Barangay Council for the Protection of Children (BCPC) Orientation.pptx
Chapter 4.2 pptx
1. D E F I N I T I O N S , C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S , A N D P O W E R
P P ,
4.2 What’s in a word?
2. Shibboleth
Custom, use of language, or word regarded as distinctive
of a particular group (often distinguishing one group
from others).
Oxford.com
A shibboleth is a kind of linguistic password: A way of
speaking (a pronunciation, or the use of a particular
expression) that is used by one set of people to identify
another person as a member, or a non-member, of a
particular group. The group making the identification
has some kind of social power to set the standards for
who belongs to their group: who is "in" and who is "out”.
rice.edu
3. And the Gileadites took the passages of Jordan
before the Ephraimites: and it was so, that when
those Ephraimites which were escaped said, Let me
go over; that the men of Gilead said unto him, Art
thou an Ephraimite? If he said, Nay; Then said they
unto him, Say now Shibboleth: and he said
Sibboleth: for he could not frame to pronounce it
right. Then they took him, and slew him at the
passages of Jordan: and there fell at that time of the
Ephraimites forty and two thousand.
— Judges 12:5–6
4. Parsley massacre
In October 1937, the Spanish word for parsley,
perejil, was used as a shibboleth to identify Haitian
immigrants living along the border in the Dominican
Republic.
5. T H E C R E A T I O N / C O I N A G E O F W O R D S
Lexical addition
6. What recent words have been added to English?
Added to Webster’s dictionary in 2022
greenwash
laggy
virtue signaling
janky
Ice Cube used it in 1993
adorkable
amirite
cringe
deplatform
whataboutism
shrinkflation
metaverse
meatspace
7. Word creation
What recent words have been added to
English?
“because” – can you think of a new usage?
used to introduce a word or phrase that stands for a
clause expressing an explanation or reason.
"there's probably somebody out there who would argue
the point because internet”
“they” added to Merriam-Webster in 2019
8. New words in German
https://www.npr.org/2021/03/06/974179580/pand
emic-inspires-more-than-1-200-new-german-words
9. Word creation - rules
Its form must conform to the rules of the
language concerned.
People must be able to pronounce them.
Frip might work as an English word, but phwooma
would be very unlikely.
Must be useful in some way
10. in Spanish
trol
webinario
gentrificación
vapear
valemadrismo
attitude of indeference “me vale madre”
hablar - ¿?
communicate by writing on a device
11. Japanese
タイパ — Taipa. An abbreviated version of taimu
pafōmansu (time performance), signifying the level
of satisfaction gained compared with the time spent.
構文 — Kōbun. A word for the structure of a sentence
or grammatical construction, which by extension
refers to a style of writing among a particular group.
きまず — Kimazu. A shortened version of the
adjective kimazui (awkward) used as an exclamation.
メタバース — Metabāsu. The Metaverse,
〇〇くない — __kunai. The suffix kunai is typically
used to make i adjectives negative— for example
samui (cold) becomes samukunai (not cold).
12. Japanese
一生 — Isshō. Literally “a lifetime,” this has been adapted
to mean simply “a long time” or “ages,” such as when
describing taking a lengthy nap.
酷暑日 — Kokushobi. “Severe heat day,” for days when the
temperature rises above 40° centigrade.
闇落ち — Yamiochi. A literal “fall into darkness,” the
downward moral journey of a formerly upstanding member
of society who turns to the dark side.
リスキリング — Risukiringu. This loanword, taken from
“reskilling” in English, caught on in Japan in 2022,
whether for people seeking a totally new job or simply
adding strings to their bow.
13. Types of creation: Acronyms
Acronyms are words formed from the initials of
other words.
mooc, scuba, laser, radar
Word that are read as letters (BBQ, BYOB) are
instead initialisms (or alphabetisms), although
words can be both (such as OK).
Acronyms can even come from successive syllables of
single words. See TV, PJs, the ID in ID card, or the
“so” in sonar (sound navigation and ranging).
15. Types of creation: Acronyms (2)
Often times, the original source is forgotten.
“HIV (human immuno-deficiency virus) virus”, “PIN
(personal identification number) number”, “ATM
(automatic teller machine) machine”.
Backronyms - purposefully created through fiddling with
the sequence of words, such as the USA PATRIOT
("Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing
Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct
Terrorism”) act.
“Stopping Another Non-Truthful Office Seeker” Act
16. Acronyms in Spanish
AFE
AVE
FIFA
INBA
SIDA
ONU
Asociación de futbolistas españoles
Alta velocidad Española
Federación Internacional de Fútbol
Asociación
Instituto Nacional de Bellas Artes
Síndrome de inmunodeficiencia
adquirida
Organización de las Naciones Unidas
17. Types of creation: Shortenings
Shortenings, or clipped words, are abbreviated
forms that end up replacing longer versions.
The replacement can be total
mob -- mobile vulgus)
coexisting (dis and disrespect, cell and cellphone).
meanings sometimes diverge (an app is now associated
with a phone, unlike an application).
Shorter forms are often also considered colloquial or
casual, such as ‘cuz (because).
19. Shortening
rino
mayo
gym
memo
ad
demo
phone
site
plane
burger
fridge
flu
photo-op
rom com
sci-fi
sitcom
fam
bio
salty vins
stimmy
menty b
clinny d
20. Acortamiento – español
bici
tele
profe
cine
super
moto
bus
subte
abue
tico
auto
finde
kilo
cole
compu
depa
facu
hospi
narco
pende
21. Types of creation: Shortenings
Shortenings in Japanese
Source Word Translation
keitai denwa keitai
tōkyō daigaku tōdai
nihon keizai
shinbun
nikkei
famirī
konpyūtā
famikon
wādo purosessā wāpuro
Cell phone
Tokyo University
Japan Economic Times
Family Computer
(Nintendo)
Word processor
23. Types of creation: Compounding
What is compounding?
New word is somehow different than it’s elements.
blackboard - black and board
but it does not refer to any black board. In fact, they are often
green.
Further English examples include helicopter parent,
doo-rag, spaghetti western, black sheep.
24. Examples of compounding in English?
way more than you think!
forever
because (by cause)
become
birthday
bowtie
everyone/everything
forehead
forget
compounded in Mid. English
goodbye
graveyard
cupboard
highway
inside
pancake
today
upon
whatever
workout
25. Types of creation: Affixation
Affixation is similar to compounding, but it
involves word parts that can’t stand alone like
prefixes and suffixes.
26. Types of creation: Backformation
Backformation is the opposite strategy to affixation. It
refers to a word being created through the removal of
(what are thought to be) affixes from (often borrowed)
words to create new terms.
beggar to beg (old Rrench begart, "a member of the Beghards)
emotion to emote
lazy to laze
Taser to taze
burglar to burgle
injury to injure
27. Types of creation: Blends
Blends are words that have been created from
combining two or more existing words into a new
one (also called a portmanteau).
Sometimes the words are merged almost as wholes
(fantastic + fabulous to fantabulous), but other
times they involve pieces of both words (chocolate +
alcoholic to chocoholic), a word placed in another
(ambidextrous + sex to ambisextrous), or a full word
plus a piece of another (the earlier backronym or
hungry + angry to hangry).
28. Types of creation: Conversion
Conversion refers to a part of speech (e.g., noun,
verb, adjective) being changed to another without
anything added.
o Verb to noun: a guess, a call, a think, a read, a big ask
o Noun to verb: to bottle, to bridge, to trash, to email
o Adjective to verb: to better, to empty, to open, to total (a car).
o Adjective to noun: a roast, a weekly, a regular, a given.
There does not appear to be any restrictions on
conversion in English, but some languages have ways
of changing parts of speech through particles/affixes,
and therefore rarely simply use one part as another.
29. Types of creation: Reduplication
Reduplication is a repetition process where all or
part of the stem of a word is repeated, creating a type
of compound.
This is a peripheral process in English, but has
produced around 2,000 words over the years and
new ones are constantly being created.
Some reduplications involve repetition of the whole
stem (goody-goody, fifty-fifty), others involve
rhyme (brain-drain, artsy-fartsy) or modification of
the stem vowel (dilly-dally, riff-raff).
31. Reduplication in other languages
In German, examples include zickzack (zig-zag),
ruckizuki (quickly), and Mischmasch (mish-mash).
In Japanese, a few select words like hito (person)
and toki (time) are frequently reduplicated to
indicate plurals (hitobito, people) or other meanings
tokidoki (sometimes).
32. Types of creation: Borrowing
Borrowing - process where a linguistic element is
incorporated from another language.
Words are the most commonly borrowed part of a
language, but all parts of grammar can be “on loan”.
English has borrowings from 120+ languages!
33. Can Japanese Speak In Pure Japanese?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=88Nh0wvQGYk
34. ¿What words do you know in English that
come from other languages?
Think of words that we use or recognize daily
that don’t have any other word in English:
Karate (japonés)
croissant (francés)
opera (italiano)
zeitgeist, blitzkrieg, shadenfreude (alemán)
35. Try to think of 30 English words that come
from Spanish
Food/drink:
Cities/states:
Animales:
36. adobe (originally Coptic
tobe, "brick")
· aficionado
· albino
· alcove
· alfalfa
· alligator (from el lagarto,
"thelizard")
• armadillo (literally, "the little
armed one")
• armada
• avocado
• banana (word, originally of
African origin, entered
English via either Spanish or
Portuguese)
• · barracuda
• · barbecue (from barbacoa,
a word of Caribbean origin)
• · bonanza
• · bronco (means "wild" or "rough" in
Spanish)
• · buckaroo
• · burrito (literally "little donkey”)
• · cafeteria (from cafetería)
• · canary
• · canasta
• · cannibal (originally of Caribbean
origin)
• · canoe
• · canyon (from cañon)
• · cargo (from cargar, "to load")
• · castanet (from castañeta)
• · chaps (from Mexican Spanish
chaparreras)
• · chihuahua (dog breed named after
Mexican city and state)
• · chile relleno (Mexican food)
39. • · sombrero
• · spaniel
• · stampede (from
estampida)
• · stockade (from a
French derivation of the
Spanish estacada,
"fence" or "stockade")
• · tobacco (from tabaco,
a word possibly of
Caribbean origin)
• · taco
• · tamale
• · tango
• · tequila
• · tomato (from tomate,
derived from Nahuatl tomatl)
• · tornado (from tronada,
thunderstorm)
• · tortilla (in Spanish, an
omelet often is a tortilla)
• · tuna (from atún)
• · vamoose (from vamos, a
form of "to go")
• · vanilla (from vainilla)
• · vaquero (English
regionalism for a cowboy)
• · vigilante (from adjective for
"vigilant")
• · wrangler
• · yucca (from yuca, originally
a Caribbean word)
40. Types of borrowing: Calques
Calque. This is when something is borrowed but
expressed using the borrowing language.
A very common calque is skyscraper.
o French: gratte-ciel Literally: “scrapes sky”
o Japanese: matenrō Literally: “sky-scrape-tower”
o Chinese: mótiānlóu Literally: “sky-scrape-building”
o Dutch: wolkenkrabber Literally: “cloud scratcher”
Calques often go unnoticed: earworm, long time no
see, brainwash, Adam’s apple, wisdom tooth
41. Application
How can you use you knowledge of these terms to
improve your understanding and proficiency in your
LS?