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Looking Ahead:Critical Issues in Domestic Violence,[object Object],Stalking, Intervention and Prevention,[object Object],Learning Unit 7,[object Object],A mini content lecture designed as a supplemental learning resource for ,[object Object],CRJ 461 by Bonnie Black. ,[object Object]
Unit Learning Objectives,[object Object],Explain the relationship between stalking and domestic violence.,[object Object],Describe stalking dynamics.,[object Object],Explain why stalking victims play a role in building evidence and list ways they can do it.,[object Object],Identify the unique dynamics in teen dating violence.,[object Object],Explain the role prevention plays in decreasing domestic violence.,[object Object],Describe why coordination is important and ways it can be accomplished.,[object Object],2,[object Object]
The Link Between Stalking and Domestic Violence,[object Object],Part I,[object Object]
Voice of a Stalking Survivor,[object Object],	“The more I gave in to his pleas to meet or talk with him, the more power he had over me, even though he made me ,[object Object],	believe I was the one in control.”,[object Object],4,[object Object]
What is Stalking?,[object Object],Course of conduct that places a person in fear of safety,[object Object],Specific behavior which is repetitive,[object Object],Unwanted contact,[object Object],	-	directly or indirectly 	communicates a threat,[object Object],	-	creates fear,[object Object],5,[object Object]
How Common is Stalking?,[object Object],3.9 million adults stalked                      annually.,[object Object],3 of 4 are stalked by someone they know.,[object Object],60% of female victims and 30% of male victims are stalked by an intimate partner; 10% by a stranger.,[object Object],Source: http://www.ncvc.org/SRC/ - National Center for Victims of Crime;  as noted in Katrina Baum et al., ,[object Object],"Stalking Victimization in the United States," (Washington, DC: BJS, 2009),[object Object],6,[object Object]
Is Stalking Dangerous?,[object Object],66% of female homicide victims were stalked prior to their death.,[object Object],“According to data gathered by the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, 81% of females stalked by an intimate partner are physically assaulted by their stalker and 31% are sexually assaulted.” ,[object Object],Source: National Center for Crime Victims as cited in MacFarlane et al., “Stalking and Intimate Partner Femicide,” ,[object Object],Homicide Studies 3, no. 4 (1998): 300-16) &  National Crime Prevention Council, ,[object Object],http://www.ncpc.org/programs/catalyst-newsletter/catalyst-newsletter-2009/volume-30-number-11/,[object Object],stalking-a-new-study-sheds-light-on-a-crime-that-repeatedly-terrorizes-its-victims,[object Object],7,[object Object]
Who is the Victim?,[object Object],Mostly women – Approximately 75% of stalking victims,[object Object],Women have greater stalking risk than men,[object Object],Men and Women have equal risk for harassment,[object Object],Equal reporting to police,[object Object],men = 37%, women = 41%,[object Object],Every walk of life,[object Object],No Discrimination,[object Object],Source: “Stalking Victimization in the U. S.” Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 2009; ,[object Object],http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/docs/stalking-victimization.pdf,[object Object],8,[object Object]
“Cyberstalking”,[object Object],Use of the internet, email, electronic communication devices and other technology.,[object Object],Targets victims through chatrooms, message boards, discussion forums and email.,[object Object],1 in 4 stalked with some form of technology*,[object Object],83% used email,[object Object],35% instant messaging,[object Object],Source: “Stalking Victimization in the U. S.” Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 2009; ,[object Object],http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/docs/stalking-victimization.pdf,[object Object],9,[object Object]
Examples of Cyberstalking,[object Object],Threatening or obscene e-mail,[object Object],Spamming,[object Object],Leaving improper messages on message boards or guest books,[object Object],Sending electronic viruses,[object Object],Sending unsolicited email,[object Object],Electronic identity theft,[object Object],NOTE:  Technology is also used to find victim, their friends and relatives; identify personal information, employment, etc.,[object Object],10,[object Object]
Stalkers Come in All Shapes,[object Object],“The most frightening thing was he would tell me very personal information that no one else would have known.  It made me feel paranoid that he was watching me all day.”    ,[object Object],Stalking Survivor,[object Object],11,[object Object]
Who Are Stalkers?,[object Object],Prior criminal, psychiatric,                        substance abuse history,[object Object],No single psychological or                      behavioral profile,[object Object],No boundaries,[object Object],Can be anyone,[object Object],Women stalked by intimate; men by acquaintance,[object Object],Mostly male – particularly in intimate situations,[object Object],Majority seek to re-establish or initiate a relationship,[object Object],12,[object Object]
General Stalking Characteristics,[object Object],Above average intelligence,[object Object],Low self-esteem,[object Object],No or few personal relationships,[object Object],Obsessive personality,[object Object],Lack of embarrassment/discomfort ,[object Object],Sociopathic thinking,[object Object],Violent-prone,[object Object],13,[object Object]
Stalker Type:  Simple 						   Obsessive,[object Object],Prior intimate relationship; typically male stalker,[object Object],Abuse during relationship – D.V.,[object Object],Relationship Discord,[object Object],	-  Victim ended it,[object Object],	-  Stalker hopes for reconciliation; domestic stalker represents 75 to 80%* of all stalkers,[object Object],	- Wants to get back at victim,[object Object],Shorter stalking period but dangerous,[object Object],	-	Threats and violence,[object Object],	-	Suicidal,[object Object],	-	Targets others,[object Object],*Source:  http://www.umich.edu/~sapac/info/stalking-pdf/stalking-types.pdf,[object Object],14,[object Object]
Stalker Type: Love Obsessional,[object Object],Minimal or no relationship at all; stranger or movie star,[object Object],Long-term stalking period,[object Object],Stalker creates “fantasy” of special relationship; idealizes victim and invents relationship,[object Object],	-	any contact reinforces stalker,[object Object],	-	wants victim’s attention,[object Object],	-	can result in threats and violence,[object Object],	-  represents 20 to 25% of stalkers*,[object Object],Extreme Cases Called – “Erotomania”,[object Object],*Source: http://www.umich.edu/~sapac/info/stalking-pdf/stalking-types.pdf and image from ,[object Object],http://www.tvtrendblog.com/21/tv/fire-david-letterman/,[object Object],15,[object Object]
Stalker Type:  False Victim,[object Object],Stalker fabricates evidence to convince others they are being stalked,[object Object],Motivated by:,[object Object],	-	re-establishing relationship                    	using sympathy,[object Object],	-	seeks out attention,[object Object],May be delusional or irrational,[object Object],Only 2% of stalkers,[object Object],16,[object Object]
Length of Stalking Period,[object Object],64% = One year or less (40% less than 6 months),[object Object],10% = Five years or longer,[object Object],46% experienced at least one unwanted contact per week.,[object Object],Source: “Stalking Victimization in the U. S.” Bureau of Justice Statistics, January 2009; ,[object Object],http://www.ovw.usdoj.gov/docs/stalking-victimization.pdf,[object Object],17,[object Object]
Stalking Laws in Arizona,[object Object],Harassment A.R.S. 13-2921,[object Object],Aggravated Harassment A.R.S.      13-2921.01,[object Object],Stalking A.R.S. 13-2923,[object Object],18,[object Object]
Harassment A.R.S. 13-2921,[object Object],Intent to harass or with knowledge,[object Object],Specific person,[object Object],Causes reasonable person to be seriously alarmed, annoyed or harassed,[object Object],Conduct does seriously alarm, annoy or harass,[object Object],Class 1 Misdemeanor,[object Object],19,[object Object]
Aggravated Harassment  A.R.S. 13-2921.01,[object Object],Harassing conduct combined with certain conditions:,[object Object],a valid O. P. or Injunction against the person,[object Object],Class 6 Felony,[object Object],and/or,[object Object],Person has previously been convicted of 13-3601,[object Object],involves same victim,[object Object],Class 5 Felony,[object Object],20,[object Object]
Stalking A.R.S. 13-2923,[object Object],Intentionally or knowingly engages in course of conduct and conduct either:,[object Object],	-	causes reasonable person to fear for own safety or 	that of immediate family and that person in fact 	fears,[object Object],	-	Class 5 Felony,[object Object],or,[object Object],	-	causes reasonable person to fear death of self or 	immediate family and that person in fact fears,[object Object],-	Class 3 Felony,[object Object],21,[object Object]
Interstate Stalking Act,[object Object],“…crime for any person to travel across state lines with intent to injure or harass another and places that person or a member of that person’s family in a reasonable fear of death or serious bodily injury.”,[object Object],Refer to FBI,[object Object],22,[object Object]
False Assumptions about Stalking,[object Object],Only happens to celebrities.,[object Object],Victims exaggerate and overreact.,[object Object],Little police officers can do with no physical evidence at scene.,[object Object],O.P./Injunctions will stop the behavior.,[object Object],23,[object Object]
Natural Reactions of Stalking Victims,[object Object],Deny problem      ,[object Object],Bargain with stalker,[object Object],Anxiety sets in; never knowing when or what they will do next,[object Object],Exhaustion follows; depression,[object Object],Blame self,[object Object],Angry; do anything to make stalker go away,[object Object],Acceptance,[object Object],Source: E.S.I.A. (Ending Stalking in American); http://www.esia.net/Victim_Reactions.htm,[object Object],24,[object Object]
Voice of a Stalking Survivor,[object Object],“Many people and police officers tend to believe you're fabricating, overreacting, or that it's simply too bizarre to be real. If only that were true. All of a sudden tires on my vehicles were slashed, damage to my home, unwanted gifts, flowers, pictures and decapitated dead animals were left at my door or sent by other means, not to mention the hundreds of phone calls, and threats on my life. ,[object Object],	Simple things in life, that many take for granted, were soon taken from me. I could no longer answer my phone or drive in my car without constant fear…….,[object Object],Source: E.S.I.A. (Ending Stalking in American); www.esia.net/My_story.htm,[object Object],25,[object Object]
Continued,[object Object],	“I couldn't meet family members or friends….. Although I was fortunate to have support from family and friends, I started pulling away for fear that the stalker would take revenge on them. A stalker only sees other people as an obstacle in his/her way and will stop at nothing.  There were times my stalker would make threats to kill whoever he saw me with. In essence, stalking is more than just harassment and threats - it's an act of terrorism that a victim faces every hour of every day.”,[object Object],26,[object Object]
Criminal Justice Response Needs to be Victim Centered,[object Object],Collaboration and mutual cooperation,[object Object],Open communication,[object Object],Sharing,[object Object],Commitment to common goal,[object Object],Recognition of danger and continual focus on safety,[object Object],Sensitivity to victim’s frustration, fear and anger,[object Object],27,[object Object]
Importance of Victim Relationship in C.J. Response,[object Object],Victim documentation proves “course of conduct” and “series of acts.”,[object Object],Repetitive acts require victim to build a case and collect evidence.,[object Object],Victim collaboration and communication key.,[object Object],Need good victim relationship to preserve evidence; traditional crime scene may not exist.,[object Object],28,[object Object]
Voice of a Stalking Survivor,[object Object],	“Stalking victims don't have the physical bruises to show.  Day after day they are mentally raped. Can pictures prove their anguish or their fight to survive?  No.  Are their stalkers there when the police arrive?  No.  Almost every stalking victim you speak with will tell you the same thing.  It would have been much easier if he/she had just shot and killed me than the hell I went through or no one would believe me, especially officers."Everyone thought I was the crazy one.",[object Object],29,[object Object],Source:  E.S.I.A. (End Stalking in America); www.esia.net/,[object Object]
Examples of Victim’s Role in Case Building,[object Object],Keep a detailed journal,[object Object],Log all phone calls/messages; save tape recordings ,[object Object],Print all emails; save electronically,[object Object],Proper opening, touching and packaging of all mail, notes, etc.,[object Object],Take pictures,[object Object],Follow-up/document all flower deliveries,[object Object],Call police; insist report be written,[object Object],30,[object Object]
Example of Case Building,[object Object],“….so many small things happened to me.  I had totally convinced myself that none of these would be relevant but I still documented….. In the end my journal proved to be one of the most important items in prosecution of my stalker…. Was my journal worth the time I put into it.  Absolutely!”,[object Object],		Actual Victim Statement,[object Object],Source:  E.S.I.A. (End Stalking in America); www.esia.net/,[object Object],31,[object Object]
Example of Case Building,[object Object],   “Carry a small cassette recorder in your car.  There were so many times, while I was driving that I would see something that instantly reminded me of something that I had forgotten about…. I paid $9.95 for mine.  A small price to pay when it came to proving it in court.”,[object Object],Actual Victim Statement,[object Object],Source:  E.S.I.A. (End Stalking in America); www.esia.net/,[object Object],32,[object Object]
Increasing Victim Safety,[object Object],No contact with stalker,[object Object],Tell others,[object Object],Change routines,[object Object],Don’t answer phone,[object Object],Obtain O.P./Injunction,[object Object],All keys are accounted for; change locks,[object Object],Car in garage/lighted area,[object Object],Lock all outside electrical/phone boxes and gates,[object Object],Keep a cellular phone,[object Object],All utility accounts coded with password,[object Object],Don’t throw personal items in trash or post on web,[object Object],Provide pictures to co-workers/family, if stalker known,[object Object],Security system,[object Object],33,[object Object]
Voice of a Stalking Survivor,[object Object],“During sentencing, on March 11th, 1999 Judge Keppel stated; "the emotional trauma suffered by the victim in this case was emotional rape, the defendant is a danger to society.  In my opinion the victim was right; these were continual acts of terrorism.  For anybody to have to live through this period of time that she lived through, with these types of activities affecting her everyday life, these are acts of terror.",[object Object],Source: E.S.I.A. (End Stalking in America);  www.esia.net/My_story.htm,[object Object],34,[object Object]
Conclusion of Part I,[object Object],Stalking often occurs when a domestic violence victim leaves the relationship; can increases risk of homicide.,[object Object],Stalking is repetitive and a pattern of behavior.,[object Object],25% of victims are cyberstalked; most using email as the method of choice.,[object Object],Law enforcement and stalking victims need to work together to preserve and build evidence.,[object Object],35,[object Object],Note:  Some segments taken in part or modified from Stalking  Law Enforcement Training materials developed by Mesa Community College in conjunction with a VAWA grant.,[object Object]
Domestic Violence Intervention & Prevention,[object Object],Part II,[object Object]
1. Early Intervention: Teen Dating 					    Violence,[object Object],1 in 5 female high school students report being physically and/or sexually abused by a dating partner.,[object Object],50% of reported date rapes are teen victims.,[object Object],1 in 3 teens know a friend or peer who has been physically hurt by a dating partner.,[object Object],Only 33% of teens in abusive relationships told anybody.,[object Object],Source: “Teen Dating Violence Facts,” American Bar Association; National Teen Dating Violence ,[object Object],Prevention Initiative; www.clotheslineproject.org/teendatingviolencefacts.pdf,[object Object],37,[object Object]
Unique Issues in Teen Dating Violence,[object Object],Have little experienced with dating.,[object Object],Are pressured by peers and others to find a boyfriend (or girlfriend).,[object Object],Being in a dating relationship can bring popularity and status.,[object Object],Seek independence from parents; want to solve own problems.,[object Object],Have "romantic" story book views of love.,[object Object],Emotional intensity increases quickly; madly in love after one week.,[object Object],Source:  Taken in part from http://www.acadv.org/dating.html,[object Object],38,[object Object]
Unique Issues Continued,[object Object],Avoiding abuser even when relationship ends is difficult if they go to same school or have common friends; risk increases.,[object Object],Victim perceives jealousy, possessiveness and controlling behavior as signs of love and commitment. ,[object Object],Relationships are typically short but intense.,[object Object],39,[object Object]
Dating Bill of Rights - I have the right to:,[object Object],40,[object Object],Ask for a date ,[object Object],Refuse a date ,[object Object],Suggest activities ,[object Object],Refuse any activities, even if my date is excited about them ,[object Object],Have my own feelings and be able to express them ,[object Object],Say, "I think my friend is wrong and his actions are inappropriate",[object Object],Source: Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence: http://www.acadv.org/dating.html,[object Object]
I have the right to:,[object Object],Tell someone not to interrupt me,[object Object], Have my limits and values respected ,[object Object],Tell my partner when I need affection,[object Object],Refuse affection,[object Object], Be heard ,[object Object],Refuse to lend money ,[object Object],Refuse sex any time, for any reason ,[object Object],Have friends and space aside from my partner,[object Object],41,[object Object],Source:  Arizona Coalition Against Domestic Violence: http://www.acadv.org/dating.html,[object Object]
Solutions,[object Object],Dating Bill of Rights,[object Object],What a dating partner is entitled to,[object Object],Teen Safety Planning,[object Object],Options that can be identified and used in the future,[object Object],Parental Intervention,[object Object],Like drugs, need to openly talk about date violence and watch for signs,[object Object],Education,[object Object],School programs, public service announcements to increase awareness and help teens understand the issue; encourages teens to tell and talk to parents,[object Object],42,[object Object]
Solutions Continued,[object Object],Promotion of Healthy Dating Relationships,[object Object],Identification of what a healthy relationship is and early warning signs of an abusive one.,[object Object],National Teen Dating Violence Awareness and Prevention Campaign,[object Object],Designated by Congress to unite communities and criminal justice agencies to publicly profile the problem and solutions (February).,[object Object],43,[object Object]
The Expected Results,[object Object],"Teen dating violence victimizes students in their middle and high school years, a time during which they are developing attitudes and behaviors that will shape later relationships………If we work together now, we can make a real difference in the lives of teens, and improve their prospects for a healthier adulthood.“,[object Object],Regina B. Schofield, Assistant Attorney General for the Office of Justice Programs.,[object Object],Source: www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/news_at_glance/217167/sf_5.html,[object Object],44,[object Object]
2. Law Changes:                                 D.V. Continues to Evolve,[object Object],Does Arizona have a spousal rape law?,[object Object],Think about it!,[object Object],45,[object Object]
Law Changed in 2005,[object Object],Spousal rape, a Class 6 felony with an option to lower it to a class 1 misdemeanor was eliminated.,[object Object],Sexual assault, a Class 2 felony includes all rapes regardless of who the perpetrator is.,[object Object],Crimes by spouses no longer minimized by relationship.,[object Object],               A crime is a crime!,[object Object],46,[object Object]
2011 Law: D.V. Protections Extend to Pets (ARS 13-3602),[object Object],“This Arizona law provides that, if a court issues an order of protection, the court may grant the petitioner the exclusive care, custody or control of any animal that is owned, possessed, leased, kept or held by the petitioner, the respondent or a minor child residing in the residence or household of the petitioner or the respondent, and order the respondent to stay away from the animal and forbid the respondent from taking, transferring, encumbering, concealing, committing an act of cruelty or neglect in violation of section 13- 2910 or otherwise disposing of the animal.”,[object Object],Source: www.animallaw.info/articles/ovusdomesticviolencelaws.htm,[object Object]
Federal Laws: Violence Against Women Act,[object Object],Scope of laws continue to expand including firearm violations, stalking, interstate violations of protective orders, Full Faith and Credit, victim rights and petitioning options for battered immigrant women and children.,[object Object],Continued funding to support training and programs.,[object Object],New International Violence Against Women Act 2010 Congressional proposal.,[object Object],Do we have a global responsibility,[object Object], to end intimate violence?,[object Object],48,[object Object]
3.  Collaborative Response:      Mesa Police Example,[object Object],Center Against Family Violence,[object Object],“The Center Against Family Violence, where criminal justice joins forces with helping professions; where police and social workers, prosecuting attorneys and on-site physicians, work together to reduce the trauma of physical and sexual abuse; where victimization is transformed into empowerment.”,[object Object],Source:  www.mesaaz.gov/police/cafv/default.aspx,[object Object],49,[object Object]
Benefits of a One Stop Coordinated Response,[object Object],Reduces revictimization,[object Object],Personnel trained in family violence,[object Object],One stop forensic evidence gathering and interviewing,[object Object],Medical exam conducted on site rather than in hospital,[object Object],Services in one place to assist victim including crisis intervention,[object Object],Nurturing and less threatening environment ,[object Object],50,[object Object],This model has been ,[object Object],duplicated in several other ,[object Object],local cities and nationwide.,[object Object]
4. Victim Rights:Continues to Expand,[object Object],New – Enforcing Rights,[object Object],Arizona Attorney General’s Office,[object Object],Hiring of a Victim Rights Enforcement Officer to address complaints and hold criminal justice system accountable,[object Object],51,[object Object],Holding the system ,[object Object],accountable!,[object Object]
5.  Coordinating Councils:          AZ Supreme Court Efforts,[object Object],Supreme Court Committee on Impact of Domestic Violence and the Courts (CIDVC),[object Object],“….acknowledge the severity of D.V. problem in AZ,[object Object],increase awareness of victim resources,[object Object],provides sanctions for criminal conduct,[object Object],enhance follow-through by law enforcement to enforce orders of protection,[object Object],assess state and local proceedings and services and make recommendations for system changes…..” (emphasizing victim safety and offender accountability).,[object Object],Source: www.azcourts.gov/cscommittees/CommitteeontheImpactofDVandtheCourts.aspx,[object Object],52,[object Object]
What is the Council Accomplishing?,[object Object],Go to www.azcourts.gov/cscommittees/CommitteeontheImpactofDVandtheCourts.aspx               ,[object Object],Scroll down and click on 2010 Minutes and read the minutes from the last meeting,[object Object],Interesting!!,[object Object],53,[object Object]
6. Educational Focus:            ASU Law School and D.V.,[object Object],Creation of ASU’s Diane Halle Center for Family Justice,[object Object],“Diane Halle, President of the Bruce T. Halle Family Foundation, said the center will serve an urgent need. ‘Providing access to justice both for victims of family violence and for other poor families who are in need of legal service is often a matter of life and death," Halle said. "To make real change happen for our families, we need to make sure that all who are in need have access to justice. There is real urgency to take action now.’",[object Object],Source: http://asunews.asu.edu/20100211_familyjusticecenter,[object Object],54,[object Object]
Conclusion: What does the future hold?,[object Object],Things to Consider:,[object Object],D.V. offender registration? (New York),[object Object],Lifetime probation for D.V. offenders?,[object Object],Increased media exposure to D.V.?,[object Object],New academic classes related to victimization and D.V.; degrees in Victimology?,[object Object],More or less murder-suicides and homicides related to D.V.?,[object Object],What else?,[object Object],55,[object Object]

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Unit 7 Critical Issues in Domestic Violence

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