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Interocclusal
Record
Prepared by:Botan Barzan Khafaf
MSc. Student
Supervised by: Raid Fahim
Ass.Prof.
Hawler Medical University
College of dentistry
Conservative department
content
• Definitions.
• Criteria of choosing material for bite registration.
• Materials and their properties that used for bite
registration.
• Technique
• Comparing between some materials in accuracy
• Conclusion
Centric relation
Centric Relation
• After Occlusal Vertical dimension is determined and
considered normal.
• Arch to arch relation.
• Condyles are in the most middle superior position in
glenoid fossae.
• (1) it’s a jaw position that should be comfortable for
the muscles/nerves/etc. of the TMJ .
• (2) it’s a jaw position that can be consistently found
regardless of the teeth.
Eccentric I.O.R
• Lateral excursive records: the lateral excursive
registration records the lateral excursive
maxillomandibular relationship and is performed
without occlusal contact. These records are used to
set the condylar elements of an arcon and non
arcon semi adjustable articulator.
• Protrusive interocclusal records also evaluated.
Centric Occlusion
• Teeth to teeth relation.maximum intercuspation.
• Occlusal stop centric occlusion
• No occlusal stop centric relation
• When the teeth do not offer vertical and horizontal
stability between the arches; an interocclusal
record is needed to relate the casts.
Classification of tooth-contact patterns
• Four groups as follows:
• 1. Cuspid protected occlusion: the contact of canines
on the working side.
• 2. Group function occlusion: contact of canines,
premolars, and/or molars, or contacts of premolars
and molars on the working side only.
Classification of tooth-contact patterns
• 3. Full balanced occlusion: tooth contact patterns
with group function or cuspid protected occlusion on
the working side plus multiple tooth contacts of
posterior teeth on the non-working side .
• 4. Others: occlusal patterns other than those
described. Contact of incisor teeth, if any, were
included in this classification.(Ogawa ,1998 ; Gupta , 2013)
Hellman described four ways in which teeth contact
1. surface
2. cusp tip and fossa
3. ridge and groove
• 4. ridge and embrasure.
138types and 90% of the total units actually make exact
contact in dentitions with normal occlusion.
Interocclusal Record
• TMJ
• Dentition
• Periodontal tissue
According to Dawson criteria for accuracy in
making interocclusal records :
• The recording material must not cause any movement
of teeth or displacement of soft tissues.
• The recording material must fit casts as accurately as it
fits the teeth intra-orally.
• The accuracy of the jaw relation record should be
checked in the mouth and on the casts.
Sensitivity and Reliability
• Depend on :
• Thickness .
• Strength .
• Elasticity of the recording materials.
• Oral environment .
• Clinician’s interpretation .
(Sharma et al ,2013)
Accuracy of an interocclusal record
Influenced by:
• Material properties.
• Recording technique.
• Reliability of the mandibular position
influenced by the occlusal contacts .
• Muscular action.
• Tissue changes within the joints .
• (Ghazal M et al, 2008; Michalakis KX et al, 2004)
Methods are used for the evaluation of occlusal
relationships:
• 1- Quantitative method :
• evaluating occlusal relationships, the sequence and
density of the contacts can be differentiated.
• Quantitative measures for determining occlusal
relationships:
 Photo-occlusion
 T-Scan system
(Sharma et al ,2013)
Methods are used for the evaluation of occlusal
relationships.
• 2- Qualitative method:
• Density of the contacts according to the darkness
of the marks, this is not a precise criterion for
evaluation.
• Wax, articulating paper.
• foils.
• Silk strips .ect
(Sharma et al ,2013)
Types of Interocclusal Records
• Basically, there are two main categories of
interocclusal registration:
• Centric interocclusal records
• Eccentric interocclusal records.
(Sharma et al ,2013)
•
Indications for Interocclusal Records
• 1-If the patient has an adequate number of teeth and a
stable intercuspal position, no signs and symptoms of
trauma to the occlusion and the goal of treatment is to
maintain pre-treatment intercuspation and occlusal
vertical dimension (OVD),
• Most accurate method of articulation is to occlude
opposing casts by hand, without intervening bite
registration material. Recording material placed
between teeth in this case often prevents casts from
maximal intercuspation and an interocclusal record is
registered at an increased OVD.
• Mounting casts in the maximum intercuspal position
(MIP) facilitates treatment .
(Saluja B& Mittal D ,2013)
Indications for Interocclusal Records
2-If the planned restorations involve terminal teeth in the arch
• An interocclusal record is needed as there is insufficient
horizontal stability of the casts for hand articulation and
mounting.
• For opposing casts to occlude accurately, a tripod of vertical
support and horizontal stability must exist between the casts.
To ensure that there are sufficient numbers of occluding teeth
to mount working and opposing casts in MIP.
3-When terminal teeth are prepared for crowns or fixed partial
dentures and the third leg of the tripod is lost.
• the dentist must fabricate an interocclusal record to
recapture the lost leg and create a tripod of vertical support
to mount casts accurately.
• (Saluja B& Mittal D ,2013)
THE ACCURACY OF TWO
METHODS OF OCCLUSAL REGISTRATION INVOLVING
TERMINAL ABUTMENTS – AN INVIVO STUDY
(Deivanai et al, 2013)
• Articulation I - Pre operative casts
• Articulation II - Inter occlusal record with centric
stop.
• Articulation III – Iner occlusal record without a
centric stop.
• Within the limitations of the present study;
• a) Presence of Interocclusal records results in an
increase in vertical discrepancy.
• b) Presence of centric stop was found to
cause greater discrepancy than without centric stop.
Limitations;more number of samples .
-techniques to limit control of interocclusal materials to
flow over the centric stop.
INTEROCCLUSAL RECORDS IN PROSTHODONTIC
REHABILITATIONS (Prasad et al,2012)
• When the distal most molar is prepared as the
abutment for three to five unit posterior FPD.
• 1-uses conical stops,
prepared in the enamel of the abutment or made of
composite or a metal core covered with composite, to
maintain the vertical dimension of occlusion and to act as
the third point of reference for a stable occlusal
8 relationship when occluding a definitive casts. Materials
generally used are polyether, silicone or acrylic resin.
• drawback; ;forces that either displace soft tissue or tilt
the denture bases.
• When the distal most molar is prepared as the
abutment for three to five unit posterior FPD.
• 2) stabilized baseplate
technique for making interocclusal records which
provided a means to record centric and eccentric
jaw registrations that are stable intraorally and can
also be transferred accurately to the working model.
• drawback; ;forces that either displace soft tissue or
tilt the bases.
• 3) acrylic resin anterior stop to hold the desired
vertical dimension of occlusion.procedure for
making an interocclusal record without the use of
record bases. Base plate Wax then relined by ZOE.
Dawson Technique
• (Bimanual manipulation technique).
• anterior- jig programmer
 Lucia jig
 Leaf Gauge
(Ericsson et al ,2002) 70–93% of the variation of the positions of the
mounted casts
Clinical factors and clinical variation influencing the reproducibility of
interocclusal recording methods
mandibular positions
( 0–11%)
Materials used (0–
29%)
clinical variation (Remaining %)
(intercuspal
position (IP)
retruded
contact
position
(RCP)
two different types of
waxes
One FPD One RPD One
CD
record rims
vinyl polysiloxanes
one irreversible
hydrocolloid
Materials Used for Interocclusal Records
• Limited resistance before setting to avoid displacing the
teeth or mandible during closure.
• Minimal dimensional change
• It should be easy to manipulate .
• No adverse effects on the tissues involved in the recording
procedures .
• It should accurately record the incisal and occlusal
surfaces of teeth .
• It should be verifiable.
• Over clinically reasonable time periods, they must have
solidity to retain the shape and strength when dental
casts are articulated.
Materials
1. Bite registration Wax.
2. zinc oxide containing pastes (eugenol containing and non eugenol pastes).
3. Waxed articulating paper.
4. Modeling compound.
5. Acrylic resin .elastomeric materials .
6. Alginate Impression Material Index
7. Mylar Paper / Shimstock films.
8. Polyether Silicon Impression Bites.
9. Silicon Putty Material.
10. Additional silicon soft injectable
11. Typewriter Ribbon.
12. Transparent Acetate Sheet.
13. Silk Strips.
14. Foil.
15. High Spot Indicator.
16. Occlusal Sprays.
17. Photo-Occlusion.
18. Occlusion Sonography.
19. T-Scan.
20. Pressure Sensitive Films.
21. combination of some materials.
Bite-registration wax
• It is the most versatile ,the reason is its easy manipulation
and when softened uniformly and remains soft for an
adequate working time.
• The flow of these materials at 37.5 C is from 2.5% to 22%
which it is susceptible to distortion on removal from the
mouth.
• Other wax 28 gauge baseplate wax also used but
additional silicon and polyether have replaced waxes for
bite-registration.
(Powers & Wataha ,2013)
Bite Registration wax Therefore, it has been
classified as most inaccurate material
among the interocclusal records studied?
• it is dimensionally inaccurate.
• it has a high coefficient of thermal expansion
• high resistance to closure.
• Distortion of wax during removal is also very common. The
flow ranges from 2.5% to 22% at 37.5 C , due to release of
internal stresses.
• lead to inaccuracies while registration is made.
(Powers & Wataha ,2013)
Corrective wax or impression wax
• It is not widely used because of instability, instead
elastomeric impression material used .
• Metallized wax
• much more accurate than non-metallized wax as
the addition of metal particles (aluminum) to the
modeling wax make it more conductive which may
lead to variation in the accuracy of the record.
• (Soratur SH ,2002)
Impression plaster
Impression plaster is basically plaster of Paris with modifiers.
Modifiers accelerate setting time and decrease setting
expansion. Records of impression plaster are accurate,
rigid after setting, and do not distort with extended
storage.
• Disadvantages;
• It is difficult to handle because the material is fluid and
unmanageable prior to setting.
• The final interocclusal record is brittle.
• (Pence BA & Baum L, 1994).not used now
• (Sharma et al ,2013)
Alginate Imp. Material
index
IF left on the bench for as short a time as 30 minutes
may become inaccurate enough to require remaking
the impression. Even if the impression stored for more
than 30 minutes in air were immersed in water, it
would not be feasible to determine when the correct
amount of water had been absorbed.
(Sakaguchi RL & Powers JM,2013)
Modeling compound
(Saluja BS & Mittal D,2013 )
• Modeling compound, which becomes rigid upon
setting, has been used to fabricate segmental
interocclusal records.
• Disadvantages:
• Flow of the material over axial surfaces of natural
teeth and over soft tissues, which invites errors in
repositioning working casts within the bite
registration.
• Abrasion of working cast dies during mounting and
subsequent removal of the record.
Zinc oxide eugenol paste
• Fluidity before setting so it offers minimal resistance with
mandibular closure and becomes rigid after it sets finally.
• But,zinc oxide eugenol pastes have a lengthy setting
time, significant brittleness; they stick to the teeth and
have unreliability to reuse. As it sets by chelation
reaction, by - products formed may undergo
evaporation leading to dimensional change. Vital
portions of the record can be lost through breakage on
removal from the mouth.Unless trimmed, flash around the
teeth can prevent the accurate seating of
casts.Therefore, zinc oxide eugenol or resin was added
to wax impression in a very thin layer to improve poor
detail transfer and displacement of wax.
(Sharma et al ,2013)
Acrylic Resin
• The most frequent application of acrylic resins for
interocclusal records is in the fabrication of single stop
centric occlusion records. Acrylic resin is both accurate
and rigid after setting.
• Disadvantages :
• Dimensional instability due to polymerization shrinkage.
• Rigidity of the material can damage plaster cast and
dies during mounting on the articulator.
• (Sharma et al ,2013)
(Luxabite , DMG,USA)
Elastomers for IOR:
• Least error among the materials studied. They are easy to
manipulate and offer little or no resistance to closure.
• Set to a consistency that makes them easy to trim without
distortion, and accurately reproduce tooth details.
Furthermore, among the elastomers, addition silicones exhibit
least amount of distortion.
• The excellent dimensional stability of addition silicones is
attributed to the fact that it sets by addition polymerization
reaction. Therefore, no by-products and no loss of volatiles
occur in addition silicones.
• Dimensional stability, accuracy and elastic recovery, with
short working time.
Elastomers
• Disadvantages :
• Any compressive force exerted on these materials during mounting procedures
may cause inaccuracies during mounting of the casts( Spring action). The spring
action found in these materials causes the articulated cast to open in centric
relation position. Thus, the records should be trimmed and carefully seated over
the occlusal surface to minimize the negative spring action.
• cost compared to others.
Table 1: Mechanical and phsical properties of elastomeric impression materials.
(Powers & Wataha ,2013).
Polyether
• The advantages are accuracy, have some property close to
additional silicon, fluidity and minimal resistance to closure, can be
used without a carrier.
• Disadvantages ;
• Limited dimensional stability over time.(1&7 days 0.3%)
• Aromatic sulfonic acid irritate oral soft tissue.
• Poor taste .
• Resiliency and accuracy may exceed the accuracy of the plaster
casts. Both of these factors can interfere with the placement of the
plaster cast into the recording medium during mounting procedures.
The records are trimmed to remove excess material and preserve only
the teeth indentations to avoid distortions.
Additional Silicon
• Vinyl polysiloxane (VPS).
• No volatile by product(alcohol or water) so more
dimensionally stable than condensation.
• Auto mix , dynamic mix and monophase.soft medium
and putty consisitency
• Dimensional change 0.1% in 24 hour (very low).
• Permanent deformation 0.2 %(99.8% elastic recovery).
• Short working time .
(Powers & Wataha ,2013)
Virtual CADbite Registration ,Ivoclar vivadent , Liechtenstein
• Short working time, Working time after mixing at
23°C max. 30 sec.
• Minimum time in mouth min. 45 sec.
• Detail reproduction 2 μm
• Shore D hardness (1h after setting) 32 ± 3
(Durometer Shore Hardness Scale).extra soft.
Bite registrations for CAD/CAM procedures
There are digital impression taking procedures, which are
employed in conjunction with the computer-aided
design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of
tooth restorations. Digital impressions are taken either :
-Of the model in the dental lab.
-Directly in the mouth at chairside using an intraoral
scanning device or camera.
In order to determine the occlusal relationship, an
antagonist bite registration is required. Being able to directly
capture images of this bite record with a scanning device or
camera without having to apply a contrast medium.
scannable bite registration materials
• StoneBite Scan from Dreve.
• Metal-Bite from R-Dental .
• Kanibite Scan from Kaniedenta .
• Virtual CADbite from Ivoclar.no contrast medium
required.
• All of these materials are vinyl polysiloxanes.
Saves considerable time and eliminates a
possible source of error.
bite registration for fixed Prosthodontic restoration
bite registration for fixed Prosthodontic restoration
Table-2 : Properties of different bite-registration material according to manufacturing
Company.(http://www.realityesthetics.com)
Photo-Occlusion
• In a photo occlusion system, a thin photoplastic film
layer is placed on the occlusal surface of the teeth; the
patient then is asked to occlude on the film layer for 10
to 20 seconds. The film layer is removed from the mouth
and inspected under a polariscope light. This technique
is reported to be “difficult to apply”. The technique was
found to be highly reproducible.(introduced in 1963)
T-Scan 1984
• The development of a prototype computerized
• occlusal analysis (T-Scan; Tekscan Inc,USA) was reported
by Mannes et al. The T-Scan instrument was designed to
examine and record occlusal contacts by computer
analysis of information from a pressure-sensitive film. The
T-Scan system digitally records both the location and
timing of tooth contacts. Time moments are defined as
the sum of distances of the tooth contacts in millimeters
from the x axis of the occlusal plane multiplied by their
relative time value (1-sec) and divided by the sum of the
onset times.
• When an operator properly uses this technology, mark
size, mark color-depth, donut-shaped halo contacts, as
well as other color and mark appearance characteristics,
are ignored as force indicators and used only as contact
locators. (Kerstein RB ,2008).
• There is a decrease in sensitivity of the indicator film with
repeated use.
• The anatomic circumstances did not influence the
sensor's sensibility or reproducibility of new T‐Scan®III HD
system (Martin et al, 2014) .
Occlusion Sonography
Dental Sound Checker 1960
• One commercial device was produced in the mid
1980s called (Yoshida, Tokyo, Japan). The device,
based on the principles put forth by Watt, was
developed to evaluate occlusal contact sound
paterns during closure in an attempt to detect
occlusal disturbances. (Klifune et al ,1985)
measured the duration of the occlusal sound in a
single subject before and after occlusal adjustment
and reported a clear decrease in the duration of
the occlusal sound with adjustment
Typewriter Ribbon
• (Ziebert and Donegan ,1979 ) used typewriter ribbon to
mark supra contacts or occlusal interferences in their
patients for occlusal adjustments. Interferences were
marked with typewriter ribbon and contacts verified with
0.00l-inch shim stock. The adjustment procedure basically
started with( Schuyler, 1935) following the M. U.D.L. rule for
the retruded position, the B.U.L.L. rule for the retruded
position , the B.U.L.L rule for the working movement, and
the D.U.M.L. rule for protrusion. Nonworking interferences
were eliminated so as to maintain at least one centric
stop on each tooth.
• (Sharma et al ,2013)
Transparent Acetate Sheet
• (Davies et al , 2002) described a clinical method termed the
occlusal sketch technique as a means of recording occlusal
contacts. The sketch consists of an acetate sheet on which a
schematic representation of the teeth is drawn, including the
occlusal surfaces of the posterior teeth, the palatal surfaces
of the maxillary anterior teeth and the labial surfaces of the
mandibular anterior teeth. The same authors concluded that
this technique demonstrated interoperator
and intraoperator reliability in recording
occlusal contacts in vitro. The aim of the
occlusal sketch technique is
to provide a simple and reliable means of
recording and transferring information about
the location of marked occlusal contacts.
• It may also be used by the technicians to verify occlusal
contacts when articulating casts and fabricating indirect
restorations . (Sharma et al ,2013)
Wax Articulation Paper
• The color coating of many articulating papers consists
of waxes, oils and pigments, a hydrophobic mixture which
repels saliva (hydrophilic) consisting mainly of water. High
spots can be detected easily as dark marks and contacts
as light marks. Articulating paper come sin strips and horse
shoe shaped sheets (Bausch articulating paper Inc,
Nashua, NH, USA). When grinding selectively it should be
noted that only dark colored spots should be ground.
• The major disadvantages : can be easily ruined by
saliva, are thick, and they have a relatively inflexible base
material; all of these factors result in a greater number of
pseudo contact markings .
Wax Articulation Paper
• Few manufacturers have produced articulating films with an
additional emulsifier (Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH,
USA) which gives these films certain bonding properties on moist
occlusal surfaces. They have added special bonding agent-
transculase (Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA), or
wetting agents like lecithin .to articulating paper coating. The
first test is made with blue articulating paper (200microns). Spots
are immediately evident. The bonding agent, transculase, is
also transferred as a fine coating. The next step is to take a thin
film (preferably red, 8microns) because of its intensity and
excellent contrast with blue . The color transfer of these film are
considerably improved with the help of transculase coating.
Silk Strips
•
• Some researchers have stated that silk strips are the best
material for indicating occlusal contacts. Articulating silk is
made from high quality natural silk (Bausch articulating silk, 80
microns, Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA).
Natural silk consists of so-called fibrils, a tube-shaped protein
structure which, because of its composition, has an extremely
high color reservoir capacity. This silk is highly tear-resistant and,
because of its low thickness and good flexibility, adapts
perfectly to cusps and fossae. The marking of silk is extremely
precise. Because of their texture, soft indicator materials do not
produce pseudo contact markings.
• However, silk strips can lose their marking abilities when their
stain components are dried, and they also can be ruined by
saliva. It is therefore advisable to store them in a cool, closed
environment.
High Spot Indicator
(Arti-spot, Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA
• It is a liquid contact color) which is applied to the test
surface with a brush . The solvent evaporates in seconds,
leaving a thin film (3 microns thick). Every contact
destroys skin color exactly at the point of contact. The
base material then shines through and high spots can
easily be detected. It can also be used to test for high
spots on highly polished occlusal surfaces such as gold
or ceramic. The food dye contained in the
solvent is completely safe. The layer can easily be
removed after use with hot water or alcohol.
Occlusal Sprays
(Arti-Spray, Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA)
• These are universal color indicator to test
occlusal contacts. They are easy to administer
and leaves a thin colored film which can
easily be removed with water, leaving no
trace of residues. They are applied at a
distance of 3-5 cm onto the occlusal surface.
When testing occlusion all contact points will
be immediately visible. These are available in
colors: red, blue, green and white.
Pressure Sensitive Films
1987
• A newer but essentially similar device has been
introduced (Dental Prescale, Fuji Film, Tokyo, Japan). This
device also records the location and force of contacts
with the force sensitive film. evaluated the reliability of
this device for occlusal force measurement both on a
subject and on casts. They reported the linear
relationship between the applied and measured loads.
• The primary limitation of the contact sensor and the
pressure sensitive film device is that the recording
medium is far too thick and results in heavier contacts on
the posterior teeth than the anterior teeth. Further, this
sensor thickness disturbs the persons finding attempts to
close into the intercuspal position.
• A clinical sudy: Polyether , Polyvenyl siloxane and wax were tested to
evaluate the reproducibility of horizontal condylar registration on
both types of semi adjustable articulators. (Sharma et al ,2011)
• Fully adjustable articlators
• Coefficient of Thermal expansion ,greater resistance during closure
and cannot be uniformly heated.
Evaluation of the reproducibility of horizontal condylar registration on both
types of semi adjustable articulators. (Sharma et al ,2011)
Polyether(Ramitec) PVS(Jetbite) Wax(aluwax)
minimum minimum -Wide variation
-Unreliable( lateral
&protrussive movements)
-Greatest vertical
discrepancy
Evaluation of different materials recording free-
end(PagnanoI V et al, 2005)
acrylic resin base + wax
acrylic resin plate + alginate
acrylic resin base + wax + ZOE
acrylic resin base + wax + Duralay(Acrylic)
condensation silicone.
• elastomers may suffer distortion at the time of cast joining,
due to the compressive force generally exercised to
maintain the casts in position
From less
distortion
• ,,
(Anup G et al ,2011) Polyvinylsiloxane Zinc oxide eugenol Aluwax
Dimensional
Stability
statistically but not
clinically
1 2 3
Accuracy 1, 24, 48,
and 72 h
1 2 3
Surface Hardness
after 24 hrs
No statistical difference
Surface Hardness
after 48 hrs
1 2 3
bite registration for fixed Prosthodontic restoration
References
-Anup G, Ahila C and VasanthaKumar M , 2011 , Evaluation of Dimensional Stability, Accuracy and Surface Hardness of
Interocclusal Recording Materials at Various Time Intervals: An In Vitro Study , J Indian Prosthodont Soc. Mar 2011; 11(1):
26–31.
-Ashu Sharma, G R. Rahul, Soorya T. Poduval, Karunakar Shetty, Bhawna Gupta and Varun Rajora ,2013 . History of
materials used for recording static and dynamic occlusal contact marks: a literature review . J Clin Exp Dent. Feb
2013; 5(1): e48–e53.
-Deivanai EM,Ali SA, Karthigeyan S, Madhan R, Giri C,and Maran SC, 2013 . COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE
ACCURACY OF TWO METHODS OF OCCLUSAL REGISTRATION INVOLVING TERMINAL ABUTMENTS – AN INVIVO STUDY .
Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal Vol 33, No. 1.P 212-217.
-Eriksson A, Öckert-Eriksson G , Lockowandt P & Eriksson O , 2002.. Clinical factors and clinical variation influencing the
reproducibility of interocclusal recording methods .B Dent J 192, 395 - 400 (2002)
-Gupta A, Shenoy VK, Shetty TB and Rodrigues SJ. Evaluation of pattern of occlusal contacts in lateral excursion using
articulating paper and shim stock: An in vivo study. J Interdiscip Dentistry 2013;3:109-13.
-Martins DS, Jorge M, Jose F; da Fonseca R, André J, Nicolau G and Miguel P , 2014 , In vitro study on the sensibility and
reproducibility of the new T‐Scan®III HD system , Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac,55:14-22 .
- PagnanoI V , BezzonI OL , de MattosI M ;, RibeiroI RF and TurbinoI ML , 2005 .Clinical evaluation of interocclusal
recording materials in bilateral free end cases. Braz. Dent. J. vol.16 no.2 Ribeirão Preto May/Aug. 2005
-Powers JM, Wataha JC, 2013 . Waxes; Dental Material properties and maninupilation.Elsevier. P128.
-Prasad KD, Prasad BR and Mihra D, 2012. REHABILITATIONS - MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES A LITERATURE REVIEW. NUJHS
Vol. 2, No.3, September 2012.P 54-60
-Saluja BS, Mittal D. Interocclusal records in fixed prosthodontics. Indian J Oral Sci 2013;4:120-4 .
-sakaguchi RL, Powers JM, 2013.craigs Restorative dental material.
-Soratur SH ,2002 .Waxes, Essentials of dental material, P 388.
- Sharma LA , Azhagarasan NS, Shankar C , and Sharma A ,2011 . Comparative study of the effect of three different
interocclusal recording materials on reproducibility of horizontal condylar registrations in two different semi-
adjustable articulators: A clinical study .Int J Pros & Res Dent. 1(3):155-162.
- Takai A, Nakano M, Bando E, Hewlett ER. Evaluation of three occlusal examination methods used to record tooth
contacts in lateral excursive movements. J Prosthet Dent. 1993;70:500–5.
• http://www.realityesthetics.com/images/OtherMedia/categoryintros/BiteRegistrationMaterials-intro.pdf

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bite registration for fixed Prosthodontic restoration

  • 1. Interocclusal Record Prepared by:Botan Barzan Khafaf MSc. Student Supervised by: Raid Fahim Ass.Prof. Hawler Medical University College of dentistry Conservative department
  • 2. content • Definitions. • Criteria of choosing material for bite registration. • Materials and their properties that used for bite registration. • Technique • Comparing between some materials in accuracy • Conclusion
  • 4. Centric Relation • After Occlusal Vertical dimension is determined and considered normal. • Arch to arch relation. • Condyles are in the most middle superior position in glenoid fossae. • (1) it’s a jaw position that should be comfortable for the muscles/nerves/etc. of the TMJ . • (2) it’s a jaw position that can be consistently found regardless of the teeth.
  • 5. Eccentric I.O.R • Lateral excursive records: the lateral excursive registration records the lateral excursive maxillomandibular relationship and is performed without occlusal contact. These records are used to set the condylar elements of an arcon and non arcon semi adjustable articulator. • Protrusive interocclusal records also evaluated.
  • 6. Centric Occlusion • Teeth to teeth relation.maximum intercuspation. • Occlusal stop centric occlusion • No occlusal stop centric relation • When the teeth do not offer vertical and horizontal stability between the arches; an interocclusal record is needed to relate the casts.
  • 7. Classification of tooth-contact patterns • Four groups as follows: • 1. Cuspid protected occlusion: the contact of canines on the working side. • 2. Group function occlusion: contact of canines, premolars, and/or molars, or contacts of premolars and molars on the working side only.
  • 8. Classification of tooth-contact patterns • 3. Full balanced occlusion: tooth contact patterns with group function or cuspid protected occlusion on the working side plus multiple tooth contacts of posterior teeth on the non-working side . • 4. Others: occlusal patterns other than those described. Contact of incisor teeth, if any, were included in this classification.(Ogawa ,1998 ; Gupta , 2013)
  • 9. Hellman described four ways in which teeth contact 1. surface 2. cusp tip and fossa 3. ridge and groove • 4. ridge and embrasure. 138types and 90% of the total units actually make exact contact in dentitions with normal occlusion.
  • 10. Interocclusal Record • TMJ • Dentition • Periodontal tissue
  • 11. According to Dawson criteria for accuracy in making interocclusal records : • The recording material must not cause any movement of teeth or displacement of soft tissues. • The recording material must fit casts as accurately as it fits the teeth intra-orally. • The accuracy of the jaw relation record should be checked in the mouth and on the casts.
  • 12. Sensitivity and Reliability • Depend on : • Thickness . • Strength . • Elasticity of the recording materials. • Oral environment . • Clinician’s interpretation . (Sharma et al ,2013)
  • 13. Accuracy of an interocclusal record Influenced by: • Material properties. • Recording technique. • Reliability of the mandibular position influenced by the occlusal contacts . • Muscular action. • Tissue changes within the joints . • (Ghazal M et al, 2008; Michalakis KX et al, 2004)
  • 14. Methods are used for the evaluation of occlusal relationships: • 1- Quantitative method : • evaluating occlusal relationships, the sequence and density of the contacts can be differentiated. • Quantitative measures for determining occlusal relationships:  Photo-occlusion  T-Scan system (Sharma et al ,2013)
  • 15. Methods are used for the evaluation of occlusal relationships. • 2- Qualitative method: • Density of the contacts according to the darkness of the marks, this is not a precise criterion for evaluation. • Wax, articulating paper. • foils. • Silk strips .ect (Sharma et al ,2013)
  • 16. Types of Interocclusal Records • Basically, there are two main categories of interocclusal registration: • Centric interocclusal records • Eccentric interocclusal records. (Sharma et al ,2013) •
  • 17. Indications for Interocclusal Records • 1-If the patient has an adequate number of teeth and a stable intercuspal position, no signs and symptoms of trauma to the occlusion and the goal of treatment is to maintain pre-treatment intercuspation and occlusal vertical dimension (OVD), • Most accurate method of articulation is to occlude opposing casts by hand, without intervening bite registration material. Recording material placed between teeth in this case often prevents casts from maximal intercuspation and an interocclusal record is registered at an increased OVD. • Mounting casts in the maximum intercuspal position (MIP) facilitates treatment . (Saluja B& Mittal D ,2013)
  • 18. Indications for Interocclusal Records 2-If the planned restorations involve terminal teeth in the arch • An interocclusal record is needed as there is insufficient horizontal stability of the casts for hand articulation and mounting. • For opposing casts to occlude accurately, a tripod of vertical support and horizontal stability must exist between the casts. To ensure that there are sufficient numbers of occluding teeth to mount working and opposing casts in MIP. 3-When terminal teeth are prepared for crowns or fixed partial dentures and the third leg of the tripod is lost. • the dentist must fabricate an interocclusal record to recapture the lost leg and create a tripod of vertical support to mount casts accurately. • (Saluja B& Mittal D ,2013)
  • 19. THE ACCURACY OF TWO METHODS OF OCCLUSAL REGISTRATION INVOLVING TERMINAL ABUTMENTS – AN INVIVO STUDY (Deivanai et al, 2013) • Articulation I - Pre operative casts • Articulation II - Inter occlusal record with centric stop. • Articulation III – Iner occlusal record without a centric stop. • Within the limitations of the present study; • a) Presence of Interocclusal records results in an increase in vertical discrepancy. • b) Presence of centric stop was found to cause greater discrepancy than without centric stop. Limitations;more number of samples . -techniques to limit control of interocclusal materials to flow over the centric stop.
  • 20. INTEROCCLUSAL RECORDS IN PROSTHODONTIC REHABILITATIONS (Prasad et al,2012) • When the distal most molar is prepared as the abutment for three to five unit posterior FPD. • 1-uses conical stops, prepared in the enamel of the abutment or made of composite or a metal core covered with composite, to maintain the vertical dimension of occlusion and to act as the third point of reference for a stable occlusal 8 relationship when occluding a definitive casts. Materials generally used are polyether, silicone or acrylic resin. • drawback; ;forces that either displace soft tissue or tilt the denture bases.
  • 21. • When the distal most molar is prepared as the abutment for three to five unit posterior FPD. • 2) stabilized baseplate technique for making interocclusal records which provided a means to record centric and eccentric jaw registrations that are stable intraorally and can also be transferred accurately to the working model. • drawback; ;forces that either displace soft tissue or tilt the bases.
  • 22. • 3) acrylic resin anterior stop to hold the desired vertical dimension of occlusion.procedure for making an interocclusal record without the use of record bases. Base plate Wax then relined by ZOE.
  • 23. Dawson Technique • (Bimanual manipulation technique). • anterior- jig programmer  Lucia jig  Leaf Gauge
  • 24. (Ericsson et al ,2002) 70–93% of the variation of the positions of the mounted casts Clinical factors and clinical variation influencing the reproducibility of interocclusal recording methods mandibular positions ( 0–11%) Materials used (0– 29%) clinical variation (Remaining %) (intercuspal position (IP) retruded contact position (RCP) two different types of waxes One FPD One RPD One CD record rims vinyl polysiloxanes one irreversible hydrocolloid
  • 25. Materials Used for Interocclusal Records • Limited resistance before setting to avoid displacing the teeth or mandible during closure. • Minimal dimensional change • It should be easy to manipulate . • No adverse effects on the tissues involved in the recording procedures . • It should accurately record the incisal and occlusal surfaces of teeth . • It should be verifiable. • Over clinically reasonable time periods, they must have solidity to retain the shape and strength when dental casts are articulated.
  • 26. Materials 1. Bite registration Wax. 2. zinc oxide containing pastes (eugenol containing and non eugenol pastes). 3. Waxed articulating paper. 4. Modeling compound. 5. Acrylic resin .elastomeric materials . 6. Alginate Impression Material Index 7. Mylar Paper / Shimstock films. 8. Polyether Silicon Impression Bites. 9. Silicon Putty Material. 10. Additional silicon soft injectable 11. Typewriter Ribbon. 12. Transparent Acetate Sheet. 13. Silk Strips. 14. Foil. 15. High Spot Indicator. 16. Occlusal Sprays. 17. Photo-Occlusion. 18. Occlusion Sonography. 19. T-Scan. 20. Pressure Sensitive Films. 21. combination of some materials.
  • 27. Bite-registration wax • It is the most versatile ,the reason is its easy manipulation and when softened uniformly and remains soft for an adequate working time. • The flow of these materials at 37.5 C is from 2.5% to 22% which it is susceptible to distortion on removal from the mouth. • Other wax 28 gauge baseplate wax also used but additional silicon and polyether have replaced waxes for bite-registration. (Powers & Wataha ,2013)
  • 28. Bite Registration wax Therefore, it has been classified as most inaccurate material among the interocclusal records studied? • it is dimensionally inaccurate. • it has a high coefficient of thermal expansion • high resistance to closure. • Distortion of wax during removal is also very common. The flow ranges from 2.5% to 22% at 37.5 C , due to release of internal stresses. • lead to inaccuracies while registration is made. (Powers & Wataha ,2013)
  • 29. Corrective wax or impression wax • It is not widely used because of instability, instead elastomeric impression material used . • Metallized wax • much more accurate than non-metallized wax as the addition of metal particles (aluminum) to the modeling wax make it more conductive which may lead to variation in the accuracy of the record. • (Soratur SH ,2002)
  • 30. Impression plaster Impression plaster is basically plaster of Paris with modifiers. Modifiers accelerate setting time and decrease setting expansion. Records of impression plaster are accurate, rigid after setting, and do not distort with extended storage. • Disadvantages; • It is difficult to handle because the material is fluid and unmanageable prior to setting. • The final interocclusal record is brittle. • (Pence BA & Baum L, 1994).not used now • (Sharma et al ,2013)
  • 31. Alginate Imp. Material index IF left on the bench for as short a time as 30 minutes may become inaccurate enough to require remaking the impression. Even if the impression stored for more than 30 minutes in air were immersed in water, it would not be feasible to determine when the correct amount of water had been absorbed. (Sakaguchi RL & Powers JM,2013)
  • 32. Modeling compound (Saluja BS & Mittal D,2013 ) • Modeling compound, which becomes rigid upon setting, has been used to fabricate segmental interocclusal records. • Disadvantages: • Flow of the material over axial surfaces of natural teeth and over soft tissues, which invites errors in repositioning working casts within the bite registration. • Abrasion of working cast dies during mounting and subsequent removal of the record.
  • 33. Zinc oxide eugenol paste • Fluidity before setting so it offers minimal resistance with mandibular closure and becomes rigid after it sets finally. • But,zinc oxide eugenol pastes have a lengthy setting time, significant brittleness; they stick to the teeth and have unreliability to reuse. As it sets by chelation reaction, by - products formed may undergo evaporation leading to dimensional change. Vital portions of the record can be lost through breakage on removal from the mouth.Unless trimmed, flash around the teeth can prevent the accurate seating of casts.Therefore, zinc oxide eugenol or resin was added to wax impression in a very thin layer to improve poor detail transfer and displacement of wax. (Sharma et al ,2013)
  • 34. Acrylic Resin • The most frequent application of acrylic resins for interocclusal records is in the fabrication of single stop centric occlusion records. Acrylic resin is both accurate and rigid after setting. • Disadvantages : • Dimensional instability due to polymerization shrinkage. • Rigidity of the material can damage plaster cast and dies during mounting on the articulator. • (Sharma et al ,2013)
  • 36. Elastomers for IOR: • Least error among the materials studied. They are easy to manipulate and offer little or no resistance to closure. • Set to a consistency that makes them easy to trim without distortion, and accurately reproduce tooth details. Furthermore, among the elastomers, addition silicones exhibit least amount of distortion. • The excellent dimensional stability of addition silicones is attributed to the fact that it sets by addition polymerization reaction. Therefore, no by-products and no loss of volatiles occur in addition silicones. • Dimensional stability, accuracy and elastic recovery, with short working time.
  • 37. Elastomers • Disadvantages : • Any compressive force exerted on these materials during mounting procedures may cause inaccuracies during mounting of the casts( Spring action). The spring action found in these materials causes the articulated cast to open in centric relation position. Thus, the records should be trimmed and carefully seated over the occlusal surface to minimize the negative spring action. • cost compared to others. Table 1: Mechanical and phsical properties of elastomeric impression materials. (Powers & Wataha ,2013).
  • 38. Polyether • The advantages are accuracy, have some property close to additional silicon, fluidity and minimal resistance to closure, can be used without a carrier. • Disadvantages ; • Limited dimensional stability over time.(1&7 days 0.3%) • Aromatic sulfonic acid irritate oral soft tissue. • Poor taste . • Resiliency and accuracy may exceed the accuracy of the plaster casts. Both of these factors can interfere with the placement of the plaster cast into the recording medium during mounting procedures. The records are trimmed to remove excess material and preserve only the teeth indentations to avoid distortions.
  • 39. Additional Silicon • Vinyl polysiloxane (VPS). • No volatile by product(alcohol or water) so more dimensionally stable than condensation. • Auto mix , dynamic mix and monophase.soft medium and putty consisitency • Dimensional change 0.1% in 24 hour (very low). • Permanent deformation 0.2 %(99.8% elastic recovery). • Short working time . (Powers & Wataha ,2013)
  • 40. Virtual CADbite Registration ,Ivoclar vivadent , Liechtenstein • Short working time, Working time after mixing at 23°C max. 30 sec. • Minimum time in mouth min. 45 sec. • Detail reproduction 2 μm • Shore D hardness (1h after setting) 32 ± 3 (Durometer Shore Hardness Scale).extra soft.
  • 41. Bite registrations for CAD/CAM procedures There are digital impression taking procedures, which are employed in conjunction with the computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) of tooth restorations. Digital impressions are taken either : -Of the model in the dental lab. -Directly in the mouth at chairside using an intraoral scanning device or camera. In order to determine the occlusal relationship, an antagonist bite registration is required. Being able to directly capture images of this bite record with a scanning device or camera without having to apply a contrast medium.
  • 42. scannable bite registration materials • StoneBite Scan from Dreve. • Metal-Bite from R-Dental . • Kanibite Scan from Kaniedenta . • Virtual CADbite from Ivoclar.no contrast medium required. • All of these materials are vinyl polysiloxanes. Saves considerable time and eliminates a possible source of error.
  • 45. Table-2 : Properties of different bite-registration material according to manufacturing Company.(http://www.realityesthetics.com)
  • 46. Photo-Occlusion • In a photo occlusion system, a thin photoplastic film layer is placed on the occlusal surface of the teeth; the patient then is asked to occlude on the film layer for 10 to 20 seconds. The film layer is removed from the mouth and inspected under a polariscope light. This technique is reported to be “difficult to apply”. The technique was found to be highly reproducible.(introduced in 1963)
  • 47. T-Scan 1984 • The development of a prototype computerized • occlusal analysis (T-Scan; Tekscan Inc,USA) was reported by Mannes et al. The T-Scan instrument was designed to examine and record occlusal contacts by computer analysis of information from a pressure-sensitive film. The T-Scan system digitally records both the location and timing of tooth contacts. Time moments are defined as the sum of distances of the tooth contacts in millimeters from the x axis of the occlusal plane multiplied by their relative time value (1-sec) and divided by the sum of the onset times.
  • 48. • When an operator properly uses this technology, mark size, mark color-depth, donut-shaped halo contacts, as well as other color and mark appearance characteristics, are ignored as force indicators and used only as contact locators. (Kerstein RB ,2008). • There is a decrease in sensitivity of the indicator film with repeated use. • The anatomic circumstances did not influence the sensor's sensibility or reproducibility of new T‐Scan®III HD system (Martin et al, 2014) .
  • 49. Occlusion Sonography Dental Sound Checker 1960 • One commercial device was produced in the mid 1980s called (Yoshida, Tokyo, Japan). The device, based on the principles put forth by Watt, was developed to evaluate occlusal contact sound paterns during closure in an attempt to detect occlusal disturbances. (Klifune et al ,1985) measured the duration of the occlusal sound in a single subject before and after occlusal adjustment and reported a clear decrease in the duration of the occlusal sound with adjustment
  • 50. Typewriter Ribbon • (Ziebert and Donegan ,1979 ) used typewriter ribbon to mark supra contacts or occlusal interferences in their patients for occlusal adjustments. Interferences were marked with typewriter ribbon and contacts verified with 0.00l-inch shim stock. The adjustment procedure basically started with( Schuyler, 1935) following the M. U.D.L. rule for the retruded position, the B.U.L.L. rule for the retruded position , the B.U.L.L rule for the working movement, and the D.U.M.L. rule for protrusion. Nonworking interferences were eliminated so as to maintain at least one centric stop on each tooth. • (Sharma et al ,2013)
  • 51. Transparent Acetate Sheet • (Davies et al , 2002) described a clinical method termed the occlusal sketch technique as a means of recording occlusal contacts. The sketch consists of an acetate sheet on which a schematic representation of the teeth is drawn, including the occlusal surfaces of the posterior teeth, the palatal surfaces of the maxillary anterior teeth and the labial surfaces of the mandibular anterior teeth. The same authors concluded that this technique demonstrated interoperator and intraoperator reliability in recording occlusal contacts in vitro. The aim of the occlusal sketch technique is to provide a simple and reliable means of recording and transferring information about the location of marked occlusal contacts. • It may also be used by the technicians to verify occlusal contacts when articulating casts and fabricating indirect restorations . (Sharma et al ,2013)
  • 52. Wax Articulation Paper • The color coating of many articulating papers consists of waxes, oils and pigments, a hydrophobic mixture which repels saliva (hydrophilic) consisting mainly of water. High spots can be detected easily as dark marks and contacts as light marks. Articulating paper come sin strips and horse shoe shaped sheets (Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA). When grinding selectively it should be noted that only dark colored spots should be ground. • The major disadvantages : can be easily ruined by saliva, are thick, and they have a relatively inflexible base material; all of these factors result in a greater number of pseudo contact markings .
  • 53. Wax Articulation Paper • Few manufacturers have produced articulating films with an additional emulsifier (Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA) which gives these films certain bonding properties on moist occlusal surfaces. They have added special bonding agent- transculase (Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA), or wetting agents like lecithin .to articulating paper coating. The first test is made with blue articulating paper (200microns). Spots are immediately evident. The bonding agent, transculase, is also transferred as a fine coating. The next step is to take a thin film (preferably red, 8microns) because of its intensity and excellent contrast with blue . The color transfer of these film are considerably improved with the help of transculase coating.
  • 54. Silk Strips • • Some researchers have stated that silk strips are the best material for indicating occlusal contacts. Articulating silk is made from high quality natural silk (Bausch articulating silk, 80 microns, Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA). Natural silk consists of so-called fibrils, a tube-shaped protein structure which, because of its composition, has an extremely high color reservoir capacity. This silk is highly tear-resistant and, because of its low thickness and good flexibility, adapts perfectly to cusps and fossae. The marking of silk is extremely precise. Because of their texture, soft indicator materials do not produce pseudo contact markings. • However, silk strips can lose their marking abilities when their stain components are dried, and they also can be ruined by saliva. It is therefore advisable to store them in a cool, closed environment.
  • 55. High Spot Indicator (Arti-spot, Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA • It is a liquid contact color) which is applied to the test surface with a brush . The solvent evaporates in seconds, leaving a thin film (3 microns thick). Every contact destroys skin color exactly at the point of contact. The base material then shines through and high spots can easily be detected. It can also be used to test for high spots on highly polished occlusal surfaces such as gold or ceramic. The food dye contained in the solvent is completely safe. The layer can easily be removed after use with hot water or alcohol.
  • 56. Occlusal Sprays (Arti-Spray, Bausch articulating paper Inc, Nashua, NH, USA) • These are universal color indicator to test occlusal contacts. They are easy to administer and leaves a thin colored film which can easily be removed with water, leaving no trace of residues. They are applied at a distance of 3-5 cm onto the occlusal surface. When testing occlusion all contact points will be immediately visible. These are available in colors: red, blue, green and white.
  • 57. Pressure Sensitive Films 1987 • A newer but essentially similar device has been introduced (Dental Prescale, Fuji Film, Tokyo, Japan). This device also records the location and force of contacts with the force sensitive film. evaluated the reliability of this device for occlusal force measurement both on a subject and on casts. They reported the linear relationship between the applied and measured loads. • The primary limitation of the contact sensor and the pressure sensitive film device is that the recording medium is far too thick and results in heavier contacts on the posterior teeth than the anterior teeth. Further, this sensor thickness disturbs the persons finding attempts to close into the intercuspal position.
  • 58. • A clinical sudy: Polyether , Polyvenyl siloxane and wax were tested to evaluate the reproducibility of horizontal condylar registration on both types of semi adjustable articulators. (Sharma et al ,2011) • Fully adjustable articlators • Coefficient of Thermal expansion ,greater resistance during closure and cannot be uniformly heated. Evaluation of the reproducibility of horizontal condylar registration on both types of semi adjustable articulators. (Sharma et al ,2011) Polyether(Ramitec) PVS(Jetbite) Wax(aluwax) minimum minimum -Wide variation -Unreliable( lateral &protrussive movements) -Greatest vertical discrepancy
  • 59. Evaluation of different materials recording free- end(PagnanoI V et al, 2005) acrylic resin base + wax acrylic resin plate + alginate acrylic resin base + wax + ZOE acrylic resin base + wax + Duralay(Acrylic) condensation silicone. • elastomers may suffer distortion at the time of cast joining, due to the compressive force generally exercised to maintain the casts in position From less distortion
  • 60. • ,, (Anup G et al ,2011) Polyvinylsiloxane Zinc oxide eugenol Aluwax Dimensional Stability statistically but not clinically 1 2 3 Accuracy 1, 24, 48, and 72 h 1 2 3 Surface Hardness after 24 hrs No statistical difference Surface Hardness after 48 hrs 1 2 3
  • 62. References -Anup G, Ahila C and VasanthaKumar M , 2011 , Evaluation of Dimensional Stability, Accuracy and Surface Hardness of Interocclusal Recording Materials at Various Time Intervals: An In Vitro Study , J Indian Prosthodont Soc. Mar 2011; 11(1): 26–31. -Ashu Sharma, G R. Rahul, Soorya T. Poduval, Karunakar Shetty, Bhawna Gupta and Varun Rajora ,2013 . History of materials used for recording static and dynamic occlusal contact marks: a literature review . J Clin Exp Dent. Feb 2013; 5(1): e48–e53. -Deivanai EM,Ali SA, Karthigeyan S, Madhan R, Giri C,and Maran SC, 2013 . COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE ACCURACY OF TWO METHODS OF OCCLUSAL REGISTRATION INVOLVING TERMINAL ABUTMENTS – AN INVIVO STUDY . Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal Vol 33, No. 1.P 212-217. -Eriksson A, Öckert-Eriksson G , Lockowandt P & Eriksson O , 2002.. Clinical factors and clinical variation influencing the reproducibility of interocclusal recording methods .B Dent J 192, 395 - 400 (2002) -Gupta A, Shenoy VK, Shetty TB and Rodrigues SJ. Evaluation of pattern of occlusal contacts in lateral excursion using articulating paper and shim stock: An in vivo study. J Interdiscip Dentistry 2013;3:109-13. -Martins DS, Jorge M, Jose F; da Fonseca R, André J, Nicolau G and Miguel P , 2014 , In vitro study on the sensibility and reproducibility of the new T‐Scan®III HD system , Estomatol Med Dent Cir Maxilofac,55:14-22 . - PagnanoI V , BezzonI OL , de MattosI M ;, RibeiroI RF and TurbinoI ML , 2005 .Clinical evaluation of interocclusal recording materials in bilateral free end cases. Braz. Dent. J. vol.16 no.2 Ribeirão Preto May/Aug. 2005 -Powers JM, Wataha JC, 2013 . Waxes; Dental Material properties and maninupilation.Elsevier. P128. -Prasad KD, Prasad BR and Mihra D, 2012. REHABILITATIONS - MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES A LITERATURE REVIEW. NUJHS Vol. 2, No.3, September 2012.P 54-60 -Saluja BS, Mittal D. Interocclusal records in fixed prosthodontics. Indian J Oral Sci 2013;4:120-4 . -sakaguchi RL, Powers JM, 2013.craigs Restorative dental material. -Soratur SH ,2002 .Waxes, Essentials of dental material, P 388. - Sharma LA , Azhagarasan NS, Shankar C , and Sharma A ,2011 . Comparative study of the effect of three different interocclusal recording materials on reproducibility of horizontal condylar registrations in two different semi- adjustable articulators: A clinical study .Int J Pros & Res Dent. 1(3):155-162. - Takai A, Nakano M, Bando E, Hewlett ER. Evaluation of three occlusal examination methods used to record tooth contacts in lateral excursive movements. J Prosthet Dent. 1993;70:500–5. • http://www.realityesthetics.com/images/OtherMedia/categoryintros/BiteRegistrationMaterials-intro.pdf