4. Foreign Invasions Arrival of the Aryans via the Khyber Pass Arrival of Cyrus, the emperor of Persia conquered lands to the west of Indus River Arrival of Alexander the Great Arrival of the Hunas (Huns) in the northern part of India during the Gupta period
5. Rivalry between Indian Kingdoms Kingdoms fought for then control of wealthy Southern India Pallava Kingdom won against the Chalukya Kingdom Chola Kingdom (under Rajaraja the Great) later defeated the Pallava , Chera and Pandya kingdoms, conquered the northern part of Ceylon
6. Response against External threats Through defense Building physical barriers and armies Building diplomatic relationship Integration of foreigners
7. Responses Building physical barriers and armies Tall walls in Pataliputra with 64 gates and 572 watch towers Use of armies for self –defence during Harsha’s rule (use of 100 000 calvary and 60 000 war elephant Weakness Ineffective armies led them to being defeated by Alexander the Great
8. Responses Building diplomatic relationship through alliances Invade common enemies Mauryan kings sent ambassadors to other kingdoms
9. Responses Integration Accepting foreigners into their society Giving a class ranking (kshatriyas) Kushans (Central Asian Nomads) adopted Indian way of life and practised Hinduism n Buddhism The Kushans minted coins that featured Hindu gods, helped spread Hinduism
10. China Exposed to the vast plains of Central Asia Exposed to fierce nomadic tribes (Xiongnus) Xiongnus invaded northwest China during the Han period Jurchen from Manchuria attacked the Song dynasty, and set up the Jin dynasty
11. Responses Tribute system Han Wudi allowed kings to continue ruling the kingdoms he conquered. Promised to help them if they were attacked by rival tribes and kingdoms In return, the kings will give regular gifts or tribute to Wudi Send their sons to receive Chinese education (hostage) Tribes also paid tributes to Wudi in exchange for trade along the Silk Road
12. Responses Building physical barriers and armies Great Wall of China Keep nomadic tribes out of China Maintained large armies Peasant infantrymen Developing advanced weapons Invention of flame thrower Use of gunpowder for rockets n grenades Cannon
13. Responses Integration Acceptance of Chinese culture Adopted Chinese names, customs, dressing, Chinese language and script Married Chinese women With the exception of Mongols
14. South East Asia Rivalry between kingdoms 4 major trading kingdoms (Funan, Srivijaya, Khmer, Melaka) Srivijaya attacked by rival states (Siam Kingdom, Javanese Kingdom)
15. South East Asia Foreign Invasions North Vietnam was conquered by Han Wudi Melaka was attacked by Portuguese
16. Responses Diplomacy Forming friendships with neighbours Exchanged letters and gifts Sent ambassadors Tribute system against attacks
17. Responses Building physical barriers and armies Portuguese built a strong fort called A Famosa after capturing Melaka Secured 12 attacks by rivals Weapons Matchlock, cannons New naval technologies However useless against Europeans
