (soap formation)
Water in raw materials Interference with No influence
the reaction
Yield of methyl esters Normal Higher
Recovery of glycerol Difficult Easy
Purification of methyl esters Repeated washing None
Catalyst cost Cheap Relatively
expensive

Batch vs Continuous System
 Batch process is better suited to smaller plants (<1 million
gallons/year)
 Batch process provides operation flexibility
 Continuous process allows use of high volume separation
systems hence increases throughput

Transesterification Time
At ambient temperature (70F and 21o
C) reaction takes 4-8 h
to reach completion
Higher temperature will decrease reaction times but this
requires pressure vessel because boiling point of
methanol is 148F (65o
C)
High shear mixing and co-solvent use accelerates reaction
rates

Supercritical fluids
Co-solvent systems
Non-Catalytic Conversions

Non-Catalytic Conversion
Supercritical Methanol
Oil/fat
Biodiesel
High pressure
&
temperature
reactor
Alcohol
Glycerine
Alcohol
Separator
Separator
350-400o
C,
85-100 atm (1200-1500 psi),
alcohol:oil 42:1
3-5 min reaction time

Non-Catalytic Conversion
Co-Solvent Process
Biox Process
Uses an inert co-solvents (tetrahydrofuran,
MTBE-methyl tert-butyl ether, ) that generate an
oil-rich one-phase system.
This reaction is 95% complete in ten minutes at
ambient temperatures.
No catalyst is required.
Alcohol
Oil

Phase Separation
Required density difference for phase separation 0.1
Specific Gravity
Methanol 0.79
Biodiesel 0.88
Soybean oil 0.92
Catalyst 0.97
Glycerine 1.28
“Good reaction” as much methanol as possible
“Good phase separation” min. methanol

ConocoPhillips/Tyson
Renewable Diesel
 The production technology for renewable diesel uses a
thermal depolymerization process to co-process animal fat
with hydrocarbon feedstock.
 The fuel is chemically equivalent to the diesel produced
from hydrocarbon feedstocks and can be transported
directly through existing pipelines to distribution
terminals.

Ion Exchange Dry Wash
 Ion exchange resin is used for biodiesel cleaning.
 Greenline & Rohm-Haas Corporation collaboration: Ion-
exchange resin known as Amberlite.
 Amberlite looks very much like coffee grounds and
functions much like coffee grounds in a percolator. The
biodiesel fuel enters the top of the percolator and trickles
down through the cylinder of Amberlite.
 The final product is pure and dry.
 The resin needs replacing at the rate of about 1 metric ton
for every 250,000 gallons of biodiesel processed.
http://www.greenlineindustries.com/ProcessDesc_1.htm

Biodiesel DryWashTM
Adsorbent purification
Magnesium Silicate (Magnesol D-Sol)
Removes both particles and soluble impurities
Excess methanol flash evaporated
http://www.dallasgrp.com/biodiesel.pdf

Europe
1. EU announces total exemption (reduction) of tax on
pure & low blended bio fuels for at least 6 years w.e.f.
01.01.2004 extendable for another 6 years.
Effective Reduction in duty in Germany 587 $/MT
2. Adoption of Directive 2003/30/EC of The European
Parliament And of The Council of 8th May 2003
promotion of the use of bio fuels for transport.

United States
"Consumers and businesses need reliable
supplies of energy to make our economy run
so I urge you to pass legislation to modernize
our electricity system,
promote conservation,
and make America less dependent on
foreign sources of energy."
-Mr.George W.Bush

United States
A biodiesel tax incentive was included in the Final
Energy Bill. 1 cent per % point of biodiesel blended with
petroleum diesel.

Biodiesel Production
Facilities in the US
Smallest capacity: 50,000 gallons/year, recycled cooking oil
Largest capacity: 37.5 Million gallons/year, soybean
Earth Biofuels Inc, Durant, OK, 10 Million gallons/year, multifeed stock
Green Country Biodiesel Inc., Chelsea, OK, 2.5 Million gallons/year, soybean

Biodiesel Industry Expansion
Largest Capacity:100 Million gallons/year
Smallest Capacity: 250,000 gallons/year
ADM, 85 Million gallons/year, canola oil
Best Energy Solutions LLC, Tulsa, OK, 1 Million gallons/year

NRRaje Feb 06
Biodiesel production remained flat until
the creation of USDA’s Bioenergy
Program in FY 2000 that caused
production to jump from about 2 million
gallons to 6.5 million gallons in FY 2001
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
16000
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
1000 gallons
The National Soy Fuels
Advisory Committee was
Established in 1992
Congress amends EPACT
to include biodiesel
USDA started the Bio
energy Program under
the authority of the CCC
Charter Act
The Farm Bill extends
USDA’s
Bioenergy Program to 2006
Source: Anecdotal information
and USDA, Farm Services Agency

Europe
 EU Finance Minister adopted a political agreement to
allow Governments to exempt transport bio fuels,such
as biodiesel,from Excise Duties applied to
Conventional Fuels.
 EU target for bio fuels : At least 2% of total petrol &
diesel within transport sector by 2005, to increase by
0.75% each year thereafter to reach 5.75% by 2010.
 EU announces exemption of Tax on pure & low Bio
fuels for at least 6 years w.e.f. 01.01.2004

NRRaje Feb 06
Germany
 A total exemption from the Excise Duty on Mineral Oil for
pure & blended Bio fuels w.e.f. January 2004 up to 31st
December 2009,which is based on % of Bio fuels included
in Final blend. Higher the proportion,greater the reduction.
 No excise tax for biodiesel substituting standard
fuels,either unblended or blended with fossil diesel in the
vehicle tank.
 The 2003 Budget Bill allows for a complete exemption of
Excise Duties of up to 409 Euro / Kl on all fuels derived
from bio mass including Biodiesel.
 Tax incentive for VOME (470 Euro/M3) includes Carbon
tax incentive & only applies to pure VOME.
Tax Incentive $ 607/ MT

NRRaje Feb 06
France
 Biodiesel to substitute 5% of Diesel fuel by 2005.
 Excise Taxes on Petroleum products do not apply to Bio
fuels.
 Tax incentive adopted for VOME mixed with diesel within
allotted quota, 320,000 MT/year for Biodiesel.

NRRaje Feb 06
Austria
 The Austrian Law on Tax Reforms 2000 exempts the use
of pure Bio diesel & the blending of it .
 100 % tax exemption on pure Biodiesel
 100% tax exemption if up to 2% biodiesel is blended with
diesel fuel.
 Currently a tax incentive of 290 Euro/M3 applies to pure
VOME used in motor fuel blends up to 2%.

NRRaje Feb 06
United Kingdom
 UK Government has EU targets to replace 2% fossil
fuels by renewable fuels by 2005, to reach 5% by
2010.
 UK Government offered 20 pence per litre duty
incentive for Biodiesel on January 1,2003.
 UK is authorized to apply a differentiated rate of Excise
Duty to fuels containing Biodiesel

Summary of Support EU
Country Feedstock Price of Processing Total cost PROCESSING COST BREAK - UP
for Feedstock Cost of biodiesel Particulars $ / MT
Biodiesel in $/MT in $/MT in $/MT Other Chemicals 80
1 2 3 = ( 1 + 2 ) (Net of recovered Byproducts)
Austria Rapeseed oil 590 500 1,090 Oil, Fuel, Electricity 100
Finland Rapeseed oil 590 500 1,090 Labour & other factory expenses 100
France Rapeseed oil 590 500 1,090 Depreciation 60
Germany Sunflower oil 565 500 1,065 Interest 60
Greece Rapeseed oil 590 500 1,090 Processor's Margin 100
Ireland Sunflower oil 565 500 1,065
Italy Sunflower oil 565 500 1,065 Total Processing Cost 500
Portugal Sunflower oil 565 500 1,065
Spain Sunflower oil 565 500 1,065
Sweden Rapeseed oil 590 500 1,090
U.K. Rapeseed oil 590 500 1,090

Egypt
• Under construction plants
• ACPA
• F.D. Biochemicals
• Biodieselna
• Gazar Biodiesel
• Port Said Biodiesel

Tunisia
• Biodiesel Tunisia
• Mounier Biodiesel

UAE
• Still Trials inside universities

2007
First legalization in the region for
“biodiesel”

2013
Full legalization for Bio fuel

Production
• Ideal station for biodiesel manufacturing
• Jordanian company for biodiesel
production
• Daralhy Establishment for biodiesel
• Bio-Techno for Bio Energy
• Walkerson group

What is the challenges?
• Capital cost
• Operational cost
• Sourcing feedstock
• Marketing
• Quality
• Capacity building
• Subsidies

Capital Costs*
Process equipment only accounts for 25-35% of total
capital cost in a typical biodiesel plant.
* Chris Mitchell – Biodiesel Product Manager, Desmet Ballestra North
America

Capital Cost -- Complete facility
10%
65%
4%
3%
18%
SITE WORK
PROCESS BUILDING
UTILITY BUILDING
OFFICE BUILDING
TANK FARM

Capital Costs*
Total capital costs for 1-5 mgy biodiesel plants** are typically in
the range of $1.75-$1.25 / annual gallon.
Total capital costs for 10-15 mgy biodiesel plants** are typically
in the range of $1.00-$0.75 / annual gallon.
Total capital costs for 30-90 mgy biodiesel plants** are typically
in the range of $0.75-$0.50 / annual gallon.
** Tank farm included / pretreatment not included.
America

Total Operating Costs
11%
1%
1%
0%
0%
2%
85%
CHEMICALS
MANPOWER
UTILITIES
MAINTENANCE
TAXES & INSURANCE
DEPRECIATION
FEEDSTOCK

Operating Costs*
Approximately 85% of operating cost of a biodiesel plant is for
feedstock.
Producing your own feedstock to insure supply at a fair price,
and minimizing the freight to deliver the feedstock to the
biodiesel plant, are both critical factors in controlling
profitability.
An alternative to controlling supply is to have a flexible process
to handle multiple feedstock sources (such as soybean oil,
poultry fat or yellow grease).
America

Conversion Costs
(approximately $0.33/gallon)
$0.221
$0.030
$0.029
$0.010
$0.010
$0.031
CHEMICALS
MANPOWER
UTILITIES
MAINTENANCE
TAXES & INSURANCE
DEPRECIATION

Operating Costs*
Total conversion costs range from $0.30 to $0.50 per gallon
depending on technology and plant size.
Chemical consumptions, utility consumptions and maintenance
costs (50-75% of the conversion cost) are more a function of the
technology than plant size.
Selecting automated, continuous or semi-continuous process
technology is a critical factor in controlling plant profitability.
America

Operating Costs*
Total conversion costs range from $0.30 to $0.50 per gallon
depending on technology and plant size.
Manpower, taxes, insurance and depreciation (25-50% of
conversion cost) are more a function of plant size than
technology.
Selecting a plant large enough to take advantage of economy of
scale (capital & manpower) is a critical factor in controlling plant
profitability.
America

Capital Cost -- Process Building
3%
10%
38%
3% 20%
12%
8%
6%
grading/concrete
structural/building
process equipment
equipment setting
piping
electrical
automation
insulation

Planning*
Location
Biodiesel Marketing
Feedstock Sourcing
Glycerine Outlet
Process Plant Size
* Chris Mitchell – Biodiesel Product Manager Desmet Ballestra
North America

Location*
Minimizing the freight cost for feedstock and biodiesel will be
critical to survive.
How much biodiesel can be sold in a 200 mile radius?
How much competition or potential competition exists in a
200 mile radius?
* Chris Mitchell – Biodiesel Product Manager Desmet
Ballestra North America

Feedstock Sourcing*
Do you have control of your own feedstock supply (as an oilseed
crusher or animal fats renderer)?
If you are dependent on an external supply, how many potential
suppliers are within a 200 mile radius?
Can you sign a long-term contract with one of these suppliers to
insure adequate feedstock?
Will the feedstock suppliers in the area deliver by truck or rail,
and at what frequency?
* Chris Mitchell – Biodiesel Product Manager Desmet Ballestra
North America

Glycerin Outlet*
Where are the closest potential buyers of glycerin?
What quality of crude glycerin (H2O, MeOH, soap, FFA, salt etc)
will they purchase, and at what price relative to USP grade
refined glycerin?
Will the glycerin refiners in the area want delivery by truck or rail,
and at what frequency?
Do you need to install your own glycerin refinery?
* Chris Mitchell – Biodiesel Product Manager Desmet Ballestra North
America

Process Plant Size*
What plant size will meet the short and long term needs
of the local biodiesel market?
How does local feedstock availability limit plant size?
What minimum plant size is required to provide a
competitive conversion cost in the long-term?
How much equity and debt financing is available to build
the plant, and how much capacity can that buy?
America

Plant Site Selection*
Transportation Proximity
Utility Connections
Specific Parcel of Land
Shared Infrastructure
America

Transportation Proximity*
Is the site adjacent to an active freight rail system?
Does the site, or can the site, have a rail siding installed with
sufficient length of track?
At what frequency are rail switches possible, and how will the
rail cars be moved for loading/unloading?
Is the site in close proximity to a highway?
America

Utility Connections*
Does the site have sufficient power supply available?
Does the site have sufficient water supply available (to meet
fire protection demand)?
Does the site have a sewer connection that can take the
plant waste water?
Does the plant have natural gas supply available?
America

Land*
Does the site have sufficient space for the process plant
(with surrounding safe area), tank farm, utility building,
office building, rail siding and truck route?
Does the site have sufficient extra space for a future
biodiesel plant expansion or glycerine refinery?
Is the site long enough for the rail siding to hold a sufficient
number of cars?
Any environmental & construction permitting issues?
America

Infrastructure*
Does the site already have a process plant staff
(management, marketing, purchasing, maintenance and
quality control) that can be shared to offset conversion
costs?
Does the site already feedstock tanks to reduce feedstock
(freight) costs?
Does the site already have utilities that can be shared?
America

Critical Parameters*
Safety
Quality
Downtime/Uptime
Operating Costs
Capital Costs
America

Safety*
Biodiesel plants use a considerable quantity of highly
flammable liquid (methanol) & corrosive material (sodium
methoxide).
The process plant must be designed as a hazardous area
environment with the hazardous areas within and adjacent to
the process building defined by NFPA-497 (NFPA-National Fire
Protection Association).
The methanol and sodium methoxide storage tanks must be
designed in accordance with NFPA 30.
America

Safety*
Special Class 1, Division 1, Group D and Class 1, Division 2, Group D
explosion proof electrical design is required as per NFPA-70 to
minimize a source of ignition.
America

Quality*
All biodiesel leaving the facility must meet ASTM (American
Society of Testing and Materials) specs at a minimum.
Biodiesel leaving the facility should meet specs as agreed to
with the buyer.
Biodiesel should also be transported in clean vessels.
America

Quality*
Biodiesel should be analyzed before being sent to storage.
A biodiesel plant should have a fully equipped lab with a
qualified chemist that understands the chemistry and unit
processes in the plant well enough to trouble-shoot feedstock
& process issues and give the operations staff feedback.
America

Downtime*
Plants are often stopped for lack of feedstock, biodiesel and
crude glycerine sales, sufficient storage or loading & unloading
logistics.
Plants also suffer from quality problems which require
significant rework, and resultant loss of production time.
America

Uptime*
A biodiesel plant should operate a minimum of 8,000 hours per
year at its design rate (>90% uptime).
The fixed costs of capital and semi-fixed costs of manpower
need to be spread out upon a full production schedule to
minimize conversion costs.
America

Biodiesel Fuel Specification
ASTM D 6751-06
Property Method Min Max
Flash point, ºC ASTM D 93 130.0 –
Water & sediment, %vol ASTM D 2709 – 0.050
Kin. Viscosity (40ºC),
mm²/s
ASTM D 445 1.9 6.0
Sulfated ash, %mass ASTM D 874 – 0.020
Sulfur, %mass ASTM D 5453 – 0.0015 (S15)
0.05 (S500)
Copper strip corrosion ASTM D 130 – No. 3
Cetane number ASTM D 613 47 –
Cloud point, ºC ASTM— ASTM D 2500 – Report
ASTM: American Society of Testing and Materials.

Biodiesel Fuel Specification
ASTM D 6751-06
Property Method Min Max
Carbon residue, %mass ASTM D 4530 – 0.050
Acid no., mg KOH/g ASTM D 664 – 0.50
Free glycerin, %mass ASTM D 6584 – 0.020
Total glycerin, %mass ASTM D 6584 – 0.240
Phosphorus, %mass ASTM D 4951 – 0.001
Distillation temp., ºC
Atm. equiv. temp., 90%
recovered
ASTM D 1160 – 360
Sodium & potassium,
combined, ppm
UOP 391 – 5

Biodiesel Quality Assurance
Testing in accordance with fuel
specifications is time consuming and
expensive
In North America, the “BQ-9000”
program helps assure quality in
biodiesel fuel

BQ-9000 Program
National Biodiesel Accreditation Program
Endorsed by NBB & Canadian Renewable Fuels Association
Cooperative & voluntary program for accreditation of
biodiesel producers & marketers
Open to manufacturers, marketers & distributors of biodiesel
& blends in the U.S. & Canada
Combines ASTM D 6751 standard with quality systems
program including practices for storage, sampling, testing,
blending, shipping, distribution & fuel management

BQ-9000 Program
National Biodiesel Accreditation Committee
(NABC) is a fully autonomous committee of NBB
Designed & implemented BQ-9000 program
Responsible for developing improvements
Program objectives:
Promote commercial success & acceptance of biodiesel
Help assure biodiesel is produced to & maintained at industry
standard, ASTM D 6751
Avoid redundant testing during production & distribution
Provide mechanism to track biodiesel in distribution chain
Reduce probability of “out of spec” fuel reaching the market

BQ-9000 Program
Program Accreditation
Open to companies actively or planning to produce,
distribute or market biodiesel in “neat” or blended
formulations
Requires formal review & audit of capacity of applicant to
produce or market biodiesel that meets ASTM D 6751
standards
Once it is awarded, it is held for two years
Following two-year period, company undergoes
recertification audit to extend accreditation

BQ-9000 Program
Accredited Producer
Entity engaged in production and/or
distribution & sale of biodiesel and/or
biodiesel blends of B2 or greater
Successfully met accreditation
requirements
Accredited Producers: AGP, Cargill, Eastman Chemical (AR Ops), Griffin
Industries, Huish Detergents, Imperial Western Products, Johann
Haltermann, Organic Fuels, Peter Cremer NA, SoyMor Biodiesel, West
Central, World Energy Alternatives

NRRaje Feb 06
Raw Materials
 Rapeseed, the major source (>80%)
 Sunflower oil (10%, Italy and Southern France)
 Soybean oil (USA)
 Palm oil (Malaysia)
 Linseed, olive oils (Spain)
 Cottonseed oil (Greece)
 Beef tallow (Ireland), lard, used frying oil (Austria),
Jatropha (Nicaragua), Guang-Pi (China)

NRRaje Feb 06
BIODIESEL / DIESEL DATA
PROPERTIES Diesel
IS 1460
Specification
Biodiesel
ASTM 6751
Specification
Proposed BIS
Specifications
(B100)
DATA B5 DATA
B20
DATA
(B100)
Density (g/cm3
) 820 to 870 NA 860-900 834.2 854.7 885.7
Carbon Residue
(100%) % mass
Max. 0.3 Max 0.05 Max 0.05 0.04 0.01 0.01
Sulphated Ash , %
mass
Max. 0.01 Max 0.020 Max 0.02 0.002 0.002 0.001
Total Sulfur, % mass Max. 0.25 Max 0.05 Max 0.005 0.02 0.04 NIL
Cetane Number Min. 48 Min 47 Min 51 50.4 54.6 56.6
Flash Point,0
C Min. 35 Min 100 Min 120 39.5 77 103
Copper Corrosion Max. 1 No. 3b max Max 1 1 1 1
Viscosity, 40 0
C(cSt) 2.0 to 5.0 1.9-6.0 2.5-6.0 2.497 3.25 4.10
Neutralization Value
(mg)
Max. 0.2 Max 0.8 Max 0.50 0.1 0.2 0.04
Free Glycerin,% mass N/A Max 0.02 Max 0.02 NA NIL 0.01
Total Glycerin,%
mass
N/A Max 0.24 Max. 0.25 NA 0.05 0.22
CFPP, (0
C) Max. 6(W) NA NA 0.0 -1 0.0
Pour Point deg C 3 0
C NA NA -6 -3 NA
Water and sediments,
(% mass)
NA 0.01 NA 0.05 0.04 <0.01

NRRaje Feb 06
STORAGE, HANDLING
Standard Handling And Storage Practice As
With Petroleum Diesel

NRRaje Feb 06
EFFECT ON ENGINE SEALS,
GASKETS, HOSES
Bio diesel has strong solvent properties
– Natural rubber and soft plastics especially
vulnerable
– Problem substantially reduced for the B20
blend
– The only hose and gasket material that is truly
resistant to biodiesel is Viton

BIODIESEL vs OTHER
ALTERNATE FUELS
DIESEL CNG LNG METHANOL ETHANOL BIODIESEL
___________________________________________________________________________
Vehicle cost 10 5 5 5 5 10
Infrastructure 10 2 5 5 5 10
Safety 7 4 3 1 3 8
Operating range 10 5 10 10 10 10
Operating cost 10 5 7 5 5 7
Reliability 10 7 5 3 3 10
Customer
acceptance 5 8 8 8 9 8
Funding
assistance 1 10 2 0 2 2
Training cost 10 5 5 5 5 10
Fuel availability 10 10 5 5 5 6
Fuel quality 9 5 10 8 8 9
Fuel price
stability 6 8 8 6 6 6
TOTAL 98 74 73 61 66 96 __

Biodiesel density, viscosity and heat valueBiodiesel density, viscosity and heat value
These are the three
common and simply
methods to
determine the
quality of biodiesel
density
viscosity
Heat value

Success story of Jordan in
Biodiesel

• Advisory for most of manufacturers in the
middle east.
• Handling a “Trade-Deal” of 9,000 Ton per
year to EU
• Two registered Patency in Biofuel R&D
• Awareness raising in Jordan, Egypt , and
UAE and KSA.

Bio Rotterdam Future Plans
• Serving the sector of biodiesel through:
1. Technology providing
2. Capacity building
3. Developing the sector
4. Sourcing feedstock and raw material
5. Attract more Investment to the sector

Reading Material
http://www.southeastdiesel.org/Photos/Library/Ag/Eng_Aspect
http://www.fapc.okstate.edu/factsheets/fapc149.pdf
http://www.fapc.okstate.edu/factsheets/fapc150.pdf
http://www.uidaho.edu/bioenergy/biodieselED/publicatio
n/01.pdf
University of Idaho-Questions
http://www.uidaho.edu/bioenergy/top10q_s.htm

Questions
 Define biodiesel
 What are the three components that are required for
making biodiesel?
 What are the advantages and disadvantages of using
ethanol instead of methanol for biodiesel production?
 What are the most common catalysts (acid and base) used
for biodiesel production?
 Name two reactions that are used for biodiesel production
and highlight differences
 Compare energy contents of biodisel and petroleum diesel
 Name two biodiesel production techniques which do not
require a catalyst

Questions
and
Answers
info@biorotterdam.com
www.biorotterdam.com

Biodiesel production in middle east opportunities and challenges jordan as example jec edama 3rd nov. 2015

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