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2016

............................................................................................ 1
I ................................................................................ 8
1 ........................................................ 8
2 ....................................... 14
3 ....................................... 17
4
..................................................................... 21
II ................................... 24
5 ................................................... 24
6 .............................................................. 30
7 .................................................... 40
III ................................................................... 47
8 ............................................ 47
9 .............................................................. 51
10 ............................................................ 59
11 ...................................................... 67
IV ................................ .. 75
12 ......................................... 75
13 ..................................................... 79
14 ........................................................... 81
15 .............................................. 89
16 ...................................................... 96
17 pH ................................................................ 104
18 .............................................. 109
19 ................................................................... 122
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

V ............................................................................... 128
20 -- ..................... 128
21 ........................................................................... 131
22 ...................................................................... 138
23 ................................. 144
24 ......................... 149
VI ................................................. 153
25 .................................. 153
26 ........................................................... 158
27
........................................................... 161
VII ..................................................................... 165
28 ................................................................. 165
29 ..................................................................... 169
30 ............................................................... 173
31 ..................................................................... 177
32 ................................................................ 181
33 .................................................................................. 183
34 ...................................................... 185
....................................................................................... 188

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9
(Mg) 0,5cmx10cm
(HCl) 0,2 mol/dm3
cm3
cm3
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(g) (cm3
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(Mg) 0,5cm x10cm
10

11
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
H2 (mL
1 4
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H2
1234567
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
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124
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23
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45
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H2
t = 50
(slope) 50
slope
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b
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35
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12

13
r
r
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Ea
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Activated energy, Ea)
18

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+
E2
Ea
E3
E1
E1
E2
E E2 E1
E
E3 E1 E3 - E1 = +ΔE
19
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20
Ea
E1 ΔE
E3
E1
E2
E E1
(Ea E3
E
E - E1 - ΔE ( ) .
ΔE ΔE E3- E1 ; E3E1 ΔE
ΔE
20

21
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25
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

10 g
?
NaOH 4 g 50 ml
?
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:
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%
100 (
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3)
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4)
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26

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4.5
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5.
:
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1. C6H12O6 100 g 200g
:
= 100
27
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

= %33,33
300
100100
2. 1000 cm3
N2O 3,30 x10-5
cm3
N2O : ?
(%) = 100
= %103,3
1000
1001030,3 6
5
3. :
. 20
.
CH3 COOH = 30,76 %
4.
. NaCl 4,6
. HCl 1,5
. C6H12O6 2,7
. Na2CO3 0,5
5. NaCl 234 g 0,25 mol/kg
:
kg H2O = NaCl 234 21kgH O1molNaCl
16kg
58,443gNaCl 0,5 mol NaCl
16 kg NaCl 234 g
6. 0,5 mol 0,03 mol.
:
28

.
2 5C H OH
0,03
X = = 0,056
0,5+0,03
7. NaCl 10%
:
NaCl 0,033
H2O 0,976
8. C2H5OH 10g H2O
100g :
2 5
2
C H OH
H O
10
n = = 0,22mol
46
100
n = = 5,55mol
18
2 5 2C H OH H O
0,22 5,55
X = = 0,038 X = = 0,96
0,22+5,55 0,22 + 5,55
9. A
0,5 mol; B 2,0 mol 5,0 mol :
A
0,5 mol;
B 2 mol 5 mol
066,0
525,0
5,0
X
nΣ
n
X A
266,0
525,0
2
XB
666,0
525,0
5
XH2O
29
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

30
6
2
1.
:
-
-
-
.
-
2.
-
-
- 3fp
3. -
1
1.
2.
1.
2. 2,50 cm3
3. 100 cm3
4. 10 cm3
5.
5,85 g
400 cm3
1
1
1
1
1
1
30

31
6.
7.
8.
1
1
4. -
4.1
-
.
4.2
1 0,4 mol/dm3
250 cm3
1) :
0,4 mol/dm3
c
n
n=cv=0,4×0,250=0,1mol
v
m
n= m=nM=0,1×58,5=5,85g
M
2)
NaCl 5,58 g 100 cm3
-
150 cm3
250 cm3
(
).
2 : 50 cm3
100
cm3
.
31
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

32
3)
.
2
-
.
- 1
200 mL 0,1 mol/dm3
, ?
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1) ?
2)
?
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1
.
.
- 1 :
1)
.
,
32

33
.
.
2 200 mL 0,1 mol/L
CV = C1V1 + C2V2 0,4XC1 = 0,1 X 200 C1=5 mL NaOH
0,1 mol/L 5 mL 200 mL (
195 mL).
- 2
(V2) .
-
M1V1 = M2V2
- ,
CV = C1V1 + C2V2
+........+ CnVn
-
-
- ,
, ,
-
% 10 D
C
M
33
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

34
- , .
-
% 10
C
M
- .
- molarity Normality
-
-
- .
4.3
-
.
- .
-
5.
:
- .
- .
1. NH4Cl 40% 50 cm3
60%
NH4Cl : NH4Cl 40%
NH4Cl 100 cm3
NH4Cl 40g
50 cm3
NH4Cl 20g. 60
% NH4Cl g30
40
2060
NH4Cl = 30-20 = 10
g.
34

35
2. 0,1 M 50
mL 0,20 M 100 mL 50 mL
molar ?
: CV = C1V1 + C2V2 +........+ CnVn
1 1 2 2C V +C V
C =
V
0,1×0,05+0,2×0,10
= = 0,125 mol/L
0,05+0,1+0,05
3. 5%
1,06 g/ cm3
:
. M
%×10×D
C=
M
5×10×1,06
C= = 0,88M
60
. 5% 100 g
CH3COOH 5 g 95g 95%
500cm3
=500 x 1,06 = 530 g
= g5,503
100
95530
4.
0,460 M 1,75 L :
Na2HPO4 0,460 M 1 L Na2HPO4 0,460 mol
1,75 L Na2HPO4
1
460,075,1
mol = 0,805 mol
.
m
n = m = n M= 0,805 × 126 = 101,43g
M
5. KOH 0,50 mol/L 250 mL :
. KOH :
CV
n =
1000
m CV m 0,50 ×250
= =
M 1000 56 1000
35
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

36
0,50 × 250×56
m= = 7g
1000
KOH 7g 250 mL
. KOH 1,25 M C1V1 = C2V2
0,50 x 250 = 1,25 x X
0,50×250
X=
1,25
= 100 mL
KOH 1, 25 M 100 mL KOH 0,50
mol/L 250 mL 100 mL
6. (II) 0,05 mol / dm3
100 cm3
(II) 0,02 mol / dm3
.
. (II) 0,02 mol / dm3
?
. (II) ?
. C1V1 = C2V2
0,1xV1= 0,05x100
1
0,50×100
V = 25mL
0,2
Pb(NO3)2 0,02 mL 500 mL
100 cm3
0,05 mol /L
.
m CV M.CV 331 0,05 100
m m 1,65g
M 1000 1000 1000
7. 0,01 mol / dm3
100 cm3
(MgSO4.7H2O) ?
(MgSO4.7H2O) 2,46 2,5 g
8. 0,1 mol/dm3
250 cm3
:
m CV m 0,1 250
n= = m = 4,25 g
M 1000 170 1000
36

37
AgNO3 4,25g 250 cm3
9. KI 2 mol / dm3
250 cm3
KI
? ?
m CV m 2 250
= m = 83 g
M 1000 166 1000
m 83
n 0,5mol
M 166
10. (II) 3,31 g 0,25 mol /dm3
cm3
?
:
3m CV 3,31 0,25 V
V = 40 cm
M 1000 331 1000
11.
:
. HCl 6 mol /dm3
500 cm3
C1V1= C2V2 12×V1 = 6×500 V1 =250 cm3
HCl 12 M 250 cm3
. HNO3 100 cm3
C1V1= C2V2 6×V1 = 0,1×100 V1 =
100
16,66
6
cm3
HNO3
12 M 16,66 cm3
12. H2SO4 1 L. H2SO4 27%
: 100g
37
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

38
% 10 D 27 10 1,198
C= = 3,33 M
M 98
, H2SO4 1dm3
1000 cm3
H2SO4
H2SO4 3, 30 M
13. (N)
. HNO3 6,66g 1 dm3
:
1000
CV
M
m
1000
CV
n
:
1000
1000C
63
66,6
mol/L0,1C
HNO3 =1 Normality = molarity x
Normality HNO3 = N0,11mol/L0,1
. Na2CO3 20,5g 1 dm3
m 20,5
n 0,19mol
M 100
0,19 mol 1 dm3
0,19 mol /dm3
0,19 ×2= 0,38 N
14. 0,5 M 150 ml
2 M :
C1V1 = C2V2
3
1
22
1 cm37,5
2
1500,5
C
VC
V
= 150 - 37,5 = 112,5 mL
15. HNO3 0,1mol/dm3
2 L
HNO3
1000
VC
M
m
1000
CV
n
38

39
g12,6
1000
20063
m
1000
20000,1
63
m
39
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

40

41
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

42

ΔT =Km ΔT
43
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

1
f f f
2
m ×1000
ΔT =K m=K
m ×M
1
b b b
2
m ×1000
ΔT =K m=K
m ×M
fΔT bΔT
0,02 m 860
C/m
mkΔT ff
0,03720,021,86ΔTf
2f f (H O) fT T ΔT 0
44

mkΔT bb
0102,002,051,0bT
2b f (H O) bT T Δ T
g
C/m
f
f
ff
k
ΔT
mmkΔT
fΔT
mol/kg0,08
1,86
0,150
m
g
Mm
1000m
kΔT
2
1
ff
fΔT
5,12 3 1000
190 154
5249,0
fΔT
fΔT
5249,0
mkΔT ff
5,186,1ΔTf 2,79 Co
2,790Tf
o
2,79 C
g
Mm
1000m
kΔT
2
1
ff
fΔT
60200
10002,18,1
18,0
45
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

0,180Tf C18,0 o
g
fΔT
Mm
1000m
kΔT
2
1
ff
12835
10002,11k
2 f
4,246kf
18,00g 150,0g
bb TΔT bT
Mm
1000m
kΔT
2
1
bb
M150
1000180,51
34,0
0,51 18 1000
M 180
150 0,34
(C10H8) C6H6 (l) 50,0g
fΔT ) = 5,53 - 0 = 5,530
C
Mm
1000m
kΔT
2
1
ff
15,12 m 1000
5,53
50 128 1
50 128 5,53
m
5,12 1000
6,9 g
46

III
47
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

48

aA +b B cC + dD
c d
a b
[C] [D]
K
[A] [B]
1
(Dynamic
situation)
H2O(l) H2O(g)
NO2 +NO2 N2O4
49
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

(Chemical equilibrium)
(physical equilibrium)
a
b
A
B
K
K 1
50

51
,'
%.

4%

,
'4 *4.
/% ,41
*#,
:#4@ ,=+A/-9*0%0
,)12,+0@0725@9 ,10%)0%:/A%5A +84 )0%/,
0/A7A ;(. 0!.(1.#/
B0=A*6:#4@ ,1(@+0@072@ 5@9;@0?
7(,@9)/0 @9; 2@ / 2A4A .11(10(.+)@00(.(0
CuSO4 /0(.(0 HCl
7(,:#4@ ,*3*0 .11(102@ / 2A4A
,.10)0%D0 ;(.77)@0 .11(102@ 2A/4A
99 ;(. ,.10/07)@0@0?
;A7:1+/
/)5!2,56
)12,+0@0725@9 ,10%)0%:/A%5A +84 )0%/,0
/A7A ;(. 0!.(1.#/
*61(@+0@0725@90)0%:/A%5A ;(. 0)0%/
0#7)#/(.+)@0@0 KP ;(. KC.
)4
%.
%!
4A%;-9 ;(. :,.*0,4@2@ =+A)0%-6A:(4@,05@9
507(, @9)/0 @9; 2@ / 2A4A .11(10(.+)@00
(.(0 CuSO4 /0(.(0 HCl
#
6%
%.
%!
(
%
*4
4.
$
%*4.
0/$/)5!. -) *4.
/!
#$
6=+A)0%-6A@9)/05@9;:4A,9) +84 05@9:,.#/
51
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52
6 //-9: /5@% ;(A)9*7%!7:%2; 2A/A2@ : /#0).9)//@
7)@0= 4A%;-9;(A)=+A/-9;@(.5@%9*7%!701(@+0@072@ 5@9
=+A/-9*.;)12 B0)+0@072@ 5@9 KC ;(. KP
6*.+850,+0 Kc ;(. Kp
62A;#A,%77)@0@9)/+7)C@)@072@ 5@90% 3A%;-9
=+A;@(.5@%/-9;A77)@0/D70% 3A%;-9
0/A =+A/-9;@(.5@%3A;A7:1+/6@.0;(A)*7.0;( @9
)0%:,.#0 ;(. 4A,
0/A6*.+85;. B00% 4A%;-9
,#%
*4
4.
$
%*4.
064/$/)5!.
$
6=+A)0%-6A,.10)@0 .11(10;/ 2A4A2@ %20/A7A ;(.
0!.(1.#/B@: /#0).9)//A:,2A)@0:205@92@ B@: /:4A,9)/
heterogeneous equilibrium)
677)@00% 3A%;-9 +84 ,077)@0,4@ ?BA:#4@ ,=+A/-9:7A0
=:1 .111(102@ B@: /:4A,9) +84 : /#0).2@ ;@0/0 9 9/
.11(102@ : /:4A,9)/ #A,%/A6A, B0#00,+0@072@ 5@9 KC
;(. KP :1@0% 4A%;-94@ %
=+A/-97A)A0 ;A7: /5@%0%7)@0
7)@0 7@9*7%!7*.;@072@ 5@9 KC ;(. KP , .11(10/@(5@%
2A
4 2 3 2( ). (NH ) S ( ) 2NH ( ) H S(g)a s g
( ). A Cl (s) Ag (aq) Cl (aq)b g
4 2 3( ). P (s) 6Cl (g) 4P Cl (aq)c
=+A/-9;@(.5@%, 0/A B0*.:C2#0=A0;. B0,6
7)@0 7@#10(.0@072@ 5@9, .11(102@ B@: /:4A,9)//@(5@%2A
CaCO3(s)
CaO(s) + CO2(g)
52

53
.11(10:23A6@,5+.#6% 8000
C %2)0%/ CO2(g) :7@ 0/ 0,236 atm 7@ B0
)+0@072@ 5@9 (a). KC ;(. b). KP
=+A/-9;@(.5@%, ;(. B0*@.:C2 #0=A0;. B0,6
%*4.
0
6,.10*7.0//-9@9)/)0%D0,05@9;()%
#A,%/77)@00,+0@072@ 5@9=10 @A0CA0 ;(. 2A/ 0
/A 3@ B0)+0@072@ 5@9()% :1@7)@00% 4A%;-9
6*.+85 A0 .11(10:%22@ :2: /+80/A,@072@ 5@9.:7@ 0/!7
6@072@ 5@9,;@(. .11(10@,/D7/A
6#0/-9*7.0 ;(. ;A7)@02@ =+A0% 4A%;-9
+0!

4%

,
'4 *4.
(K) 0#,,/

'+4%#*4.
=+A/-9,.1009@072@ 5@9, .11(10 =B(.2 .11(10
A0CA09/B(.2 .11(10/ 2A4
=+A/-99@072@ 5@9, .11(10
N2O4(g)
2NO2(g)
:%4@,:2 .11(10 2A/
2NO2(g)
N2O4(g)
0/A6-@)%/-9*.+850% 4A%;-9:#4@ , 99@072@ 5@9/
*,B(.2
62A;=+A/-9-6A,2)@0 @072@ K 3A/)120/@03@%20,.10
/@2A
2
1
N2O4(g)
NO2(g)
2
1
42
2
C
ON
NO
K
N2O4(g)
2NO2(g)
42
2
2
C
ON
NO
K
=+A7)@00/@0*7%!7 ;(A)=+A/-9,@072@ 5@9
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
53
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

54
2
1
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
3
1
N2(g) + H2(g)
3
2
NH3(g)
=+A/-9*.;0 B0)+0@072@ 5@9 =A)0%:/A%5A2@ =A: /
mol/L
=+A/-9,.10@072@ %20#7)#//;)=
6*.+850 ., B0:+/2@ ,/-9 ;(A)=+A B0,2@ : /:,.#0
6-@)%//-9*.+85 0,+0@072@ 5@90% 4A%;-9
,!
%4.0
'4
$'5

)35
#
%# 4%
%#% CuSO4
$%#% HCl
0:%2 ;(.,5 .,
(00 B@C3@ 5@%
%/

'
1. 0(.(0, II 5$/,2@ %7) (CuSO4)
2. 0(.(0,01 -2'8B'1 HCl 6M
3. BA0/@
!*#
!
1. +8,7(,.C0A,
2. +8,,
1 cm3
1 cm3
2 cm3
+8,
,/
%
.4
75%
0(.(0, II 5$/,2@%7)(.(0 CuSO4 (7= BA0/@ .%0
25cm3
A0(.(0B@D7=+A,;#3,,A):A,
0(.(0-2'8B'1,01 6 M (.(0,01-2'8B'1:/A%5A 12 M
25 cm3
= BA0/@ .%0 20 cm3
;(A)4@% BA0/=+A7B(1%0 50 cm3
.
54

55
!!#%
4!
%,!
0*/:0 @9*2,=+8,7(,2 2 :%4@,4@%
0(.(0 HCl ;(. 4@% BA0 0 @9*2,0B@/: /@/A A,9/*2,
0(.(0 CuSO4 = BA00+8,2 1 5/A
7)@0!707(, :%4@,,0(.(0 HCl (7=0(.(0*2$A0,
.A0(.(0*29);%:+84, :%4@,4@% BA0(7=0(.(0*29);%
:+84,/A.A0(.(0*2$A0/4%0
'
%,!
=+A/-9:,70+8,7(,/
+8,/5 0(.(0, II 5$/,2@%7)

+8,2 B@4@%+/:(2 +8,2
4@%0(.(0 HCl 6 M (7 1 cm3
=+A/-9*/:0 @9; *2 ;(. /3!7 0/A4@% BA0/@(7=
+8,2
,2 .%0 cm3
=+A/-9*/:0 @9; *2
!#% -$
%,!
=+A/-9;@(.5@%,.10!707(, ;(A) B0BA*.+852@ A%0
,.10()%/=+AA!7*.+85/@2A
:%4@,,0(.(0 HCl (7=0(.(0 CuSO4 3@%2*2$A0 ;(A)A
0(.(0*29);%:+84, :23A:4@,0 Cl-
0 HCl :7A0 ;@,
, BA0= [Cu(H2O)4]2+
0: / [CuCl4]2-
3@%2*2:+84, ;@007(,.A
0(.(0*29);%:+84, 3@: /*2 .*7%(.+)@0*2$A0, Cu2+
/*2:+84,,
[CuCl4]2
;(. :%4@,, BA0(7=0(.(0*29);%:+84, 0(.(0. @9
/: /*2$A0:D4,:2% *.;)@0%:(5(, BA0:7A0 ;@,Cl-
0: /
[Cu(H2O)4]2+
0 @9; ,[Cu(H2O)4]2+
:%4@,4@% HCl: / .11(10 A0CA0AA
[CuCl4]2-
3@%2*2:+84, :%4@,4@% H2O (7 .11(10.:2 2A/4A
[Cu(H2O)4]2
2@ %2*2$A0/4%0 .11(10(.+)@0 [Cu(H2O)4]2+
/ HCl ;(. H2O
3@: / .11(10 2A/A
%$ 0##/',
0%2*@)-@)%,/-9
55
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ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

56
0;A7:1+/ ;(.0 .,*@)=#0 .1/07(,
0)0
!

6%% 0# 0
5,/
$
B0,4 KP =A;@072@ 1(@0%)0%/ ;(. KC =A;@072@
1(@0%)0%:/A%5A
2. B0,4
4
43
C
CO
)Ni(CO
K 4
)Ni(CO
P
43
P
K
COP
3. B0,4
2
52
2
4
2
C
ON
ONO
K
2
ON
O
2
NO
P
)(P
)(P)(P
K
52
22
4.0
2 2CO(g) + Cl (g) COCl (g)
2
2
COCl 0,0014
K 2,16
CO Cl 0,012 0,054

2
2
2 2
NO O 2
P
NO
(P ) (P ) (0,270) (Po )
K 158
(P ) 0,400
atm94,866
0729,0
2,63
Po2.63Po0729,0 22
6. 0*7%!7
-1
C
4Δn
CP 6480,0821K103,4TRKK

5
4
C 1008,8
32,5
103,4
K

7. B0,4 SHNH 23CK ))((K 23P SHNH PP
8 3
2
2
3
C
O
O
K 3
O
2
O
P
)(P
)(P
K
2
3
PK 1
3
2
2
3
C )(
O
O
)(K RTRT n
2
O
2
O
)(P
)(P
3
3 1
3
2
2
3
)(
O
O
RT
56

57
2
3
2
3
C
O
O
K
)(P
)(P
K
2
3
O
3
2
O
P
PK 3
4
2
3
C )(
O
O
)(K
3
2
RTRT n
3
O
2
O
)(P
)(P
2
3 3
4
2
3
2
3
)(
O
O
RT
9. OHCOP 22
PPK

2 2
1
2
P SO O(b). K P P

10. 2NO2(g) + 7H2(g)
2NH3(g) + 4H2O(l)
7
2
2
2
4
2
2
3
C
HNO
OHNH
K 7
H
2
NO
2
NH
P
)(P)(P
)(P
K
22
3
2ZnS(s) + 3O2(g)2
ZnO(s) + 2SO2(g)
3
2
2
2
C
O
K
SO
3
O
2
S
P
)(P
)(P
K
2
2O
C(s) + CO2(g)
2CO(g)
2
2
C
CO
CO
K
)(P
)(P
K
2CO
2
CO
P
C6H5COOH(aq)
C6H5COO-
(aq) + H+
(aq)
COOHHC
HHC
K
56
56
C
COO
2
2
2
n 0,50
11. C 0,04166 mol/L
V 12
1,35
= 0,1125 mol/L
12
0,70
0,085 mol/L
12
H
S
H S
C
C
C
2 2
2
C 2 2
2 2
H S (0,725)
K 17,32
(0,04166) (0,1125)H S
0*7%!7
Δn
CP TRKK
523,3
)273350(082,0
108,1
)(
K
5
C

n
P
RT
K
57
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58
N2(g) + 3H2(g)
2NH3(g)
00897,0
96787,6
0625,0
)91,1)(11,0(
)25,0(
HN
NH
K 3
2
3
22
2
3
C
2 2 3
1 3
(a) N (g) H (g) NH
2 2
334,0
00749,0
0025,0
)33,0)(15,0(
)050,0(
)()(
)(P
K.14 3
2
3
2
NH
P
22
3
HN PP

:4@,0 CaCO3 ;(. CaO : /0; *./A
atm105,0PK 2COP
16. ,:**@)%(,0*;@(..1
3
1
X;
3
2
X
nΣ
n
X 23 CONH
i
i
0,1210,363
3
1
P
0,2420,363
3
2
PPXp
2
3
CO
NHt0tii

029,0121,0242,0PPK 23 CONHp

2A*7%!72 1 ;(.6 2 :7A0*7%!72 10/A()%*7%!7/*,:7A0/.A
52
2 2 C2SO ( ) 2 S(s) 2O K 8,4 10g

128
2 3 C2S(s) 3O (g) 2 SO (g) K 9,8 10

180
12852
CCC322
1082,32
109,8108,4
KKK(g)SO2(g)O(g)2SO

3
C 1 3 1 3 3
2 2 2 2
2 2
NH (0,25) 0,25
K
0,11 (1,91)N H (0,11) (1,91)
0,25
0,00897
0,192

58

59
,( 524
3
,(*3.
*$ , / ,31
7 1= ):(,*6'--

?-:*=-4/2=6 7 1= ) ?-4.-)+..%.-
.;%=(--7,2)-:+..%.-#3= -+2=6
74-: 8%+ ?-:-66=- KC , QC 7 1= )',7-+-
)+..%.-
/)42,45
- ?-:=-4/2=67 1= ) ?-4.-)+..%.-
- ?-(--7,2)-:+..%.- #3= -+2=6
)3#. 0$
08*6 8%+ 7)+'-)1=/= :(-*37%1=)-2=6
2-4%) =6,-4')7.=)/)47(5, III 7(5, II 8%+ )/)4 I2
'$ 5#.
,$3.% 524
3
,(3 *3./)3 5,'

$'''
3)+.-- ?-:=-4/2=6)+..%.--7/-'*/9$8)/
)44 --'*/9$8 8%+ )/)4
8=,*6))7,2=7 1= )'4+-=6,4#=-
:(,*68=%+2=)(-=- QC
3/8-A-) QC 8%+ KC
3*=,,*6'+(52-66 QC 8%+ KC 7 1= ) ?-4.-)
+..%.--18*6
:(,*6'0'-#=-#3= -+7%/=4)+..%.-/ N2 0,249mol H2
3,12x10-2
mol NH3 6,42x10-4
mol : -++ 3,5 #3= 0
C =-4/2=6
74=- 1,2 -=-+..%.-/7/0#3= -+2=6 (51 ?= (51 +..%.-7/
0;-.-:
59
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60
2 2 3N (g) + 3H (g) 2NH (g)
:(,*68=%+2=)
3*=,,*6',71:-)(-=- Qc 8%6,=- Kc 8%+ )
, ?-4=-.-)+..%.-+ ?-7/;-:'(-:'
5!
/

%4

*4 +3$*3.
3:(-*3 9)+.--' ?-,)=-4/= 2=67 1= ):)(-
-7,2)-=-:+..%.-
-,*6 .-%+-%+4)-+'4)4+- +.1

cis-stibene
8%+ trans-stibene:- -%+%-/= ?=/4 */9$-) cis-stibenetrans-stibene
+..%.-#3=)2(+ 3 24
/=-4/= 2=674= - 24 '42=--7,2
) cis-stibene = 0,850mol/L +)(--7,2) 8%+trans-
stibene : -+2=6;8: -- 4 ,7*4-*3=- 1mol )
stibene
7/-1 ) -:( x 8-7,2) trans-stibene #3=
-+2=6 ,=, -7,2) cis-stibene = 0,850- x mol/L 0='--
'+(52;,=/

cis-stibene trans-stibene
-+7%/=4 (M) 0,085 0,00
=68

- x + x
-+2=6 (M) ( 0,085 - x ) + x
71=)A-A-7.-7 /= 0 8%+ 71=)A-%4 A-7.-(52%4
)-7,2#3= -+2=69'--6'44'+8=-4/= 2=6
;,=/

stilbene-cis
stilbene-trans
Ka
M0,816x
x0,850
x
24,00
60

61
71=)*3=-) x 0='--)(--7,2) cis-stilbane 8%+ trans-stibene#3=
-+2=6;

[cis-stilbene] = (0,850-0,816) = 0,034 M
[trans-stibene] = 0,816 M
3:(44#=-)/,=/ -'+'4%+(=- H2 0,500mol 8%+ I2 0,500 mol
,2#3=: -++7(5,-?=/A6 +@- 1L #3= 430o
C.
2H (g) + I2(g) 2 HI(g) KC = 54,3
:(,*68=%+2= ?-(--7,2) H2 I2 8%+ HI #3= -+2=6
8%+ ?-'+7@/ ?-)
3*=,,*6'+(521-18*6
3:(4#=-)/,=/

.-%+-+..%.- H2 + I2, 2 HI '42-
7,27%/=4) H2, I2, 8%+ HI 74= -, 0,00623 M, 0,00414 M 8%+
0,0224 M -% ?-, 4= ?-4.-)+..%.- 8%+)(--
7,2)-8=%+4: -+2=6
:(,*68=%+2=87 1= ))(- ?-) 8%+ '+7@/ ?-)
38%+,*6*=,)(- ?-) 9-)=- 7 1= ) ?-4.-
)+..%.- -,)(--7,2)-8=%+4: -+2=6 x
?-) x /= ;/ =- =-/ 7,;?=;7 -+/=-(5-=--7,2
)-,4 ,=, =-/= 0=7,=-/= 1)
-- ?-+; -7,2#3= -+2=6/,=

[H2]=(0,00623 0,00156)M = 0,00476M
[I2]=(0,00414 0,00156)M = 0,00258M
[HI]=(0,0224x0,00156)M = 0,0255M
3, ?--=--)-)(--7,2)-: -+2=6)*3
),:=)
3 8%+ ,*6*=,'+(52=-

-4#=-, -7.'+8:(7(,=-
'-- ?-(--7,2)-2+.;: -+2=6 8=7*4-
)*3=-4/= 2=6 8%+ -7,27%/=4 ?3,==-1=-/-' ?-
61
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

62
,=(5-?=-)(-+%.-)+%.+ , 7,= -4#=--7/ HI
-+..%.- H2 ,I2 *3=--+..%.-7/'43+/ HI2 x 0,500M=
1M8=+%.-/= 7/4.8=2 x 0,393M= 0,786M (517, 78,6%
, /'3(,/!-% III (Fe3+) /!-% II (Fe2+) 0$ (, (I2)
)2+) 8%+ -7/ ?-?= 2=
/
(
-%+%-7(5, III /$, 0,05 M
-%+%-)-9/))7(5, II 2!, 0,05 M
-%+%-)-9/))/9)/-, 0,5 M
-%+%--%/))7*,-/-47(5, III 0,5 M
?-87,21%
-%+%-)/)4:7)-9%
*$
(5)4%)+@-)
(5)#)
0,5
0,5
0,5
9 (5)
3 ),
$.364
28=-%+%-:-4%),/1

-%+%-7(5, III /$,' 0,05M ?%.- 50cm 9-%+%-
%+%-7(5, III /$, 0,6g : ?-:(;?%.- 50 cm
-%+%-)-9/))7(5, II 2!, 0,05 M 9-%+%-)-9/))
7(5, II 2!, 0,7g : ?-:(;?%.- 50 cm
-%+%-)/)4:7)-9%9%+%-)/)4+- 0,1 g C2H5OH 50 cm
*,'--%+%-/;:1/= /)),/7 1= )),-%+7(/)
C2H5OH
-%+%-)-9/))/9)/-, 0,5M 25cm 9-%+%-)-9/
))/9)/-, 0,95g : ?-:(;?%.- 25cm
62

63
-%+%--%/))7*,-/-47(5, III 0,5 M 25 cm 9-%+%-
-%/))7*,-/-47(5, III 4,1 g : ?-:(;?%.- 25 cm
?-87,2 1% 9-%+%-8 , 0,2 g : ?-7%,)8%
) ?-*)%4+- 25cm 4:(4= 4=-=-8'2
77/!
-%+%-/= 7(51):(*,'-;7 1= )-4%)?=;
$'3,
3:(-*3=--%+%-7(5, III /$, Fe(NO3) /)/)4 Fe3+
8%+
NO3
-
%+%-#3= 8%+ )/)4/= )- .'31 Fe3+
'=-%+%-
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2NH4
+
, Fe2+
8%+ SO4
-
%+%-#3= 8%+ )/)4/)- .'31
Fe +
:(',7'/)-%+%- Fe(NO3) (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 8%+ -%+%-)/
)4=)+..%.-7 1= )66,'/ -(5,+..%.-
'(,
:(,*68=%=+2=8=(5)4%)))7, 2 2%+ (5)
(5)4%)8=%+2 A-7%.:'= 8=
2/ ,2-%+%- Fe(NO3)
2/ ,2-%+%- (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2
2/ ,2-%+%- I2
?-7)4-(5)4%), :2/ ,2-%+%- Fe(NO3) 1=-
%+%- NH4SCN K3[Fe(CN)6] 8%+ ?-8-% ?-, 8%:(,*6',7-
=68 ),,04
?-7)4-(5)4%), :2/ ,2-%=+%- (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2
1=-%+%- NH4SCN K3[Fe(CN)6] 8%+ ?-8 -% ?-, 8%:(
,*6',7-=68 ),,04
?-7)4-(5)4%), :2/ ,2-%+%-)/)4 1=-%+%-
NH4SCN K3[Fe(CN)6]8%+ ?-8 -% ?-, 8%:(,*6',7-
=68 ),,04
63
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

64
,3,

,
-/= 4') -=68/= ',7;71=)1= -%+%-
NH4SCN K3[Fe(CN)6] ?-8
Fe(NO3) -%+%-
=67,'/8'4
-%+%-=6
7,'/ ?--8
6
?=7(,-
=68
(NH4)2Fe(SO4)2 ?=7(,-=68 / 0'/!- -
%+%- -'=
7.?=/'/
?=7(,-
=68
I2 ?=7(,-=68 ?=7(,-
=68
/-%+%-'/!-
7,7/0
$'!-%,
:(,*68=%+2=)+.-%,8% ?-7)4-?'+(52)2=-'+7@/7 1= )
)+.-%,)/, 93)-:( ?-8+ ?-=6,- .-%+-7%1)-/=
+:4%)=- 7%1)-/= :(4-4%),7 0='+(52;,=/

: NH4SCN 4')7.= Fe3+
0=;-'/8'4
: K3[Fe(CN)6] 4')7.= Fe +
0=; 0'/!-
: ?-8 4')7.= I2 0=;-'/!-7, -'/!-7,/)-7(,
7, 0 (51 -1-%+%-0,-7,2) ?-8
% 0$ $/(,
3 .-%+--
-/'=*=),*6:-+) ?-7(, 8%+ -7*,4%)
-847.(, 8%+ -+)'=: -+.,-4%)
-
64

65
5 0$ 04,/(!%
0,05(0,1)
0,2D
50
1
BA
CD
K 2
2
2
2
13552
mol.L107105D105D
CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2
-+7%/=4 1 12 2
mol.L mol.L
4 4
-+2=6 -12 2
mol.L
4 4
x x x
-
2
2
ClCO
COCl
K

xx
x
4
2
4
2
46,1

xx
x
4
2
4
2
46,1

xx
x
4
2
4
2
46,1
1
2
1
1 mol.L0,16xmol.L1,52x
1 1,52 mol/Lx
7,;?=;7 -+/=-'3(5- '3=--7,27%/=4)-,4 ,=,=-
/= 1).=7, 0,16 M '+, -7,2)8=%+-+74= -

-1
2
-1
2
2 2
0,16 0,34 mol/L
4 4
0,16 mol/L
CO Cl x
COCl
-+..%.- PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2 (g)
-+7%/= 4 10,5
mol.L
2
-+2=6 -10,5
x x x mol/L
2
x
2
0,5
xx
0,25
PCl
PClCl
K
5
32
0,36x
-7,:2) PCl3 8%+ Cl2 74= -, 74= - 0,36 M
65
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

66
-7,:2) PCl5 = 0,25- 0,36 = 0,09 M
-
PCl5(g) PCl3(g) + Cl2(g)
-+7%/=4 MM
2
2,0
2
5,0
-+2=6
2
0,2
xxx
2
0,5
2 3
5
0,2
x(xCl PCl 2K 0,25
0,5PCl x
2
30,1xPCl0,13x 3
PCl5 M
2
0,5
+784 0,13 M
'=*)-84) PCl5
%52
2
5,0
10013,0
PCl5 /= ,7(51)
0,5
0,13 0,12M
2
'-) PCl5 = 0,12x(31+137,5 = 25,02g
=-4/= 2=6)+..%.-7//9$/5?$4 (Nitrosyl chloride) -/$.
)4. ,5?-'44

22NO(g) + Cl (g) 2 NOCl(g)
/=-4/2=6 6,5x104
#3= 35 C -'44/ NO 10-2
mol Cl28,3x10-3
mol
8%+ NOCl 6,8 mol : -'++ 2L 4= ?-4.--7/+..%.-,==-
7
322
2
0
2
0
C 1078.2
103,8)100,2(
)8,6(
ClNO
NOCl
Q
66

67
III Fe(SCN)3
FeSCN
FeSCN
2 3
(aq) aq (aq)FeSCN Fe SCN
KC
2 2 3N (g) 3H (g) 2NH (g)
67
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

68
2,37x10-3
[N2]
=0,683M, [H2] = 8,80M, [NH3] = 1,05M [NH3]
3,65 M
QC KC
4.2
RT
V
n
PnRTPV
2 4 2N O (g) 2NO (g)
n/V
Qc
Kc
68

69
4.
2 4 2N O (g) 2NO (g)
0
2 4 2heat N H 2NO ΔH 58,0kJ/mol ( H 0)
0
2 4 2N H 2NO heat ΔH 58,0kJ/mol ( H 0)
2 2 -
4 2 2 6CoCl 6H O CO(H O) 4 Cl
69
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

70
III 0,05M
0,5 M
0,05 M
50cm
1cm
1cm
0,5cm
2cm
4
3
1
1
1
III
0,05 M 50cm
0,35g 50cm
Fe(NO3) + NH4SCN
Fe(NO3) + NH4SCN +
Fe(NO3)
Fe(NO3) + NH4SCN+ NH4SCN
70

71
Fe(NO3) + NH4SCN+Na2HPO4
Fe(NO3) 1cm NH4SCN1cm
Fe(NO3)
NH4SCN
Na2HPO4
Fe3+
Fe(NO3) SCN NH4SCN
FeSCN
Fe3+
Fe3+
FeSCN
SCN
SCN
FeSCN
71
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

72
Na2HPO4 HPO4
Fe3+
FePO4 HPO4
Fe3+
FeSCN Fe3+
SCN
2NO2 N2O4
CH2=CH2 + Cl2 CH2Cl-CH2Cl
2
2
2 2
2 3 2 2 6 2
( ) (0,4) 0,16
( ) ( ) (2,1 10 ) (1,1 10 ) 4,41 10 1,1 10
No
p
No O
P
Q
P P
6
8
0,16
3,3 10
4,851 10
72

73
Qp Kp
SO3
O2
SO3
SO2
SO3
CO2 H2CO3
CO2
CO
CO
CO
H H
H
C2H6 C2H4
NO NO
NO
NO O2
PbNO3 Pb2
NO3
Pb2
Pb2
73
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

74
H+
PbSO4 HSO4
-
HCl(aq) H+
H+
OH-
OH-
OH-
Fe3+
PbCl2
AgNO3 Ag+
Ag+
Ag+
Cl-
AgCl
Cl-
Cl-
Pb2+
Fe(OH)3
NO + SO3 NO2 + SO2
0,2 0,01 0,5 0,4M
3
22
SONO
SONO
K
100
01,02,0
4,05,0
K
NO2 0,1
NO + SO3 NO2 + SO2
0,2 0,01 0,5 0,4M
0,1
x0,4x0,10,5x0,01x0,2
K
1
mol.L0,12x
x)x)(0,01(0,2
x)0,4(x)0,1(0,5
001
NO= 0,2+0,12 = 0,32 M
SO3 = 0,01+0,12 = 0,13 M
NO2= 0,5+0,1-0,12 = 0,48 M
SO2= 0,4-0,12 = 0,28 M
74

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%(#+% +' (

,! )
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8,3 cm3
CH3COOH 5,9 cm3
HN3 6,7 cm3
, NaCl 5,8g KNO3 10,1g, CH3COONa 8,2g,
NH4Cl 5,3g, NaOH 4g, KOH 5,6g, C2H5OH (90%) 50 cm3
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,

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76

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3 3
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HBr(g) + H O(l) H O (aq) + Br (aq)
+ -
2 3
+ -
2 2 3
HCN(g)+H O(l) H O (aq) + CN (aq)
H S(g) + H O(l) H O (aq) + HS (aq)
78

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HSO4
-
9.+/0/$0)-1++/91+5)9/-(/'-'/@?/:'?(:
6(*? H+
90'($6(.@?/=? H3O+
.
HSO4
-
9.+/0/$0)-1+91)9 '/('19/-(/*? H+
: H2O.
H2O 9.+/0/$0)-1+91)9 '/('19/-(/,. H+
/ HSO4
-
H2S 9.+/0/$0)-1++/91+5)9/-(/'-'/@?/:'?(:6(
*? H+
90'($6(.@?/=? H3O+
.
H2S 9.+/0/$0)-1+91)9 '/('19/-(/*? H+
: H2O.
H2O 9.+/0/$0)-1+91)9 '/('19/-(/,.H+
/H2S.
H2O 9.+/0/$0)-1+91)9 '/('19/-(/*? H+
:
CH3COO-
.
85
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CH3COO-
9.+/0/$0)-1+91)9 '/('19/-(/,. H+
/
H2O.
) CH3COOH 9.+/0/$0)-1+91)9 '/('19/-(/*? H+
:
OH-
.
OH-
9.+/0/$0)-1+91)9 '/('19/-(/,.H+
/CH3COOH.
1
5
)6$ 61)-:(/HPO4
2-
9..+/0:'-/91=?.1?
9$3+)-:4'.)--9.+/0
2- - 3-
4 4 2HPO (aq) + OH (aq) PO (aq) + H O(l)
9$3+)-:4'.)--9.+/0
2- + -
4 2 4HPO (aq) + H (aq) H PO (aq)
)6$ 61)-:(/H2O9..+/0:'-/91=?.1?
9$3+)-:4'.)--9.+/0
2- - -
2 4 4H O(l) + SO (aq) HSO (aq) + OH (aq)
9$3+)-:4'.)--9.+/0
- + 2-
2 4 3 4H O(l) + HSO (aq) + H O (aq) + SO (aq)
1
5
+/0/;0
+ -
2 3 2 3 3H CO (aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + HCO (aq)
+/0 /91 +/0
/91
+/05#591
+ -
2 3 2 3 3H SO (aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + HSO (aq)
+/0 /91
+/0
/91
86

+/0#@$0
+ -
2 3HCOOH(aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + HCOO (aq)
+/0 /91
+/0
/91
+/07@,10
+ -
2 3HCOOH(aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + HCOO (aq)
+/0 /91
+/0
/91
1
5
5/91+HIO4:$IO4
5/91+H2PO4
-
:$HPO4
2-
5/91+HSO3
-
:$SO3
2-
5/91+NH4
+
:$NH3
1
5
5+/0+HPO4
2-
:$H PO4
-
5+/0+CO3
2-
:$HCO3
-
5+/0+HS-
:$ H2S
5+/0+OH-
:$H2O
1
5
- -
3 3 3 2 3HNO + HCO NO + H CO
- - 2-
4 4 2HSO + OH SO + H O
+ -
4 3 3 2 3NH + HCO NH + H CO
1
5
+ +
4 2 3 3NH (aq) + H O(l) NH (aq)+ H O (aq)
+/0/91
87
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- -
2 2HS (aq) + H O(l) H S(aq)+ OH (aq)
+/0/91
3- 2- -
4 2 4PO (aq) + H O(l) HPO (aq)+ OH (aq)
$
(CH3)2NH 9./919/-*?59+9'.693+)?/.-.(AlCl3 )(
(AlCl3 9.+/09/-,.59+9'.6
$
NH4
+
/NH3
$
HS-
H2S
88

)

$,

)
$% , $+
()
8!2=*;)-+7(.#.
*,/..95'**./9+ .809+ *./*=* 9, .80*=*
!*#-7(5#5.95'8-*0*5
*).'.#8-#3**0*5;.,.*./9+9,.809+
*).'.#8-#3**0*5;.,.8#2=*+4=.50=.95'**.
/9,.80
*).(='+**.95'**./9+9,.809+
*).=.50=.95'8-*0*5**./9+9,.809+
*,/.'.#A.**./:#::%/ *./0:%/9,*./:!0
:%/!*#-7(5#5.95'8-*0*5
+'/ -)/0
*./9+ 9, .809+8-.'/8.,.9+(,-*./9+
9,.809+95')6.)61$=.(5#41=80,///..@.$=.7'
*./*=* 9, .80*=* 8#2=*,.;?.95'8-*0*5*
.95'**./*=* 9, .80*=*8-.=790=0-
'.

$!*

$
1#9+78#0(.#

9,8*,(.=7'*

%

0$

$!*

$
89
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)$

(.

.*

#

$,

)
$%,!,$+,!
4'2'.#+4=7'-*./ .80
4*,/.;)-+785.;!2.**./9+ .809+ *./*=*
9, .80*=*
49=-+7**8-3=#.#'.#8A.,(5#
4;)-+75'.$4=1#9+79,8*,(.0==7'*
4-?..#
.95'**./9+9,.809+8-9'; !*#-7(5#5
.95'9,55'$=../='.#8-#3*.,. 9, **0*50=
95'
4;)9=,3=#..
4+='#-+7(,)63.,*7.#1#9+7
)$

(.

.*

#

$,

)
$% .
49=-+7**8-3=#.#'.#8A.,(5#
4;)-+75'.$4=1#9+79,8*,(.0==7'*
4-?..#
.95'**./*=*8-9'; !*#-7(5#5 .95'
9,55'$=../='.#8-#3*.,.
4;)9=,3=#..
4+='#-+7(,)63.,*7.#1#9+7
)$

(.

.*

#

$,

)
$+ .
49=-+7**8-3=#.#'.#8A.,(5#
90

4;)-+75'.$4=1#9+7 9, 8*,(.0==7'*
4-?..#
.95'*.80*=*8-9'; !*#-7(5#5 .95'
9, 55'$=../='.#8-#3**0*5;.,.
4;)9=,3=#..
4+='#-+7(,)63.,*7.#1#9+7
#,+)
4!/.,..
'.#(5;*-+7
.,*?./8)-9,*?..#0=2*
.*?..# .955'$=. 9, 58 /)-
0$$ , ,

/)+%

#
*./9+ HCl, HCIO4 9, HI
*./*=* HNO2, H2CO3, HF, CH3COOH,H2S, HCN
*).'.#8-#3*.,. HX -=0
3
3
3
1mol HBr
HX = 0,2mol/dm
5 dm
HX= 0,2mol/dm
.,.#0'.#8-#3 0,2 mol/dm3
, HX8 -*./9+8#2=*,.;?.
95'8-*0*5A5-=(5#5
+ -
2 3HX(aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + X (aq)
91
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.(5#5 HX 1 :#95';) H3O+
9, X-
$=., :#-=-.
,. HX 1=#0'.#8-#30,2 mol/dm3
,#0 H3O+
9, X-
$=.,
0,2 mol/dm3
).
0,2mol/dm3
HNO3 8-*./9+8#2=*,.;?.95'8-*0*5A5-=(5#5
+ -
3 2 3 3HNO (aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + NO (aq)
*).?.':#HNO3;.,. 100 cm3
3
3
3 3 3
3
0,5mol 1dm
HNO = x100 cm x
1 dm 1000 cm
HNO = 0,05mol
.,.*./0%/ HNO3 #0'.#8-#3 0,5mol/dm3
;,/#.
100cm3
,#0*0*5+0:%0**# 0,05mol 8#2=*2=#?.5;),/#.8-
500cm3
.,.*0*5+0:%0**#$4= 0,05mol
1 1 2 2
2
2
C V = C V
0,05×100 = C ×600
5
C 0,008 mol/L
600
.,.0=2=#?.5;),/#.8- 500 cm3
?/#.'#8- mL #0
'.#8-#3**0*5+0:%0**#$4= 0,008 mol/L
0,05mol 9, 0,0 1mol/dm3
*).'.#8-#3* (NaOH -=0
3
3 3
3
1mol 1000cm
NaOH = x
500 cm 1dm
NaOH= 2mol/dm
92

.,.#0'.#8-#32 mol/dm3
, NaOH8-.809+8#2=*,.;?.
95'8-*0*5A5-=(5#5
2H O + -
NaOH(aq) Na (aq) + OH (aq)
.(5#5NaoH 1 :#95';) Na+
9, H-
$=., :#-=-.
,.NaOH #0'.#8-#32 mol/dm3
,#0 Na+
9, OH-
$=., 2 mol/dm3
).
2 mol/dm3
*).?.':# M(OH)2 ;.,.500cm3
3
3
2 3 3
0,2mol 1dm
M(OH) = x500 cm x 0,1
1 dm 1000 cm
mol
M(OH)2 8-.809+8#2=*,.;?.95'8-*0*5A5-=(5#5
+ -
2 2M(OH) (aq) + H O(l) M (aq) + 2OH (aq)
.,. M(OH)2 1mol 95';) (OH-
2mol
8#2=*.,. M(OH)2 0,1mol 95';) (OH-
2x0,1= 0,2 mol A.
'.#'=..,. M(OH)2; .,. 500 cm3
#0 (OH-
,.$4=0,2mol
8#2=*2=#?.5;),/#.8- 750cm3
;.,.-5#0 (OH-
0,2mol
*).'.#8-#3***0*5(OH-
-=0
3
- 3
3 3
0,2mol 1000cm
[OH ] = x 0,27mol/dm
750 cm 1dm
.,.0=2=#?.5;),/#.8-750cm3
#0'.#8-#3*(OH-
0,27mol/dm3
0,2mol 9, 0,27mol/dm3
93
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*).'.#8-#3* (H3O+
-=0
.(='+*.95'
3
+ 3
3 3
+ 3
3
1,5mol/dm
H O = x2mol/dm
100 mol/dm
H O = 0,03mol/dm
.,.*./ HA 8-#3 2mol/dm3
#0'.#8-#3* (H3O+
0,03mol/dm3
0,03mol/dm3

*./ H2S 95'5'
-2
+ - -7
2 2 3 a1
- + 2- -13
2 3 a2
H S(aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + HS (aq) k =1,1x10
HS (aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + S (aq) k =1,3x10
.=.ka1=1,1x10-7
9, ka2=1,3x10-13
+49''=.-0= 95'8-*0*5
)6.'=.-0=
9, .95'-
-8+-;)80 (H3O+
-=-8#2=*77
'.#8-#3**0*5.,.,-=0
[H3O+
][HS-
][S2-
]
[H3O+
][HS-
][S2-
]
!/.,..,.-(*#0'.#8-#3 1mol/dm3
85=.-9,'.#8-#3
* (H3O+
;.,.*./ CH3COOH )6.'=.*./ HCN 8!.,'=.=. ka
* CH3COOH (4'=.=. kaHCN 105
85=.
(5##3;)*./*.8/95'8-*0*5a mol/dm3
(5#5
+ -
2 3HCOOH(aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + HCOO (aq)
'.#8-#380=#5 (mol/dm3
'.#8-#3;!.',3==7 ( mol/dm3
94

-
3
a
-4
H O+ HCOO
k =
HCOOH
a a
1,8×10
0,2-a
82=*.'=.=. ka #0=.*)6.8#2=*7- 0,2mol/L (,- a 1=#0=.*
)6. 9, (a-0,2) 1=#0=.;7- 0,2 0=(3-=-(.#./=-=0
2 -4
2 -4
-4
-2
a =0,2×1,8×10
a =0,36×10
a= 0,3610
a=0,6×10 mol/L
*./ HCOOH 0,2 mol/l #0 H3O+
= 0,6x10-2
mol/L
-2*./ HCOOH 0,2 mol/L 95'8-*0*5 0,6 x 10-2
mol/L (,-(='
+*.95'-=0
3
3
0,006mol/dm
HCOOH = x100=3%
0,2mol/dm
95
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+(
.
+-%(+
43
*$ +
=7C/@.D20-3(3
#/,3(-E32/C3:!5C3:,/ED3 ,3(=2D(8D/05?*5
//(2#/5/:05*:4@ED3#E+4-8)9C/8.19( 25˚C AD
/1!4#3%:3+:#,3,18C/ED3=(7C/7C(/34 .;7 #3=5 +:@ED3
AD
#/,3(=2D(8D/05?*5//( .;7 /5/:05*:4@!3+1+3/34.;7
!3+1+3#3=5
/.3,3(=2D(8D/05?*5//( .;7 /5/:05*:4@ED3=(7C/7C(/34 .;7
#3=5 +:@ED3AD
-)30+34
ED3#E+4-8=$2!3,4=31A''D3/C/=7C/3,C33:,/ED3
#E+4-8ADFD/.;3
ED3#E+4-8:,@.D/5/:05?*5//(+1/5/:05*:4
ED3#E+4-8)9C@/8.19(-92E3A''D3AD5,C3)9C/8.19(EC3
C3kw)9C/8.19( 25˚C (5C3=!:C32# 1,0x10-14
mol2
/dm6
C3kw)9C/8.19( 60˚C (5C3=!:C32# 9,5x10-14
mol2
/dm6
ED3#E+4-8)9C/8.19(25˚C(5,3(=2D(8D//5/:05?*5//(=!:C32#
,3(=2D(8D//5/:05*:4=1,0x10-7
mol/dm3
96

)2
#,
=/1-3!5CC,D/
$6D(##0,53=(5(
*$
.$ -

( 42
*2
-

(
ED32C
*$
8=7C/,-/#32E3A''D3
-3A'
=7C/(5?*/E3$ (0-100 μA)

.;/!:+/1F33
=7C/,2!/8.19(
#5=51F3100cm3
1=.;:D3 D/(2#%C#2D+:(
100 cm3
8
=-2D
=7C/
.;/
/2
/2
.;/
'$
4
#,
+$
*2
2,
%
+
%
413
434' *
9@.D,3(09D= 43:,/ED3=7C/@.D1-A''D3+C%C3
'$
4
%
413
434' *
9#C20//=$28C(3(,3(=G31-:(
9@.D20:D,D3)9C$6D(##0+1=/1-3!5CC,D/
,2
53
,-/#=7C/,2!A''D3 +1 =7C/(5?*/E3$ μA .;7 (5?*/E3$ )9C
@@D-13#AD5
97
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$'
2
+
=(7C/8C(+,:,2E3A''D3+:@ED3-2=,3(08CD/.;/A'+1
/C3C31-A''D3@11!5C(5C3-9-83=2D()9CFD3$2/=7C/,2 (5
?*/E3$
3!:+/5D@D%:+:#+12#A''D3$1(3 3V C3A'-3
D/
91E3@.D20-2=3$C$@11=023!:+/)C3+1
/+1#2!6%:
92DE3 3(
ED3#E+4-8-3(32E3A''D3=$2,@ :C-:(%:3:, =$2
/5/:/ED3
32E3A''D3/ED3#E+4-8)9C/8C.19(-92#/8C.19(EC3C32,@
9@.DC+18C(+33
+
+
!3 32E3A''D3
,2D,=7C/,-/#3
2E3A''D314!5C(5.;/
A'
,2D,(5?*/E3$
μA
ED32C!5C/8.19(.D/
ED32C!5C/8.19( 60-70˚C
.;/A'#EC08C
.;/A'#EC08C
40
9@.DC+18C(/1!4#3%:3!:+/+D,E3.3ED-1.;8#0C,(2=7C/@.D
ADED-1.;8#2C5D
=(7C/@D=7C/,-/#32E3A''D3(3,232E3A''D3/ED3
98

2C$3:,C3.;/A'#EC08CC D3@D(5?*/E3$(3!:-/#=.2,C3 ED32C2E3A''D3
AD-1,C3ED32E3A''D3ADD/.;3 =02@.D/A'#EC-3(308CAD
ED32C2E3A''D3AD.;36D=(7C//8.19(-96D
43.$4-(2-(
C3:!5C3:,/ED3)9C/8.19(C3B2C5D
/8.19( ˚C kw

.$4

)
2,.

-%3*3
(+
#(/( .$ (+
#(
+
'043
91E37C,2#3:,/ED3 +1 3E3,3 Kw
9#C20//=$28C(3(,3(=G31-:(
9@.D20:D,D3)9C$6D(##0+1=/1-3!5CC,D/
92DE3 3(
ED3#E+4-8)9C/8.19( 25˚C (5/5/:05?*5//( +1 /5/:05*:4=!:C32
99
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2# 1,0x10-7
mol/dm3
D37C(/34.;7#3=5+:@ED3,3(=2D(8D//5/:!2-/@
!3+1+3+,(!23,18C/ED31$C$,@
9@.DC+8C(+33
90C,(20-1.;8#+3+1/3($6D(##0
%.$$-(+
943+133
3(5-C,0C,(/20@3!:+/
,3(-:@/20
3$1/#E34=.2+1/#E3 3(!5C 7D/

4 .$ .
3+-'
!%
!3+1+3
,3(=2D(8D ,3(=$2/34+1#3=5
/!3+1+3
H3O+
OH-
A
B
C
D
E
2,0X10-5
1,0x10-12
….
5,0XX10-7
1,0X10-9
…1,0x10-10
.
…0,5x10-9
.
1,0X10-2
0,2x10-7
.
1,0x10-5
1,0X10-4
……/34…………
……#3=5……………
……/34……………
……#3=5……………
……#3=5……………
/.3E3,?(+/ HCl @=7C/A(3 32C5D
3
3
1mol
HCl = x1,2dm 0,05mol
22,4dm
100

!3+1+3 500cm3
(53- HCl(g) +1+3)9C 5 mol,
/.3,3(=2D(8D/!3+1+3 NaCl
3
3
3 3
0,05mol 1000cm
HCl = x = 0,1mol/dm
500dm 1dm
HCl =$2/340=(7C/+1+3@ED3:,=$2/5/:ADG:2C-:(%:
+ -
2 3HCl(aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + Cl (aq)
2C2D!3+1+3HCl mol/dm3
, :,@.D H3O+
+1 Cl-
)C3+1
mol/dm3
:C/.3,3(=2D(8D/ OH-
@!3+1+3
+ - -14 6
3
-14 6
-
+
3
-14 6
-
3
- -13 3
H O OH =1,0x10 mol/dm
1,0x10 mol/dm
OH =
H O
1,0x10 mol/dm
OH =
0,1mol/dm
OH 1,0x10 mol/dm
!3+1+3 HCl 500cm3
(5,3(=2D(8D/ H3O+
0,1x10-1
mol/dm3
+1
OH-
1,0x10-13
mol/dm3
/.3,3(=2D(8D/(NaOH 2C5D
3
3 3
3
0,01mol 1000cm
NaOH = x
500 cm 1dm
NaOH= 0,02mol/dm
!3+1+3(5,3(=2D(8D 2 mol/dm3
, NaOH=$2#3=50=(7C/+1+3@
ED3:,=$2/5/:ADG:2C-:(%:
2H O + -
NaOH(aq) Na (aq) + OH (aq)
101
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

2C2D!3+1+3NaOH 2 mol/dm3
, :,@.D Na+
+1 H-
)C3+1
2 mol/dm3
:C/.3,3(=2D(8D/ H3O+
@!3+1+3
+ - -14 6
3
-14 6
+
3 -
-14 6
+
3 3
+ -13 3
3
H O OH =1,0x10 mol/dm
1,0x10 mol/dm
H O =
OH
1,0x10 mol/dm
H O =
0,02mol/dm
H O 1,0x10 mol/dm
!3+1+33*5//(05*:4500cm3
(5,3(=2D(8D/H3O+
5,0x10-13
mol/dm3

@D-9
1 1 2 2
-2
CV=C V +C V
0,01×10+0,01×100
C= =0,018mol/L
110
= 1,8 10 /mol L
HCl =$2/340=(7C/+1+3@ED3:,=$2/5/:ADG:2C-:(%:
+ -
2 3HCl(aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + Cl (aq)
2C2D!3+1+3 HCl1,8x10-2
mol/dm3
, :,@.D H3O+
+1 Cl-
)C3+1
1,8x10-2
mol/dm3
:C/.3,3(=2D(8D/OH-
@!3+1+3
+ - -14 6
3
-14 6
-
-2 3
- -13 3
H O OH =1,0x10 mol/dm
1,0x10 mol/dm
OH =
1,8x10 mol/dm
OH 5,5x10 mol/dm
!3+1+3 HCl 110 cm3
(5,3(=2D(8D/ H3O+
1,8x10-2
mol/dm3
+1
OH-
1,5x10-13
mol/dm3
102

:C/.3,3(=2D(8D/OH-
@!3+1+3
+ - -14 6
3
-14 6
-
+
3
-14 6
-10 3
-4 3
H O OH =1,0x10 mol/dm
1,0x10 mol/dm
OH =
H O
1,0x10 mol/dm
= 1,0x10 mol/dm
1,0x10 mol/dm
:C/.3,3(=2D(8D/H3O+
@!3+1+3
+ - -14 6
3
-14 6
+
3 -
-14 6
+
3 -3 3
+ -11 3
3
H O OH =1,0x10 mol/dm
1,0x10 mol/dm
H O =
OH
1,0x10 mol/dm
H O =
1,0x10 mol/dm
H O 1,0x10 mol/dm
103
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

(% pH

#!#
'!(

9#3+*?.,8)/$/
+(/$)@/#.'-*(/ pH .(/$9.?$4?++1+6,1;1++$=?
+*// pH +/'-'/9$3+,5?(/$9.?$4?++1+6,1;1++$:'-
(/$9.?$4?++1+6,160=?
'-4(/$9 .+/0:'-/91=?9$3+,5?/ pH=?
+4'.)--+/%/$)1)@/'.+/0:'-/91
+-0/9*!619,.*?/%/$)1 8)1=?
+(/$)@/.+pH+/'-'/1(0 -@/(.:'-)01$11(0
=?
*/,(/0
(/$9.?$4?+ H3O+
/'-'/9 .9+(/$9 .+/0
:'-/91+/'-'/90@/6*? pH $1/96/. -logH3O+
!6/0='-
=?/6(9'1@.?+:'-)-(/@/?
/'-'/+/0$1/pH*7/(/1,0x10-7
mol/dm3
*73@/(/
/'-
'//91$1/ pH?+(/1,0x10-7
mol/dm3
*73 )5(/
)(/'-'/9 ./$1
/pH96/1,0x10-7
mol/dm3
*7396/
!65+ H3O+
. OH-
9 ./6196/.1,0x10-14
%5+4*-#5$ 25˚C
..?/'-'/1$1 H3O+
*7/-$1 OH-
?+:'-/'-'/1$1 H3O+
?+
-$1 OH-
*7/
pH +/'-'/$1/@/(/ *73 )5(/ @=?
/%/$)1:'--0 8)1=?( pH 1$1/)-9#/-:'-:/.
104

6-09'3+$1 pH=7,35-7,45 ?/ 8: 9'.?+3 (0,10) ,//6)-
#/ 60
@?/6$1 pH = 5,5-6,0 @?/ - /$1 PH=6,5-8,0, @?/-9'$1 pH=7,8-8,2
;6(= @?/6$1(/$9 .+/0#89'.?+3 pH = 5,5-6,0 :?/#3?11$1;,
/+4)/*-@/@?/6+/$1 pH @/93+/+//$1/) CO2, SO2, NO, NO2
9$3+66'6$//)9*76/191 -00'0/.@?/6
. # ) #
2?$:,8:'-9+-)/18(?+
$
! 0# # ) #
(!# '. .) #$-..# pH
5*?(/$,5?#3?/8(. pH, (/$A/+ pH :'- /+*//
pH, p H
5:.,8++9 .4$/$(/$9A/-)6$
5*?.,86?(?/%5 2?$:,8:'-9+-)/18(?+
5.?@//$
$1/ pH 96/29 .'.)--9 ./ 9 .+/0:'-9 ./91
5*?:'-4$'//
5,($.,8)-*74'/'-+8/$ 2?$:,8
(!# '. .) #0#,/.# pH

#!##$+!#*%
##%

#!##$+!#*%
5+-0//@/?9?'0$. :'- 93+(.: pH 16+90
(/$9 .+/02 :'- /91+/'-'/
5:.,8++9 .4$/$(/$9A/-)6$
5*?.,86?(?/%5 2?$:,8:'-9+-)/18(?+
105
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

5.?@//$
/%/$)1(*?9,6/,5?*.:
5*?:'-4$'//
5,($.,8)-*74'/'-+8/$ 2?$:,8
#!##$#*%,%$!
0#+!,$.

%.%%$
5:.,8++9 .4$/$(/$9A/-)6$
5*?.,86?(?/%5 2?$:,8:'-9+-)/18(?+
5.?@//$
/'-'/+/0/911(0 -@/(.:'-)01$11(0$1 -;**.
:
5*?:'-4$'//
5,($.,8)-*74'/'-+8/$ 2?$:,8
+!!*%(
5#0/'-//
(/$)6+.,8
/ -+@/09*.:'-+@//$13?+
0## +! + /(*$
1. KOH 9 ./91:,:6(=?A6 /'-'/ KOH0,05 mol/dm3
2:
6(*? OH-
0,05mol/dm3
+*/(/$9.?$4?+H3O+
/'-'/
+ - -14 6
3
-14 6
+
3 3
+ -13 3
3
H O OH =1,0x10 mol/dm
1,0x10 mol/dm
H O =
0,05mol/dm
H O 2x10 mol/dm
106

+ pH +/'-'/ KOH
+
3
-13
pH = -log[H O ]
pH = -log(2x10 )
pH = 12,7
/'-'/ KOH 9.?$4?0,05mol/dm3
$1 pH = 12,7
2.
/'-'/+/0 HX 9.?$4? 0,01mol/dm3
:6(9 .+1+6 3% =?
3
3
3
-4 3
3mol/dm
= x0,01mol/dm
100mol/dm
=3x10 mol/dm
)-:(/+/0 HX 9.?$4?0,01mol/dm3
:6(*? H3O+
3x10-4
mol/dm3
+
3
-4
pH = -log[H O ]
pH = -log(3x10 )
pH = 3,5
/'-'/+/0HX9.?$4?0,01mol/dm3
:6(9 .+1+6 3% $1pH

3.
/'-'/ NaOH $1 pH=9 $1(/$9.?$4?+ H3O+
96/. 10-9
mol/dm3
)-
.? OH-
+ - -14 6
3
-14 6
-
+
3
-14 6
-
-9 3
- -5 3
H O OH =1,0x10 mol/dm
1,0x10 mol/dm
OH =
H O
1,0x10 mol/dm
OH =
10 mol/dm
OH 1,1x10 mol/dm
/'-'/NaOH9 ./91:$1(/$9.?$4? 1,1x10-5
mol/dm3
107
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

4. +*/@/(;$'+/'-'/ NaOH 9.?$4?0,1mol/dm3
@/(10 cm3
3 3
3
3 3
0,1mol/dm 1dm
= x10cm x
1dm 1000cm
=0,001mol
3$@?/*?=? -'0$/ 500cm3
$1 NaOH '-'/%5 0,001 mol
(/$9.?$4?+/'-'/NaOH1?
3
3 3
3
0,001mol 1000cm
NaOH = x
500cm 1dm
NaOH =0,002mol/dm
9 ./91:,:6(9 .+1+6=?A6.)6$!6
2H O + -
NaOH(aq) Na (aq) + OH (aq)
/'-'/ NaOH 9.?$4?0,002mol/dm3
$1(OH-
0,002mol/dm3
+*/(/$9.?$4?+H3O+
/'-'/
+ - -14 6
3
-14 6
+
3 -
-14 6
+
3 3
+ -12 3
3
H O OH =1,0x10 mol/dm
1,0x10 mol/dm
H O =
OH
1,0x10 mol/dm
H O =
0,002mol/dm
H O 5x10 mol/dm
+ pH +/'-'/
+
3
-12
pH = -log[H O ]
pH = -log(5x10 )
pH = 11,30
/'-'/ $1 (OH-
0,002 mol/dm3
:'- $1 pH = 1 ,30
108

,( $'
''
'0$/(
;*)1 8A*=
*$ ,
;$5A-,B0.:+11
-/2 11;3!/22)21)/,*A1-120 1;3 )/ !/22)21)/,*A1
-12,95 1;30 1-5A?B
-/2 1*1E1-;5-)/*231:;5-1!/22)21)/,*A1-12
0 1;3 )/!/22)21)/,*A1-12,95 1;30 1-5A?B
-/2 1*1E1-!/22)21!3B0 !/22)21.3=()2;3$B-0:+8
8?B
-?B*A1;5-/2;3!/22)21.3=()2;3$B-0 -*1;!0-1
2 1;3-1)/)1;5-/20B?B
-*1E1-1(31 1)/)111 )/ 6'62?B
/)52,56
!/22)21)/,*A1-12 )/ 1;3
!/22)21)/,*A1-12 ,95 1;30 1 1/2

)4
#.
/

( 0$ *$
$'
''$!4
' 0$ /(
109
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

*$
0$ /

( 64
*4
/

(
1)/)1 H2SO4 ;0B6B2 mol/dm3
1)/)1 Ba(OH)2 ;0B6B 0,1mol/dm3
1)/)1 KOH ;0B6B 0,1mol/dm3
1'1+3'73;*3-)
*$
,9-8)-/D1B-
AB*8
0B.A1/D11 cm3
,9-'-

2;3/D1

cm3
6;5A-*+- 10C1?%%B1
10B$B--00 ,9-8)-
40 cm3
20 cm3
20 cm3
C1* '-
,9-
-0
-0
,9-
-0
6
6
/

( 0$ *$
$'
''$!4
'!-)/(
%
$
$'
*$
0$ /

( 64
*4
/

(
,3-A-,95,3!7/D1;8A1;08*:* -1B
;!5-,-,95;!5-?A?B
1)/)1HCl ;0B6B1,0 mol/dm3
1)/)1NaOH;0B6B1,0 mol/dm3
1)/)1-3-8;,90+19C(8*1,0 mol/dm3

CB1!7+
*$
;0
5 cm3
3 cm3
3 cm3
5 cm3
110

,9-8)-/D11
-'1$B-,9-C11+1*15 cm
B*/; 5B-3;+0BA11
cm
*-

;BA-3;+0BA11 1 cm
/:;,98B1 $B--00 ,9-8)-
,9-
6
-0
-0
A
6
/

( 0$ *$
$'
''#(1(/(
*$
0$ /

( 64
*4
/

(
1)/)1 NaCl ;0B6B 0,1 mol/dm3
1)/)1 NH4Cl ;0B6B 0,1 mol/dm3
1)/)1 CH3COONa ;0B6B 0,1 mol/dm3
1'1+3'73;*3-)
*$
,9-8)-/D1B-
0B.1/D110 m3
,95,9-0'1/D110 cm3
,9-'-
'-
'-
'-
'-
,9-
-0
-0
/

( 0$ *$
('/(
*$
0$ /

( 64
*4
/

(
1)/)1 HCl ;0B6B0,1 mol/dm3
1)/)1NaOH ;0B6B0,1mol/dm3
;B1'1+3'73;*3-) ;BpH
30 cm3
50 cm3
-0
111
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

%3-)1%1)3
*$
!3;!/D1 1 cm3
2*;(/D1 5 cm3
*.7 */D1 10 cm3
3;3/D11 cm3

,9-'-
10B$B-0 -00 ,9-8)-
)7'1 +C1)0 +*!3;!
C1* '-
-0
-0
-0
-0
-0
6
-0
'$
6
#.
,
*4
4.
%
/
($'
''$!4
'*+'
%#(,
'(
7 A0.:--;!06A1*1;E1/+8
7,B0.:8B*B1'7A!4B .:)/;-/+13AA:*B-
.54
75
:1)/)1 Ba(OH)2 ;0B6B0,1mol/dm3
C1* 500cm3
=B
Ba(OH)2 8H2O15,7g )/)1CB1.B-3A8B?)A1+ CO2 8?B1)/)1!/)21
500 cm3
,9010BA-+A*!2#10B?*B,B08$4)B*)2A1)/)1+A*3A+
--1B
:1)/)1 H2SO4 ;0B6B 2 mol/dm3
C1* 250 cm3
=B H2SO4
;0B6B 18 mol/dm3
C1*28 cm3
)2A)8+ACB1!/1 200 cm3
B1@$B-0 8
/,9-;*)10B?*B,B;'0)B*5ACB1,B?B!/)21250 cm3
112

H2SO4
H2SO4
H2SO4 Ba(OH)2
+ -
2 4 2 3 4
- + 2-
4 2 3 4
H SO (aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + HSO (aq)
HSO (aq) + H O(l) H O (aq) + SO (aq)
2+ -
2 2Ba(OH) (aq) + H O(l) Ba (aq) + 2OH (aq)
BaSO4)
2+ 2-
4 4Ba (aq) + SO (aq) BaSO (s)
113
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

//:*0-3-8.3=(3--/)*8*0 -3-8.3(83)1;!0=;)6)
-CB10A+88
+ -
3 2H O (aq) + OH (aq) 2H O(l)
1)/)1-126%7(2)/1)/)1 1(3--.3(82;3!/22)21C1
0$C30B63B;!063A-?%%B1 CA.6A
;5A-5A1)/)1-126%7(2)8?!-3!18*A1-?%%B1.6A5-30B+/
*A11)/)13-3-8;$3A4B;2A-3-81118*--126%7(2
3A5A)8?!0B;- !/22)21)/,*A1-3-8.3=(3--1-12)/ -3-8.3(82
1 1;3!/- ;!0CB1;-3B*A1!/22)211*
,
*4
4.
%
/
($'
''$!4
' !-) /(
%
$'
7 A0.:--;!06A1*1;E1/+8
7,B0.:8B*B1'7A!4B .:)/;-/+13AA:*B-
.54
75
!/22)21)/,*A1 HCl 0 CaCO3
!/22)21)/,*A1 FeCl3 0 NaOH
:1)/)1-12 HCl 1,0mol/dm3
100cm3
=)/)1-12 HCl
12 mol/dm3
C1* 8,33 cm3
CB1,B?B!/)21 100cm3
:1)/)1 NaOH 1,0 mol/dm3
50 cm3
=)/)1 NaOH 2g CB1,B
?B C)21 50cm3
:1)/)1 FeCl3 1,0mol/dm3
50cm3
=)/)1-12 FeCl3 8,05g
CB1 ?B C)21 .
:CB1!7+=C1 Ca(OH)2 1)/)1CB181)/)1-3A8*)B*
- ;0 ?*B+A*!2#1;$5A-!B-0 CA,B ;3!/22)210 CB1!7+
114

$'4
75
7/C1,B0.:+0;1!A:!//;.018)-'A1)/-:
)/,BB1;33AC18,B5B-)/ )/0)/*0,B3
,9010BC1$10;.018)- *231)1)/-:'7A!5B .:
,
,
,
4.0
(4 %
/
35
(4 HCl0 CaCO3 31+;34B;5A-A11+)8CB1!7+/;.0,B
CB1!76A)/;5A-C11)/)1+A3A;31!/22
)21?!)/;,3,B/?B1
(4 FeCl30 NaOH ;3$4+3CB11)0+//B1*6B;5A--$4--1
)B*C11)/)1+ CA3+33A-?B?!)/;,3,B
/?B1+31*
$'!-%
,
7,BA)6A-/2 1818)-)B*C1,1CB+/,96 .A*0;$5A-,B?BCB
+/,96 0A3B
8)-3A ;5A-!/+81)/)1-12 HCl 0 CaCO3 ?B%-1+;34B
;2A;!01+ CO2 3A;.0,BCB1!7+6A)/;5- CaCl2 3A)/)1CB1;5A-C1?!)/
;,3,B?B1+31*0A+88
3 2 2 2
t
2 2
CaCO (s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl (aq) + H O(l) + CO (g)
CaCl (aq) CaCl (s)
8)-3A ;5A-!/+81)/)1 NaOH 0 FeCl3 ?B Fe(OH)3 ;2;!0$4+3
CB113)0+//B1*6B CA)/)1CB1)/;5- NaCl 3A)/)1CB1;5A-?!;,3,B?B
1+31*0A+88
115
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

3 3
t
FeCl (aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Fe(OH) (s) + NaCl(aq)
NaCl(aq) NaCl(s)
NaCl 0,1mol/dm3
25 cm3
NaCl0,14g
25 cm3
NH4Cl0,1mol/dm3
25 cm3
NaCl0,13g
25 cm3
CH3COONa 0,1mol/dm3
25 cm3
NaCl0, 2g
25 cm3
pH
NaCl
NH4ClCH3COONa
116

;5A-C1;-81;5-0+1/21)/)1CB1)B**0 pH -1)/)1
B*1'1+372;*3-);,0*A11)/)1;5- NaCl 3 pH !/1 ;!01
;5- NH4Cl 3 pH CA1*A1 ;!0-12)/;5- CH3COONa 3 pH +7*A1 ;!0 1
;3
$!4
'
%/(
7 A0.:--;!06A1*1;E1/+8
7,B0.:8B*B1'7A!4B .:)/;-/+13AA:*B-
.54
75
:1)/)1 NaOH 0,1mol/dm3
1000 cm3
=)/)1 NaOH 4,0g
CB1,B3 C)21 1000 cm3
:1)/)1 HCl 0,1mol/dm3
500 cm3
=)/)1 HCl 12mol/dm3
4,2 cm3
CB1 C)21 500 cm3
B13;%=)1)2;!01,B:=1)/)1;%=)1)3 0,1g
;-1=),B?B C)21 100 cm3
$'4
75
7/C1,B0.:+0;1!A:!//;.018)-'A1)/-:
)/,BB1;33AC18,B5B-)/ )/0)/*0,B3
,9010BC1$10.:;.018)- *231)1)/-:'7A!5B .:
,
,
8)-0B3A
1)/)1HCl $NaOH 0,1mol/dm3
6'62 pH=!/)2
1-1)/)1!/
+8!/)21
(cm3
pH !/)213AB
;26'62
!/)213AB
;26'62
!/)21NaOH
3AB (cm3
+;)A
117
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

$'!-%
,
7,BA)/6A-/2 1818)-)B*C1,1CB+/,96 .A*0;$5A-,B?BCB
+/,96 0A3B
;5A-'-1)/)1 NaOH )8?!81)/)1!A:;!0+3 8*-A-'A11
*-+/*A1 HCl ;3!/22)21E813(1//0B;26'63)B*
2) 6'62-13(11)/)1 HCl 0 1)/)1 NaOH */
;!0 pH A18)-3BB;%=)1)3;!01'1+3;2!A:+3A* pH
8,3-10.0 +/*A11)/)136)0+//;!0 1;3;)0B-;5A-*0 pH 3A6'6
2?BA1!/1 !/)21+/;)A
0B-1)/)1 NaOH 3A;3!/22)2
10 1)/)1 HCl 3A1;8A10 10,20 cm3
7 A0.:--;!06A1*1;E1/+8
7,B0.:8B*B1'7A!4B .:)/;-/+13AA:*B-
10B7,B0.:A)/6A2?)A 8;#2,0!4B .:
7.A*0.:+/,96
% 0$ $/(,
7$21)/11
*1+8-0.:
1!/- C12;,0)/- C113A5B-

6 0$ 0
5,/'
!%
2HCl(aq)+Ca(aq) CaCl2(s)+ 2H2O(l)
H2CO3(aq) + 2 KOH(aq) K2CO3(aq)+2H2O(l)
2HCl(aq)+ Ba(OJ)2(aq) BaCal2(s)+2H2O(l)
118

HNO3(aq)+NaOH(aq) NaNO3(aq)+H2O(l)
HBr )/ KOH HNO 3)/ NaOH
H2SO4 )/ Mg(OH H2CO3 )/ KOH
H2SO4 )/ NaOH + CH3COOH )/NaOH
CH3COOH )/ NH3 H2CO3 )/ Ca(OH)2
NaHCO3 ;5A-)/)1CB11)/)1/36)0+//;!0 1;3
K2S;5A-)/)1CB11)/)1/36)0+//;!0 1;3
Al2(SO4)3;5A-)/)1CB11)/)1/36)0+//;!0-12
K2CO3;5A-)/)1CB11)/)1/36)0+//;!0 1;3
NaI;5A-)/)1CB11)/)1/36)0+//;!01
+ Na3PO4;5A-)/)1CB11)/)1/36)0+//;!0 1;3
CN CH3COO-
CA3 CA3
CO3 + KNO3
3 3 2CH COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH COONa(aq) + H O(l)
C1*=)- CH3COOH0,1mol/dm3
C1* 25cm3
119
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

3
3
3 3 3
0,1mol 1dm
CH COOH= x18cm x
1dm 1000cm
2,5
mol
1000
C1*+86*1;0B6B-1)/)1NaOHx mol/dm3
C1*=)-NaOHx mol/dm3
C1*18 cm3
3
3
3 3
x mol 1dm
NaOH= x18cm x
1dm 1000cm
18x
mol
1000
1+8810+-;3!/22)21$C3B*C1*=)3A;8A10
2,5 18x
mol = mol
1000 1000
2,5
x= =0,14
18
1)/)1NaOH3*1;0B6B0,14 mol/dm3
2HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H O(l)
C1*=)- HCl 0,1mol/dm3
C1* 50 cm3
3
3
3 3
-3
0,1mol 1dm
HCl= x50cm x
1dm 1000cm
=5,0x10 mol
C1*=)- NaOH 0,1 mol/dm3
C1* 45 cm3
3
3
3 3
-4
0,1mol 1dm
NaOH= x45cm x
1dm 1000cm
=5,0x10 mol
1+8810+-;3!/22)21$C3B*C1*=)3A;8A10
120

C1*=)- HCl 3A;,95- = 5,0x10-3
-4,5x10-3
= 5,0x10-4
mol
0A0B1)/)1!/+8 95 cm3
3 HCl 5,0x10-4
mol
*1;0B6B-1)/)1
-4 3
3 3
-3 3
5,0x10 mol 1000cm
HCl= x
95cm 1dm
=5,3x10 mol/dm
;5A-1-12;!0-12./8*;!0-3-8?BE8
0A0B1)/)1/3 [H3O+
] 5,3x10-3
mol/dm3
pH= -log[H3O+
]
pH= -log(5,3x10-3
)pH= 2,3
;5A-1A-13(11)/)1-12 HCl 3 [H3O+
] 1,0x10-1
mol/dm3
0B51)/)1;)3A8B3 pH 1
0A0B pH -1)/)1,903(1/+7*A1 pH -1)/)1;)3A8B;8A1
0 2,3-1,0=1,3
121
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

(% #!#*%
F54

%CL5H1#
'!(

F/@L8I7M+; 9E+61'
,8 516N/;+4:75L# pH ;,*'4:4,;,F0
,8 6L5+-: 8,!8#*'4:4,;,F0
8:*=,A+4; 6:+:,;,F0
8:*=, +-LE+G-#*LF '!?M+ ;,4:,C,,;,F0I+9L# G4:I+*N1:%'
*.,(./
*'4:4,;,F0@*'4:48%='8L8+ ;,BL,F%!8#1;+7D@,F%8L8+ ;,
BL8%='!8#1;+7D@F @8 ;,BL8%=' ;,F @8!8#BL,F%F%=#F-;+BL8%=' ,F% ;+
- # ) #
# # /- '-
#*%
*'4:4 F!;M1!AM+

*'4:4 F!;M1!AM+

*'4:4

F!;M1!AM+

*'4:4

F!;M1!AM+

*'2162B+F5%84
F1(48NF3+
+NMP /M56C'
+NM ;L+
'!
25 cm3
25 cm3
4 cm3
4 cm3
4 cm3
1 cm3
1 cm3
8 cm3
28 cm3
122

7D8'*C'48#!:O'+M8
,;M#9L!:O'

7D8'28'
7D8'
8;+
7D8'
$
! /# # ) #
(

'- -) #-) pH

#!##

!$
%- +! %-
# ! )-

0.#
**'4:4 NaOH F!;M1!AM+1mol/dm3
50 cm3
G4:*'4:4 HCl)
F!;M1!AM+1mol/dm3
50 cm3
*'4:4 CH3COOH) F!;M1!AM+ 0,3 mol/dm3
100 cm3

*'4:4 CH3COONa) F!;M1!AM+ 0,3 mol/dm3
100 cm3
+NMP /M56C'H'F8C7D8'6; 2'B'88 1J5M,= F F/@L8-M8# ;+,NLI7M+N
P /M5!AM+
BG,L#+; 9E+88 F-;+ AL1(151FP:6C1
BI7M+; 9E+*C'48#44:8E'2BL-?M1G,,9E+G4:F8 :6+*L LE5!M8#
B(;M#N)1
F1@L8(@L1*'4:4 NaOH 7D@ HCl 4C#I+*'(C52L#*;#

%:+=' pH !8#
*'4:4-LE+G-#7D@,NL9BMJ'MG+5I'
*'4:4-C+!8#8%='8F%(= ;,+(38818F%(;'1A+4; 6:+:
G+5I'
F/:F7'I'$?L#I%M*'21668#%:+='I+ +*C'48#+M
+NMP /M56C'61'5,A1 +-LE+G-#pHJ'M'/E#I'F1@L8-E,*E,
;,+NM ;L+G4:*'4:4-C+!8#8%='8F%(= ;,+(38818F%(;'
123
ສ.ວ.ສ
ສະຫງວນລິຂະສິດ

NaOH HCl
CH3COOH
CH3COONa
cm3
cm3
cm3
cm3
NaOH HCl
CH3COOH
CH3COONa
cm3
cm3
)
cm3
cm3
pH
124

6:G'#5L pH !8#*'4:48'-LE+G-#+M87D$C+)@5L,NL-LE+G-# G(L)M(@L18
%=',F%F-;+$N+5+7D$:F9;'I7ML pH !8#*'4:4-LE+G-#J'M
*'4:4 CH3COOH) ;,*'4:4 CH3COONa) G4:+NMP /M56C'6
1'5,A1 pH J'MF1@L828'8%=',F%F4; +M8*'4:41A+4; 6:+:G,,+M
F8M+5L*'4:4,;,F0