Worksheet 8- Section 10.3 Heat Capacity 1. How many calories are burned when a person of mass of 50 kg climbs a height of 20 m? Assume a metabolic efficiency is 100 %. 2. Suppose 79.3 J of thermal energy is added to a 111 g piece of aluminum at 22.5 °C. What is the final temperature of the aluminum? ( c = 900 J/kg c⁰) 3. How much thermal energy is required to raise the temperature of a 55 g glass ball by 15 °C?( c = 837 J/kg c⁰) 4. How much thermal energy is required to raise the temperature of a 0.75 kg piece of copper pipe by 15 °C? (c = 387 J/kg c⁰) RESEARCH PROPOSAL 7 Why Does African American Mothers Use More Intense Disciplinary Practice Than African American Fathers? RESEARCH METHODOLOGY i. Population and Sampling The research is about African American parents and this means that the main population targeted by the study is the African American parents in the United States. According to U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts, (2019); by the end of 2017; the country had a total of 41.4million African Americans. With over 10million African American parents in the United States, some are single parents while others are married couples. It is evident that the United States is a vast country which makes it impossible to reach out to African American parents in different states. For this study, the research will target the one state recording the highest number of African American parents which is Texas which has a total of 3,269,253 or (32%) of the total state population. The African Americans living in Texas are from different African countries and this means they have different backgrounds, beliefs, and attitudes towards children disciplinary and hence would help to understand the difference between a father and a mother disciplinary practice. The simple random sampling technique will be applied where African American parents in Texas will be randomly selected to take part in the research study. According to Omair, (2014); simple random sampling technique helps in eliminating biasness in a research because all eligible participants have equal opportunities. For one to become a participant, he/she must provide reliable evidence that he/she if an African American for instance an identification card or passport. The participant must also prove that he/she lives within the targeted region. The research will target approximately 2000 participants where a 1000 will be mothers whether single or married and the other 1000 fathers both single and married. The selected participants will be taken through a screening process to determine whether they understand what parenting is all about focusing on the disciplinary aspect of parenting and also their details would be collected at this point. After the selection process is complete, the participants to be taken through a briefing process of what the research is all about, what is expected of them, and how the research findings would be used. All these b.

1. Worksheet 8- Section 10.3
Heat Capacity
1. How many calories are burned when a person of mass of 50
kg climbs a height of 20 m? Assume a metabolic efficiency is
100 %.
2. Suppose 79.3 J of thermal energy is added to a 111 g piece of
aluminum at 22.5 °C. What is the final temperature of the
aluminum? ( c = 900 J/kg c⁰)
3. How much thermal energy is required to raise the temperature
of a 55 g glass ball by 15 °C?( c = 837 J/kg c⁰)

2. 4. How much thermal energy is required to raise the temperature
of a 0.75 kg piece of copper pipe by 15 °C? (c = 387 J/kg c⁰)
RESEARCH PROPOSAL 7
Why Does African American Mothers Use More Intense
Disciplinary Practice Than African American Fathers?
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
i. Population and Sampling
The research is about African American parents and this means
that the main population targeted by the study is the African
American parents in the United States. According to U.S.
Census Bureau QuickFacts, (2019); by the end of 2017; the

3. country had a total of 41.4million African Americans. With over
10million African American parents in the United States, some
are single parents while others are married couples. It is evident
that the United States is a vast country which makes it
impossible to reach out to African American parents in different
states. For this study, the research will target the one state
recording the highest number of African American parents
which is Texas which has a total of 3,269,253 or (32%) of the
total state population.
The African Americans living in Texas are from different
African countries and this means they have different
backgrounds, beliefs, and attitudes towards children
disciplinary and hence would help to understand the difference
between a father and a mother disciplinary practice. The simple
random sampling technique will be applied where African
American parents in Texas will be randomly selected to take
part in the research study. According to Omair, (2014); simple
random sampling technique helps in eliminating biasness in a
research because all eligible participants have equal
opportunities.
For one to become a participant, he/she must provide reliable
evidence that he/she if an African American for instance an
identification card or passport. The participant must also prove
that he/she lives within the targeted region. The research will
target approximately 2000 participants where a 1000 will be
mothers whether single or married and the other 1000 fathers
both single and married. The selected participants will be taken
through a screening process to determine whether they
understand what parenting is all about focusing on the
disciplinary aspect of parenting and also their details would be
collected at this point. After the selection process is complete,
the participants to be taken through a briefing process of what
the research is all about, what is expected of them, and how the
research findings would be used. All these briefing will take
place in a research identified location that would be considered
as the research center all through the process.

4. ii. Instrumentation
To obtain data, interviews research assessment tool will be
applied. The assessment tool will help in measuring the
variables of interest in the study. This is through asking
questions and rephrasing it for the purpose of determining
whether the response given in the initial question corresponds
with the response in the second question. It is evident that since
Texas is a vast state, some participants might be located far
away. The assessment tool shall be used physically and through
online means for those who cannot manage to go to the research
identified center.
Interviews assessment instrument has been said to be reliable
due to the fact that it is flexible and allows the researcher to
phrase questions from the responses given by the participant.
Moreover, in the case the response is not clear, the researcher
has the option of rephrasing the question to test the credibility
of the participant without ignoring the fact that it allows the
researcher to get to see the participant and hence can also detect
facial expressions and other body languages that helps in telling
the real situation. Interview assessment is also valid because it
does not in any way violate the rights of the participant.
According to Davis, et al., (2017); interviews have been used
for the longest time as an effective research assessment
instrument. It has helped in obtaining information from
participants especially when making use of the qualitative
method of research. Researchers in the past have claimed that
interviews are demanding on the basis of time and finances but
they have proven to give accurate and reliable information. The
interview would help in yielding the nominal type of data which
is desired in this case to determine the reasons why African
mothers use more intense disciplinary practice as compared to
African American fathers.
In this research, the variable of interest is the disciplinary
practice where the main intention is to determine how African
American mothers do it and how the African American father
handles disciplinary practices. The interview assessment tool is

5. consistent with this variable in the sense that it will grant
participants form both genders the chance to express themselves
and gradually recording the reasons a practice that will lead to
the attainment of research objectives and response of all
research questions.
iii. Procedures
For the 2000 randomly selected participants, a single case study
design will be applied. Every participant will be granted his/her
time to be interviewed which means that by the end of the
research, the study will have 2000 different responses for every
question posed to the participant. Every case would be handled
independently to allow parents express themselves on how and
why they apply the disciplinary actions that they do, and which
disciplinary actions they believe is intense over the other. The
theory of independent mind by Gregory Mitchel supports the
selected study design and would also help in testing the
hypotheses. The theory claims that whenever people are
together, they tend to influence and manipulate each other to the
point of reducing the ability to think freely as compared to
when a person is engaged alone.
During data collection, there will be both independent and
dependent variables that will be tested. The independent
variable will the disciplinary practices and factors leading to
the manner in which disciplinary practices are carried out while
as the dependent variables will be African American parents.
The more reason is that the parents are compelled by an
independent force for them to react the way they do.
Data collection will commence immediately after all the
participants have been identified, their details collected, and all
the other requirements put in place. The process is expected to
take two to three months to have all the 2000 participants
interviewed and data collected through digital means. The main
control that will be used is time where every participant will be
granted a specific time to respond to the questions and in the
case of failure, only two other options would be granted to
avoid instances of delays. Controls would also be applied on

6. data collection and storage where only authorized individuals
would be involved and the participants would not be allowed to
get to know each other to avoid instances of informing each
other something that might hinder accurate information being
shared.
All these controls would help in eliminating data biasness’s or
application of unethical practices like sharing private and
confidential information shared by the participants. The
controls would help the research to remain in the right course
on the basis of time and other resources allocated thereby
making it possible for attainment of research goals and
objectives. Externally, the controls would help in avoiding
instances of inconveniences or betraying participants trust
leading to sharing of accurate information.
iv. Analysis
The completion of data collection will introduce data
analysis phase as this is the phase that the research will be able
to determine the real reasons why African American mothers are
known for applying intense disciplinary practices than African
American fathers. From the interview question responses,
nominal data will be generated where variables will be labeled
but the label does not have any quantitative value (Kim, 2015).
This is to mean that the generated data would be hard to
measure because the overall intention of the collected data is to
respond to a question that need specific reasons that cannot be
measured.
To test the validity and reliability of the collected
data, the Independent T-Test will be used which is a statistical
test that is used to test the difference that exists between the
same variable but from different populations (Kim, 2015). It is
a fact that in this case, the main focus in testing disciplinary
practices and why they differ in terms of intensity between
African American mothers and African American fathers. The
statistical test is easy to use and have potential of giving
reliable and accurate results. The more reason is that it is a
statistical test helps to tell about each group being investigated

7. in the research and by offering specific results, it would be easy
to respond to the research questions. Secondly, the target group
lives in the same US state which means that the parents are
likely to face similar challenges with their children triggering
the need for disciplinary action (Kim, 2015). The fact that all
parents are from the same race would hence make the testing
method highly effective and simple to understand the results of
the test.
As initially stated, the research hypotheses will include
maternal disciplinary practice is more intense than paternal
disciplinary practice in an Africa American community. The
null hypothesis for this research will include parental
disciplinary practices is more intense than maternal disciplinary
practices rationale (Ganeshpurkar et al., 2018). The results of
the analysis will be used to evaluate the hypotheses by
determining whether the information shared by the participants
supports the research hypotheses or the null hypotheses. If the
results of the analysis would not support the hypotheses, then
the claim would be found to be inapplicable but if the
hypotheses claim is supported by participants would hence be
backed up with reasons.
References
Davis, J., Roach, C., Elliott, C., Mardis, M., Justice, E. M., &
Riesenberg, L. A. (2017). Feedback and assessment tools for
handoffs: a systematic review. Journal of Graduate Medical
Education, 9(1), 18-32.
Ganeshpurkar, A., Maheshwari, R., Tekade, M., &
Tekade, R. K. (2018). Concepts of hypothesis testing and types
of errors. Dosage Form Design Parameters, 257-280.
doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814421-3.00007-5
Kim, T. K. (2015). T test as a parametric statistic. Korean
journal of anesthesiology, 68(6), 540.
Omair, A. (2014). Sample size estimation and sampling
techniques for selecting a representative sample. Journal of

8. Health specialties, 2(4), 142.
Appendix
Interview questions
Name -------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------
Area of residence ----------------------------------------- address --
------------------------------------
Telephone number -------------------------------------------------
email: ----------------------------
Gender ------------------------------------------------------------------
---
Number of children ---------------------------------------------------
----
Q1. What do you understand with child disciplinary practice?
Q2. As a parent, what do you understand with intense
disciplinary practice?
Q3. Do you think there is a single time you have applied it and
what could have led you apply it and if you have never what are
the reasons?
Q4. As a parent, who do you think should play the role of
disciplining the children or a child and why?
Q5. Culture and religion are said to help form a personality,

9. attitude, and reactions; do you believe that the two have
anything to do with child disciplinary measures that you take as
a parent and why?
Q6. There have been claims that African American mothers
make use of intense disciplinary practices than the African
American fathers. Do you support this claim and why?
Topic: Using Presentations to Share Research
The purpose of this class-wide discussion is to give you an
opportunity to share your research proposal that you have
worked hard to develop throughout the course of the semester.
During Module/Week 1, you shared your potential research
topics and provided peer feedback.
During this discussion, you will share your completed research
proposals in the format of a PowerPoint presentation (or other
approved media-based presentation) with your classmates. The
proposal must include the research questions and abbreviated
literature review; and the focus must be on the methodology,
including an abbreviated version of each component of the
written research proposal. Note: the methodology must be the
primary focus. The presentation must include a written script
with what you would share if you were speaking to the class.
You must provide your abstract in the body of the post, the
presentation title in the subject line, and the proposal as an
attachment. Appropriate formats for sharing presentations with
the class include the following: PowerPoint, Keynote, Prezi,
Presentation Tube, or YouTube presentations.