28. PCl 5 Can’t tell the hybridization of Cl Assume it’s sp 3 to minimize repulsion of electron pairs .
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31. p. 426 Figure 9.24 The Relationship of the Number of Effective Pairs, Their Spatial Arrangement, and the Hybrid Orbital Set Required (end 9.1) Effective pairs are also known as RHED (Regions of High Electron Density) - use for online HW
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37. The H 2 Molecular Orbital Model Energy MO 2 MO 1 s s
Section 9.1 Hybridization and the Localized e- model Z5e 415
The 4 Hydrogen “s” orbital e- share with carbon’s 2s and its three 2p orbitals. The p orbitals are 90 degrees perpendicular in space along the x, y and z axis. So, would expect 90 degree bond angels. But, the bond angles are actually 109.5. So, the s and p orbitals must hybridize to something giving equal bond angles of 109.5 degrees.
Fig 9.3 Z5e 417; 1st half
Fig 9.3 Z5e 417; 2nd half
Fig 9.3 Z5e 417
Fig 9.5 Z5e 417 Hybridization is intermediate in energy
Fig 9.8 1st half Z5e 419
Fig 9.8 2nd half Z5e 419
Fig 9.8 Z5e 419
Fig 9.9 Z5e 419
Figs 9.10 & 9.11 Z5e 420
Fig. 9.13 Z5e 420 Note the sp 2 carbon orbitals with the 1s hydrogen orbitals
Fig. 9.16 Z5e 421
Z5e 420
Z5e 422
Z5e 423
Fig 9.21 Z5e 423
Although assume Cl is sp 3 , P is dsp 3
Z5e 424
Z5e 425
Fig 9.24 Z5e 426
Section 9.2 The Molecular Orbital Model; Z5e 428 Bond order is the important thing here for AP exam (a few MC questions)
Z5e 429 Fig. 9.25 The combination of hydrogen 1 s atomic orbitals to form molecular orbitals.
Z5e 429
Z5e 430. The 1s on either side are the atomic orbitals in a free H atom.
Z5e 431 Fig. 9.29. The molecular orbital energy-level diagram for the H 2 1- ion.
Go to Web: http://learn.chem.vt.edu/tutorials/bonding/mo2.html (defunct?) Try http://www.wwnorton.com/chemistry/tutorials/ch6.htm
Z5e 431
Z5e 431
Z5e 431
Z5e section 9.3 Bonding in Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules
Z5e 438 Section 9.4 Bonding in Heternoculear Diatomic Molecules
Z5e 440. Section 9.5 Combining the Localized Electron and Molecular Orbital Models.