1.
LECTURA COMPRESIVA DE TEXTOS CIENTÍFICOS EN
INGLÉS
Master Profesor Jorge Sánchez
Año: 2014

2.
ABSTRACT

3.
BACKGROUND
Un estudio de Screening efectivo debe
detectar una enfermedad mortal en un
estadio temprano y curable, por lo
tanto en el cáncer de mama debe
aumentar la incidencia de cáncer
detectado en estadios tempranos y
disminuir la incidencia de cáncer que
se presentan en estadios tardíos.

4.
METHODS
Se utilizaron datos del programa SEER
(Survillaince, Epidemiology and End
Results data) para examinar
tendencias desde 1976 a 2008 en las
incidencias del cáncer de mama
desde 1976 a 2008 en mujeres de 40
años o mayores.

5.
RESULTS
El screening mediante mamografía en
los EEUU ha logrado doblar el número
de casos detectados de cáncer de
mama en estadios tempranos cada
año, mientras que los casos detectado
en estadios tardíos decreció un 8%,
por lo que se asume que sólo 8 de los
casos detectados en un año
evolucionarían a enfermedad
avanzada, por lo que se da a entender
que el cáncer de mama está
sobrediagnosticado.

6.
CONCLUSSIONS
A pesar de la gran cantidad de casos
detectados en estadios tempranos, la
mamografía de screening reduce
escasamente la tasa en la que se
presentan mujeres afectadas por la
enfermedad avanzada. Los resultados
demuestran que el cáncer de mama
estaría siendo sobrediagnosticado y
que el screening sólo tendría un
pequeño efecto en la reducción de la
mortalidad por esta patología.

7.
ANÁLISIS DEL TEXTO

8.
ABSTRACT
Movimiento
retórico.
Función o propósito comunicativo Elemento léxico-gramatical.
Background Hacer generalizaciones sobre el tema. “...screening must detect life-
threatening disease at an
earlier, more curable stage…”
Methods Indicar sujetos o participantes “…among women 40 years of
age or older.”
Indicar instrumentos. “We used Surveillance,
Epidemiology, and End
Results data to examine
trends…”
Indicar los métodos. “We used Surveillance,
Epidemiology, and End
Results data to examine
trends…”

9.
ABSTRACT
Movimiento retórico. Función o propósito comunicativo Elemento léxico-gramatical.
Results Indicar los resultados. “…an absolute decrease of 8 cases
per 100,000 women”
Comparar los resultados. “…a doubling in the number of cases
of early-stage breast cancer that are
detected each year, from 112 to 234
cases per 100,000 women — an
absolute increase of 122 cases per
100,000 women. Concomitantly, the
rate at which women present with
late-stage cancer has decreased by
8%...”
Evaluar los resultados. “With the assumption of a constant
underlying disease burden, only 8 of
the 122 additional early-stage
cancers diagnosed were expected to
progress to advanced disease…”

10.
ABSTRACT
Movimiento retórico. Función o propósito comunicativo Elemento léxico-gramatical.
Conclussions Ofrecer una explicación general
sobre qué significan los resultados
obtenidos.
“…screening mammography
has only marginally
reduced the rate at which
women present with
advanced cancer.”
“… we estimated that
breast cancer was
overdiagnosed…”
(Movimiento retórico
RESULTS)
Indicar las implicaciones de los
resultados del studio.
“…and that screening is
having, at best, only a small
effect on the rate of death
from breast cancer.”

11.
BACKGROUND
MODELO CARS, SWALES 1990
Movimiento retórico Función o propósito
comunicativo.
Elemento léxico-gramatical.
1. Establecer el
territorio.
1. Afirmar la
centralidad
“ If the time of diagnosis of cancers that will
progress to a late stage is advanced, then fewer
cancers will be present at a late stage and the
incidence of late-stage cancer will decrease.”
1. Hacer
generalizaciones
sobre el tema
“There are two prerequisites for screening to
reduce the rade of death from cancer…”
1. Ocupar el nicho 1A- Esbozar los
propósitos.
“We examined the temporal effects of
mammography on the stage-specific incidence
of breast cáncer…”
1B- Anunciar la presente
investigación.
“We quantified the expected increase in the
incidence of early-stage cancer and determined
the extent to which this has led to a
corresponding decrease in the incidence of
late-stage cancer.”

12.
MÉTODOS
Función
Comunicativa.
Indicar
procedimientos
-“We obtained trend data...”
- “Thus, our approach was simply to remove all excess
incidence in previous years.”
Indicar métodos -“We used the direct method to adjust the incidence rates
according to age in the U.S. standard population in the year
2000.”
- “We based our estimate of the current incidence of breast
cancer on the 3-year period from 2006 through 2008.”
“To calculate the excess in the number of women whit a
diagnosis of early-stage cáncer detected on screening, we
multiplied the absolut increase in incidence observed…”
Indicar
participantes del
estudio
- “…stage-specific incidence of breast cancer among women
40 years of age or older.”
Indicar
instrumentos
-“We obtained trend data from the National Health
Interview Survey…”
-“We used SEER historic stage A as the foundation for our
categorization or early-and late-stage cáncer.”

13.
RESULTADOS
Función
Comunicativa
Indica resultados “Regardless of the approach used, our estimate of
overdiagnosed cancers attributable to mammography
over the past 30 years involved more than 1 million
women”
Compara resultados “The smaller decrease in cases of late-stage cancer
(from 102 to 94 cases per 100,000 women — an
absolute decrease of 8 cases per 100,000 women)
largely reflects detection of fewer cases of regional
disease”
Evalúa resultados “…also shows that there was a substantial concomitant
increase in the incidence of early-stage breast cancer
among these women. In addition, a small decrease is
evident in the incidence of late-stage breast cancer.”
“…there was little change in breast-cancer incidence
among women who generally did not have exposure to
screening mammography — women younger than 40
years of age.”

14.
RESULTADOS
Características Presenta datos
representativos.
“If a constant underlying disease burden is
assumed, only 8 of the 122 additional early
diagnoses were destined to progress to
advanced disease, implying a detection of
114 excess cases per 100.00 women .”
Las variables se evalúan
de a una por vez.
“The variable pattern in late-stage cancer was
virtually entirely attributable to changes in
the incidence of regional (largely node-
positive) disease. The incidence of distant
(metastatic) disease, however, has remained
unchanged.”
Los datos relevantes se
encuentran graficados.
“Table 2 shows the effects of relaxing…”
Las estadísticas
presentadas son
significativas
The incidence of distant (metastatic) disease,
however, has remained unchanged (95% CI
for the annual percent change, −0.19 to
0.14).

15.
DISCUSIÓN
Función
comunicativa
Ofrece una explicación
sobre qué significan los
resultados.
“Our analysis suggests that whatever the mortality
benefit, breast-cancer screening involved a
substantial harm of excess detection of additional
early-stage cancers that was not matched by a
reduction in late-stage cancers…”
Características Indica resultados
evaluativos
“Whereas the decrease in the rate of death from
breast cancer was 28% among women 40 years of
age or older, the concurrent rate decrease was 42%
among women younger than 40 years of age”
Compara con otras
investigaciones
“Furthermore, as noted by others, the small
reduction in cases of late-stage cancer that has
occurred has been confined to regional disease with
an expected 5-year survival rate of 85% among
women 40 years of age or older..”

16.
DISCUSIÓN
Carácterísticas Revisa
investigaciones
previas
“…Among the nine randomized trials of mammography, the
lone example of this is the 15 -year follow-up after the end
of the Malmö Trial, which showed that about a quarter of
mammographically detected cancers were overdiagnosed.”
Contrastar en las
discusiones de
resultados
“Unfortunately, however, the number of women in the
United States who present with distant disease, only 25% of
whom survive for 5 years,15 appears not to have been
affected by screening.”
Aclara fortalezas
del estudio
“Our investigation takes a different view, which might be
considered the view from space(…) This broad view is the
major strength of our study.”
Muestra
limitaciones del
estudio.
“Nevertheless, our analysis has several limitations.
Overdiagnosis can never be directly observed and thus can
only be inferred from that which is observed…”

17.
BIBLIOGRAFÍA
 Apuntes del curso ”Lectura comprensiva de textos
científicos en inglés” del Master Prof. Jorge
Sánchez.
 Modelo C.A.R.S (Create a Research Space model)-
John Swales (1990).
 Programa SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and
End Results Program Turning Cancer Data Into
Discovery of National Cancer Institute) :
http://seer.cancer.gov/

18.
MUCHAS GRACIAS!!!
•Matus de la Parra
Macarena
•Martina Arrigo Ailín
•Montenegro Guadalupe
•Villagra Ruth
•Zotelo Tamara