1. The Ottomans
Build a Vast Empire
{The Ottomans established a Muslim empire that
combined many cultures and lasted for more
than 600 years.}

2. #18 - Using the map in Ch. 3/L1 to add
Portugal, Spain, the Netherlands, France,
England.
#19 - Explain what “God, glory, and gold”
means.
#20 - Using the map in Ch. 3/L1, recreate
da Gama’s route on your map.
Bell Work

3. 1. To which religion did the Ottomans
belong?
a. Lutheranism
b. Buddhism
c. Catholicism
d. Islam
Quiz

4. 2. Who founded the Ottoman empire?
a. Selim the Grim
b. Mehmet the Conqueror
c. Ignatius of Loyola
d. Osman
Quiz

5. 3. Which warrior from Central Asia slowed
the expansion of the Ottoman Empire?
a. Tony the Lame
b. Timur the Lame
c. Charlamagne
d. Zheng He
Quiz

6. 4. What is Mehmed II’s greatest
accomplishment?
a. destroying Rome
b. conquering Constantinople
c. defeating the Mongols
d. inaugurating the Ottoman
Renaissance
Quiz

7. 5. What lead to the slow decline of the
Ottoman Empire?
a. the bubonic plague
b. opium from Afghanistan
c. incompetent leadership
d. military defeats at the hands of
Crusaders
Quiz

8. • Turn to page A26-27
• By 1300, the Byzantine Empire was declining…
• The Byzantine Empire was the remnant of the Roman
Empire.
• founded in 330 AD at the ancient Greek colony of
Byzantium.
• Its capital was Constantinople (present day Istanbul).
• …and the Mongols had destroyed the Turkish Seljuk kingdom
of Rum.
• Anatolia was inhabited mostly by the descendants of
nomadic Turks.
• These people were not united under a strong central
power.
setting the stage

9. • Many Anatolian Turks saw themselves as ghazis
(GAH-zees), or warriors for Islam.
• They formed military societies under an emir, and
followed a strict Islamic code of conduct.
• Often, they raided the territories of people who lived
on the frontiers of the Byzantine Empire.
Turks move into
Byzantium

10. • Osman – the most successful ghazi.
• known in the West as Othman.
• his followers were called Ottomans.
• He built a small Muslim state in Anatolia (1300-1326).
• His successors expanded this kingdom by buying land,
forming alliances with some emirs, and conquering
others.
• The Ottomans’ military success was largely based on
the use of gunpowder.
• Archers on horseback < musket-carrying foot soldiers
Turks move into
Byzantium

11. • Ottomans + Gunpowder = Military Success
• also some of the first people to use cannons as
weapons of attack.
• even heavily walled cities were no match for the Turks.
• Orkhan I – Osman’s son; second Ottoman leader.
• declared himself sultan, or “overlord”, “one with
power”.
• 1361: capture Adrianople, the 2nd most important city
in the Byzantine Empire.
Turks move into
Byzantium

12. • The Ottomans acted wisely toward the people they
conquered.
• used local officials who were appointed by the sultan.
• often improved the lives of the peasants.
• Muslims were required to serve in Turkish armies, and
make contributions required by their faith.
• Non-muslims could avoid military service by paying a
small tax.
Turks move into
Byzantium

13. • Timur the Lame
• The rise of the Ottoman Empire was halted in the early 1400s.
• Timir-i-Lang or Tamerlane
• a rebellious warrior from Central Asia; ruler of the Timirid Empire
• burned Baghdad to the ground.
• defeated Ottoman forces at the Battle of Ankara in 1402.
• this defeat halted the expansion of the Ottoman empire.
Turks move into
Byzantium

14. Timur the Lame

15. • the Interregnum -The sons of Bayezid I fought a
civil war for control of the Ottoman Empire between
1402-1413.
• Mehmed I defeated his brothers and restored civil
order.
• His son, Murad II, reigned from 1421-1451.
• He defeated the Venetians, invaded Hungary, and
defeated Italian crusaders in the Balkans. (pg. 74)
• Crash Course!
Powerful Sultans Spur
Dramatic Expansion

16. Mehmed II Conquers Constantinople
• son of Murad II
• known as Mehmed the Conqueror
• took power in 1451.
• after taking the throne, he declared “GIVE ME
CONSTANTINOPLE!”
• By this time, Constantinople had shrunk from nearly 1
million people to barely 50,000!!
• The city controlled access to the Bosporus Strait, which
connected the Ottomans’ territories in Asia and in the
Balkans.
Powerful Sultans Spur
Dramatic Expansion

17. MEHMED THE CONQUORER

18. Bosporus Strait
MEHMED THE CONQUEROR

19. • In 1453, Mehmed II launched his attack on Constantinople.
• The Turks used large cannons to destroy the walls of the city.
• One was 26 ft long and fired 1200 lb boulders.
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z3Skx0pM68A
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Agrv9uAazI
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0sdtkAM-Ud0
• A large chain was laid across the Golden Horn between the
Bosporus Strait and Sea of Marmara kept the Turkish ships from
the city’s harbor.
• The Turks dragged 70 SHIPS OVER A HILL!!!!
• They used greased runners so that they could attack Constantinople
from two sides.
Powerful Sultans Spur
Dramatic Expansion

20. Constantinople
Ain’t no stoppin’ us!

21. • The city held out for 7 weeks, but eventually the
Turks broke the walls and entered the city.
• Mehmed II opened the city to citizens of many
religions and backgrounds (Muslims, Jews, and
Christians; Turks and non-Turks).
• Constantinople → Istanbul
Powerful Sultans Spur
Dramatic Expansion

22. Ottomans Take Islam’s Holy
Cities
• Selim the Grim
• grandson of Mehmed II
• came to power in 1512.
• defeated the Safavids (suh-FAH-vidz)
of Persia at the Battle of
Chaldiran (pg. 80).
• Sunni Islam vs Shia Islam
• swept through Syria, Palestine,
and into North Africa.
Powerful Sultans
Spur Dramatic
Expansion

23. Selim the Grim
• At the same time Cortez was defeating the Aztecs in
the Americas, Selim was defeating the Mamluk
Sultanate of Egypt.
• This gave the Turks control of Mecca and Medina.
• What is important about those cities?
• He also took control of Cairo, the intellectual center of
the Muslim world.
• Now the Turks have defeated the Byzantine Empire and
the Egyptian Empire.
Powerful Sultans Spur
Dramatic Expansion

24. • The Ottoman Empire’s zenith
came under Selim’s son,
Suleyman.
• came to the throne in 1520, ruled
for 46 years.
• known in the West as Suleyman
the Magnificent.
• He was a superb military leader.
• 1521: conquered Belgrade.
• 1522: captured the island of
Rhodes; now controlled the whole
eastern Mediterranean.
• 1526: the Ottomans pushed into
Europe, all the way to Vienna,
Austria.
Suleyman the Lawgiver

25. • 1551: By using their immense naval power, the
Ottomans were able to capture Tripoli in North
Africa.
• The Turks ruled from central Europe to the Sinai
Peninsula; from present-day Algeria in North Africa to
Iraq.
• Not the largest empire ever, but at this time, Suleyman
was the most powerful monarch in the world.
• Only Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire came close.
Suleyman the Lawgiver

26. Highly Structured Social Organization
• Suleyman was able to turn this vast empire into a
workable social structure with an efficient
government and social organization.
• Both civil and criminal actions were handled by a
single law code.
• no imprisonment without trial.
• allowed no promotions that were not based on merit.
• introduced the idea of a balanced government budget.
• Taxes were simplified and limited.
• Government bureaucracy was systematized and
reduced.
Suleyman the Lawgiver

27. Highly Structured Social Organization
• The sultan’s 20,000 personal slaves staffed the palace
bureaucracy.
• These slaves were acquired through the devshirme system.
• Under this system, the army drafted boys from the people
of Christian territories they conquered.
• They were educated, converted to Islam, and trained as
soldiers.
• janissaries - An elite force of 30,000 were trained to
serve the sultan only.
• Sometimes, Christian families would bribe officials so
that their children would be taken.
• The brightest ones could rise to high government
posts or military positions.
Suleyman the Lawgiver

28. • As a Muslim, Suleyman was required to follow
Islamic law.
• the Ottomans granted freedom of worship to other
religious communities.
• These communities were treated as millets, or nations.
• Each millet was allowed to follow its own religious laws
and practices.
• This kept conflict among people of the various religions to a
minimum.
Suleyman the Lawgiver

29. Cultural Flowering
• Suleyman studied poetry, history, geography,
astronomy, mathematics, and architecture.
• employed Sinan, one of the world’s finest architects, to
build the Mosque of Suleyman.
• covered in domes and half domes
• includes four schools, a library, a bath, and a hospital.
Suleyman the Lawgiver

30. Mosque of Suleyman

31. • Art and literature also flourished under Suleyman.
• Painters and poets looked to Persia and Arabia for
models.
• This period was similar to the European Renaissance.
• used foreign influence to express original Ottoman ideas
in the Turkish style.
• example of cultural blending…
Suleyman the Lawgiver

32. • Suleyman killed his ablest son and drove another to
exile.
• This left an incompetent son, Selim II, to take the
throne.
• It became customary for each new sultan to have his
brothers strangled. Then his sons would be held prisoner
so that they couldn’t be educated or contact the outside
world.
• This produced a long line of weak sultans, who eventually
brought ruin to the empire.
• However, the Ottoman Empire lasted into the 20th century.
The Empire Declines
Slowly