6. amo amare amavi amatus
Perfect
amatus –a –um, sum amati –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
amatus –a –um, eram amati –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
amatus –a –um, ero amati –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt
10. moneo monēre monui monitus
Perfect
monitus –a –um, sum moniti –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
monitus –a –um, eram moniti –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
monitus –a –um, ero moniti –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt
14. rego regere rexi rectus
Perfect
rectus –a –um, sum recti –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
rectus –a –um, eram recti –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
rectus –a –um, ero recti –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt
18. audio audire audivi auditus
Perfect
auditus –a –um, sum auditi –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
auditus –a –um, eram auditi –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
auditus –a –um, ero auditi –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt
22. capio capere cepi captus
Perfect
captus –a –um, sum capti –ae –a, sumus
es estis
est sunt
Pluperfect
captus –a –um, eram capti –ae –a, eramus
eras eratis
erat erant
Future Perfect
captus –a –um, ero capti –ae –a, erimus
eris eritis
erit erunt
27. Recitation
SIngular Plural
M F N M /F N
acer acris acre acres acria
acris acris acrium acrium
acri acri acribus acribus
acrem acre acres acria
acri acri acribus acribus
28. Recitation
SIngular Plural
M /F N M /F N
brevis breve breves brevia
brevis brevis brevium brevium
brevi brevi brevibus brevibus
brevem breve breves brevia
brevi brevi brevibus brevibus
32. Recitation
Cardinal Ordinal
unus –a –um one primus –a –um first
duo –ae –o two secundus –a –um second
tres tria three tertius –a –um third
quattuor four quartus –a –um fourth
quinque five quintus –a –um fifth
sex six sextus –a –um sixth
septem seven septimus –a –um seventh
octo eight octavus –a –um eighth
novem nine nonus –a –um ninth
decem ten decimus –a –um tenth
33. Recitation
Roman Numeral Cardinal
XI undecim eleven
XII duodecim twelve
XIII tredecim thirteen
XIV quattuordecim fourteen
XV quindecim fifteen
XVI sedecim sixteen
XVII septendecim seventeen
XVIII duodeviginti eighteen
XIX undeviginti nineteen
XX viginti twenty
34. Recitation
3rd Person Pronouns;
Demonstrative Pronouns (1)
Singular Plural
Masculine Feminine Neuter Masculine Feminine Neuter
is ea id ei eae ea
ejus ejus ejus eorum earum eorum
ei ei ei eis eis eis
eum eam id eos eas ea
eo eā eo eis eis eis
35. Recitation
Demonstrative Pronouns (Near) (2)
Singular Plural
M F N M F N
hic haec hoc hi hae haec
hujus hujus hujus horum harum horum
huic huic huic his his his
hunc hanc hoc hos has haec
hoc hac hoc his his his
36. Recitation
Demonstrative Pronouns (Far) (3)
Singular Plural
M F N M F N
ille illa illud illi illae illa
illíus illíus illíus illorum illarum illorum
illi illi illi illis illis illis
illum illam illud illos illas illa
illo illā illo illis illis illis
37. Recitation
Demonstrative Pronouns
(Near to Person Spoken to) (4)
Singular Plural
M F N M F N
iste ista istud isti istae ista
istíus istíus istíus istorum istarum istorum
isti isti isti istis istis istis
istum istam istud istos istas ista
isto istā isto istis istis istis
38. Recitation
Intensive Pronouns
Singular Plural
M F N M F N
ipse ipsa ipsum ipsi ipsae ipsa
ipsíus ipsíus ipsíus ipsorum ipsarum ipsorum
ipsi ipsi ipsi ipsis ipsis ipsis
ipsum ipsam ipsum ipsos ipsas ipsa
ipso ipsā ipso ipsis ipsis ipsis
39. Recitation
3rd Person Reflexive Pronouns
Case Form Meaning
Nom ----
Gen. sui of himself, herself, itself, themselves
Dat. sibi to/for himself, herself, itself, themselves
Acc. se himself, herself, itself, themselves
Abl. se ibwf himself, herself, itself, themselves
40. Recitation
Reflexive Pronoun Adjectives
Person Singular Meaning Plural Meaning
1st meus mea meum my (own) noster nostra our (own)
nostrum
2nd tuus tua tuum your (own) vester vestra your (pl.) (own)
vestrum
3rd suus sua suum his, her, its, their (own)
41. Recitation
Present Subjunctive of Sum
Singular Plural
sim I may be simus we may be
sis you may be sitis you all may be
sit hsi may be sint they may be
42. Recitation
Imperfect Subjunctive of Sum
Singular Plural
essem I might be essemus we might be
esses you might be essetis you all might be
esset hsi might be essent they might be
43. Recitation
Perfect Subjunctive of sum
Singular Plural
fúerim fuérimus
fúeris fuéritis
fúerit fúerint
44. Recitation
Pluperfect Subjunctive of sum
Singular Plural
fuissem fuissemus
fuisses fuissetis
fuisset fuissent
50. Recitation
Perfect Subjunctive Passive
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amatus sim monitus, sim rectus, sim captus, sim auditus sim
a, um sis a, um sis a, um sis a, um sis , a, um sis
sit sit sit sit sit
amati simus moniti, simus recti, simus capti, simus auditi, simus
ae, a sitis ae, a sitis ae, a sitis ae, a sitis ae, a sitis
sint sint sint sint sint
52. Recitation
Pluperfect Subjunctive Passive
1st 2nd 3rd 3rd io 4th
amatus essem monitus, a, essem rectus, a, essem captus, a, essem auditus, essem
a, um esses um esses um esses um esses a, um esses
esset esset esset esset esset
amati essemus moniti, ae, essemu recti, ae, essemus capti, ae, essemus auditi, essem
ae, a essetis a s a essetis a essetis ae, a essetis
essent essetis essent essent essent
essent
53. Recitation
Comparison of 3 Model Adjectives
Positive Comparative Superlative
certus –a –um cértior (m/f) cértius (n) certíssimus –a –um
certain more certain most certain
fortis –e fórtior (m/f) fórtius (n) fortíssimus –a –um
brave braver bravest
potens potentis poténtior (m/f) poténtius potentíssimus –a –um
(n)
powerful more powerful most powerful
54. Recitation
Comparison of 8 Model Adjectives
Positive Comparative Superlative
1st/2nd miser mísera míserum misérior misérius misérrimus –a –um
wretched more wretched most wretched
pulcher pulchra pulchrum púlchrior púlchrius pulchérrimus –a –um
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
3rd acer acris acre ácrior ácrius acérrimus –a –um
sharp sharper sharpest
fidelis –e fidélior fidélius fidelíssimus –a –um
faithful more faithful most faithful
fácilis –e facílior facílius facíllimus –a –um
easy easier easiest
59. Grammar
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, and superlative.
The positive degree is descriptive. There is no
comparison implied.
60. Grammar
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, degree and superlative.
The positive is descriptive. There is no
comparison implied.
The comparative degree implies a comparison
between two persons or things, either stated or
implied.
61. Grammar
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, degree and superlative.
The positive is descriptive. There is no
comparison implied.
The comparative degree implies a comparison
between two persons or things, either stated or
implied.
The superlative degree implies a comparison
among more than two persons or things.
62. Grammar
The three degrees of comparison are positive,
comparative, and superlative.
positive
This lesson is hard.
comparative
This lesson is harder than Lesson 27.
superlative
This lesson is the hardest lesson in the book.
63. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um melior -ius optimus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um pejor pejus pessimus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um major majus maximus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um minor minus minimus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um plus pluris n. (noun) plurimus –a -um
much more most
multi–ae –a plures plura plurimi –ae –a
many more very many, most
64. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um melior -ius optimus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um pejor pejus pessimus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um major majus maximus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um minor minus minimus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um plus pluris n. (noun) plurimus –a -um
much more most
multi–ae –a plures plura plurimi –ae –a
many more very many, most
65. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
senex senis senior senius maximus natu
old older oldest
juvenis is junior junius minimus natu
young younger youngest
66. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um pejor pejus pessimus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um major majus maximus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um minor minus minimus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um plus pluris n. (noun) plurimus –a -um
much more most
multi–ae –a plures plura plurimi –ae –a
many more very many, most
67. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
senex senis senior senius maximus natu
old older oldest
juvenis is junior junius minimus natu
young younger youngest
68. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um major majus maximus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um minor minus minimus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um plus pluris n. (noun) plurimus –a -um
much more most
multi–ae –a plures plura plurimi –ae –a
many more very many, most
69. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
senex senis senior senius maximus natu
old older oldest
juvenis is junior junius minimus natu
young younger youngest
70. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um minor minus minimus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um plus pluris n. (noun) plurimus –a -um
much more most
multi–ae –a plures plura plurimi –ae –a
many more very many, most
71. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
senex senis senior senius maximus natu
old older oldest
juvenis is junior junius minimus natu
young younger youngest
72. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um plus pluris n. (noun) plurimus –a -um
much more most
multi–ae –a plures plura plurimi –ae –a
many more very many, most
73. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
senex senis senior senius maximus natu
old older oldest
juvenis is junior junius minimus natu
young younger youngest
74. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um
much more most
multi–ae –a plures plura plurimi –ae –a
many more very many, most
75. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
senex senis senior senius maximus natu
old older oldest
juvenis is junior junius minimus natu
young younger youngest
76. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um
much more most
multi–ae –a
many more very many, most
77. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
senex senis senior senius maximus natu
old older oldest
juvenis is junior junius minimus natu
young younger youngest
78. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um
much more most
multi–ae –a
many more very many, most
79. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
senex senis
old older oldest
juvenis is junior junius minimus natu
young younger youngest
80. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus –a -um
good better best
malus –a –um
bad worse worst
magnus –a –um
great greater greatest
parvus –a –um
small smaller smallest
multus –a –um
much more most
multi–ae –a
many more very many, most
81. Grammar
Positive Comparative Superlative
senex senis
old older oldest
juvenis is
young younger youngest
83. Grammar
The most common words in languages are
usually the most irregular. English and
Latin have many irregular adjective
comparisons.
84. Grammar
The most common words in languages are
usually the most irregular. English and
Latin have many irregular adjective
comparisons.
Learn the irregular comparisons in this
lesson thoroughly. They are very common.
86. Grammar
The superlative adjective is used more in
Latin than in English and thus is weaker.
As such, it may be translated by very.
Caesar fortissimus erat.
87. Grammar
The superlative adjective is used more in
Latin than in English and thus is weaker.
As such, it may be translated by very.
Caesar fortissimus erat.
Caesar was very brave.
90. Grammar
An absolute superlative may be expressed by
using omnium (partitive genitive).
Hic puer omnium fortissimus est.
The boy is the bravest of all.
91. Grammar
When you use the preposition in with a
superlative adjective in English, you usually
use the genitive case in Latin.
92. Grammar
When you use the preposition in with a
superlative adjective in English, you usually
use the genitive case in Latin.
Via Appia was the longest road in Italy.
93. Grammar
When you use the preposition in with a
superlative adjective in English, you usually
use the genitive case in Latin.
Via Appia was the longest road in Italy.
Via Appia erat Italiae via longissima.
97. Grammar Questions
What are six helping verbs that express the subjunctive
in English?
let, might, could, may, should, would
98. Grammar Questions
What is the difference between indicative and
subjunctive?
indicative:
subjunctive:
99. Grammar Questions
What is the difference between indicative and
subjunctive?
indicative: actual events or actions
subjunctive: potential events or actions
My children go to school. actual/indicative
I want my children to go to school. – potential/subjunctive
100. Grammar Questions
A __________ question is asked in doubt or indignation,
uses the subjunctive, and is expressed in English by the
verbal helper ______.
101. Grammar Questions
A deliberative question is asked in doubt or indignation,
uses the subjunctive, and is expressed in English by the
verbal helper should.
102. Grammar Questions
A deliberative question uses the _______ subjunctive
for present time and the _________ subjunctive for
past time.
103. Grammar Questions
A deliberative question uses the present subjunctive
for present time and the imperfect subjunctive for
past time.
104. Grammar Questions
The hortatory subjunctive expresses __________, _______
_________, ______ ____, and uses the verbal helpers __
and ___.
105. Grammar Questions
The hortatory subjunctive expresses exhortation, indirect
command, strong wish, and uses the verbal helpers let
and may.
114. Grammar
The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on
the ______ stem by adding ___and ___, respectively.
115. Grammar
The perfect and pluperfect subjunctives are built on
the perfect stem by adding eri and isse, respectively.
116. Grammar
What are the four uses of the subjunctive you have
learned in this unit?
117. Grammar
What are the four uses of the subjunctive you have
learned in this unit?
hortatory subjunctive, deliberative questions,
purpose (ut) clause, and negative (ne)
purpose clause.
