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ACtion Photocatalytic Coating
                                  Information Manual
                                                 Overview
Tio2 Photoctalysis is internationally recognised as one of the most effective materials which can kill almost all
kinds of bacteria including flu and SARS. It has been widely used in the sterilisation of hospitals, institutions,
schools etc. The PROtect ACtion photocatalyst coating, kills almost all kinds of bacteria under the irradiation of
light, which can be maintained long enough to thoroughly decompose bacteria, its cell body and the residual
exdotoxin. Meanwhile the photocatalyst can wipe out indoor allergen and reduce the incidence of respiratory
deseases.



                    Sterilization Mechanisms of ACtion Photocatalyst
Titanium Dioxide itself has no toxicity, its sterilization function activates after the irradiation of UV light.
When exposed to light, the very strong oxidising power of Titanium Dioxide can destroy the bacteria’s’ cell wall
and membrane and react with the cell components inhibiting growth and ultimately killing and decomposing
the cell structure.

    Sterilization by Tio2 photocatalyst presents the following 2 biochemical
                                  mechanisms.
Direct Photocatalysis
The electron-hole can directly react with a cell wall cell membrane and cell component in the sterilizing
process of mycrozymes and bacilli, the CoA inside the cell oxidizes which causes the respiration of the cell to
stop and finally in its death. During this process, the electron shift between the dead cell and Tio2 is passed by
CoA, therefore the content of CoA decreases and CoA dimer increases.

Indirect Sterilization Reaction
When and electron hole dissolves in water it generate Active Oxygen such as Hydroxile Radical. The electronic
structure of Titanium Dioxide is characterised by filled valence band(VB) and an empty conduction band (CB).
The band gap energy is excited and an electron is promoted from the valence band (VB) to the conduction
                                                                              +
band (CB) then and electron-hole pair is generated (electron e- and hole h ) the positive –hole of Titanium
Dioxide breaks the water molecule apart to form hydrogen gas and hydroxyl radical
                                                                                      -
The negative-electron reacts with the Oxygen molecule to form a super oxide anion (0 2 ) Super oxide anion can
react with water molecules generating hydroxyl radical peroxide ( 00H ) and Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2)
Moreover, active Hydroxyl Radicals can combine to form Hydrogen Peroxide. This cycle continues when light
is available.
The active Hydroxil radical, super oxide anion, peroxide hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide can react with
biomacromolecules such as protein enzyme and lipid, which will destroy the cell wall membrane and its
components. For example, the oxidation=reduction material is necessary in the formation of Adenosine
Triphosphate insode the hela cell. After reacting with the active Oxygen, the hela cell ( T24)membrane is
                                                             2+
oxidised by Titanium Dioxide and leaks, the positive ion Ca enters the cell and reacts with the inner protein
which cvauses the death of the cell
R      R        RC    R
  C  C  OH     C
R      R        RH    R                                               Typical Redox Potential of Microbes and Cells
                                                                      (vs, SCE, PH=7)
                                                                      Microbe Cell      Concentration       Redox
Take   OH for example , it can provide an unsaturated bond                                 Cell / L       Potential
                                                                                                               N
or take out its atom H as organic matter                              Microzyme             1 x 1011         0.74
                                                                      Escherichia Coli      1 x 1011         0.72
R3CH  OH  R3C  H 2 O                                              Lactobacillus         5 x 1011         0.68
                                                                      Bacillus Subtilis     2 x 1011         0.68
                                                                      Samonella             6 x 1011         0.70
The new free radical will cause a chain reaction which will lead to   Typhimurium
the qualitative change of bacterial proteins and the total            Cell              Concentration Redox
                                                                      Component         Cell / L          Potential
decomposition of lipids. The bacteria is decomposed and killed at                                         N
once.                                                                 Microzyme                 -            0.65
                                                                      Extravasate
                                          
Thereforethe electron hole and     OH , O2  , HO2 , H 2 O2          CoA
                                                                      Reductive co-
                                                                                           3.7 x 103
                                                                                           5.0 x 103
                                                                                                             0.40
                                                                                                             0.68
formed on the surface of Titanium Dioxide can react with a            enzyme
cell wall, membrane and its component to kill the cell.               Cysteine             2.5 x 103         0.45
                                                                      Protolasm                 -             .65
                                                                      Hela Cell                 -             .65
In the sunlight, the Titanium Dioxide particles are absorbed by
the surface of animalcule cells,
(  OH , O2  , HO2 , H 2 O2 ) will react directly with cytologic histologocal elements which improves
             

the sterilization effect. The positive –hole of Titanium Dioxide irradiated by UV light is an extremely
strong oxidation agent, the reactive Oxygen is also extremely active. As a result, Titanium Dioxide
can effectively kill Escherichia Coli, Lactobacillus, Bacillus Subtilis, Hela and Cancer cells T24.
Furthermore it can inhibit or prevent the growth of malignant cells and even kill green algae.As a
result of such effective sterilization, Titanium Dioxide can be used indoors as an antiseptic and
sterilization agent for water treatment, water pollution and Photodynamiotherapy.
Actually, photocatalytic sterilization remains constant when bacteria is exposed to Titanium Dioxide,
as the active hydroxyl radical cannot exist and cannot enter a cell membrane to destroy the cell
structure, therefore the sterilization effect is the result of hydroxyl radical and other active oxygen
( O2  ,  OOH , H 2 O2 ) since H 2 O2 can enter a cell wall it not only kills the bacteria but also
decomposes lipoids such as Endotoxin released by its death. In addition it can remain stable for as
long time so H 2 O2 can be the most important reaction medium in photocatalytic sterilization. Of
course the reaction also includes other active oxygen and H 2 O2 is not the only reactant. The active
hydroxyl radical performs strong oxidation inside the cell, which greatly improves its sterilization
effect.
Comparison with Traditional Antiseptics
Traditional antiseptics are divided into the following three
categories. Organic Antiseptic, Inorganic Antiseptic and Natural
Antiseptic. There are two types of Inorganic Antseptics, one with
a strong oxidant property used to kill bacteria and fungus and the
other with a metal ion that will kill germs, however, the
antiseptics themselves like Chlorine and Chlorine oxide are
potentially bad for health. The metal antiseptics do not continue
to decompose the germ body after killing so the germ body coats
the metal ion, this greatly affects the antibacterial efficiency. The
organic antiseptics compounded by scientific chemical methods
kill germs quickly but the germ can adapt itself to organic
antiseptics easily and the process involves the use of toxic
substances.



            Type                   Advantages                     Disadvantages                Typical Products
Inorganic                    Heat resistant, wide           The silver antiseptics        Silver-zeolite/ Phosphate
                             range of sterilization and     change colour easily and      and silver silica gel.
                             no need for light              surfaces remain coated
                                                            with germ bodies which
                                                            reduce the effect
Organic                      Fast and wide range of         Not     heat     resistant,   Phenol
                             sterilization, low price       produces nasty toxins,
                                                            and is a pollutant
Natural                      High         effect      of    Not     heat     resistant,   Chitosan, Sorbic Acid
                             sterilization, safer to use    processing the material
                             and non pollutant              can be difficult
Photocatalyst                Wide         range       of    Light required                Titanium Dioxide based
                             sterilization, high and                                      Photocatalysts
                             everlasting          effect,
                             decomposition of germ
                             bodies        and      their
                             endotoxin, non pollutant,
                             harmless to humans
Advanced Sterilization with ACtion Nanocoat
Anti-bacterial and anti virus treatment of public places and facilities such as hospitals, schools, hotels, offices,
taxis and public transport.

Anti-bacterial and anti virus treatment for face masks, air and water filters, clothes and textiles and domestic
hygiene.

The ACtion nano-photocatalyst kills almost all kinds of bacteria and virus including SARS, H5N1etc and remains
effective for several years. It works by decomposing virus and their cell bodies and the residual endotoxin and
then continues to break down any new mutations of the bacteria. Because the bacteria cell structure is
completely decomposed, the surface remains active and effective unlike standard disinfectants.

The ongoing activity of the ACtion coating eliminates odours such as cigarette smoke, pets and reduces
allergens present in the ambient micro environment.

                                                     Benefits

                                            Broad spectrum sterilization feature, killing almost all kinds of
                                             bacteria and virus.
                                            Providing deodorization and anti allergen properties
                                            Long active life ( approx 5 years) depending on conditions
                                            Active photcatalytic decomposition of mould and fungus, self
                                             cleaning.
                                            Safe and environmentally responsible method of killing
                                             bacteria and virus with no toxins or residual pollutant



                                                                     ACtion Nanocoatng delivers excellent anti
                                                                     bacterial performance after coating in areas
                                                                     where hygiene is critical.

                                                                     Our product has been tested in a Hospital in
                                                                     high risk areas and the growth rate of
                                                                     bacteria measured.

                                                                     8 critical areas of contamination where
                                                                     measured for bugs and 6 from the 8 were
                                                                     contaminated at a dangerous level. The
                                                                     areas were then coated with ACtion and
                                                                     then re-opened to normal operations for a
                                                                     period of 24 hours. After this period each
                                                                     area was re-tested and were either free
                                                                     from contamination or at a safe level.

Data available on demand
Air Purification
ACtion is a next generation air purification technology that will de-activate harmful pollutants in 85% of all
harmful gases such as , Nitrogen Oxide, Formaldehyde,
Benzene, VOC’s.

 ACtion nanocoat works by Photocatalysis, in the presence
of light, it produces hydroxyl radicals and holes ( h+). These
react with organic materials and harmful gases to produce
Water and Carbon Dioxide.

Through nano-particulate engineering and modifications in
the reology of the monolayer, the coating can be adapted
to operate in low light conditions without any detrimental
effect to the overall performance.

 Pollutant       Source              Chemical Reaction                                  End Product
                                                                                        H2O     CO2   N2,   O2
                                                                                                      NO3
                                                                                            2
 Ammonia         Urine,    Sweat,
                 Garbage, Smoke
                                            2 NH 3  6OH  N 2  6H 2 O
 Acetaldehyde    Garbage, Smoke
                 etc
                                      CH 3CHO  6OH  O2  2CO2  4H 2 O
 Acetic Acid     Garbage, Smoke
                 etc
                                     CH 3COOH  4OH  O2  2CO2  4H 2 O
 Methane         Gas,        Fuel,
                 Organic                  CH 4  4OH  O2  CO2  4H 2 O
                 Decomposition
 Carbon          Exhaust fumes,
 Monoxide        Smoke
                                              CO  2OH  CO2  H 2 O
 Nitrogen        Exhaust fumes,
 Oxide           Smoke
                                          " NO  4OH  N 2  2O2  2H 2 O
 Formaldehyde    Resin, Paints etc         HCHO  4OH  CO2  3H 2 O


The above table shows the chemical reactions initiated by the photocatalytic process and the resulting
products produced in each case. The residual products are non pollutants and are completely harmless.
Self Cleaning

Overview
Action self cleaning nanocoat is a special photocatalytic coating that reacts with light to create a hydrophilic
surface or a surface that is super receptive to water.

The washing proess is done by reducing the surface tension of the coated area so that it cannot repell water
but accepts it to spread evenly over the surface. Surface tension is normally measured by establishing the
contact angle of a water droplet on the surface , the diagram shows the angle and how the coating alters the
shape of the droplet.




The coated area eventually becomes completely saturated by water, so that excess water begins to flow by
gravity, “washing” the coated area.

Before and during this washing process the photocatalytic coating has decomposed organic pollutants, lipids
and moulds that may have contaminated the surface, so the combination of the two processes ensures that
all dead and decomposed organic cells are washed free from the surface each time for the ACtion coatings
cycle to continue.




Before                                                          After

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Action photo catalyst

  • 1. ACtion Photocatalytic Coating Information Manual Overview Tio2 Photoctalysis is internationally recognised as one of the most effective materials which can kill almost all kinds of bacteria including flu and SARS. It has been widely used in the sterilisation of hospitals, institutions, schools etc. The PROtect ACtion photocatalyst coating, kills almost all kinds of bacteria under the irradiation of light, which can be maintained long enough to thoroughly decompose bacteria, its cell body and the residual exdotoxin. Meanwhile the photocatalyst can wipe out indoor allergen and reduce the incidence of respiratory deseases. Sterilization Mechanisms of ACtion Photocatalyst Titanium Dioxide itself has no toxicity, its sterilization function activates after the irradiation of UV light. When exposed to light, the very strong oxidising power of Titanium Dioxide can destroy the bacteria’s’ cell wall and membrane and react with the cell components inhibiting growth and ultimately killing and decomposing the cell structure. Sterilization by Tio2 photocatalyst presents the following 2 biochemical mechanisms. Direct Photocatalysis The electron-hole can directly react with a cell wall cell membrane and cell component in the sterilizing process of mycrozymes and bacilli, the CoA inside the cell oxidizes which causes the respiration of the cell to stop and finally in its death. During this process, the electron shift between the dead cell and Tio2 is passed by CoA, therefore the content of CoA decreases and CoA dimer increases. Indirect Sterilization Reaction When and electron hole dissolves in water it generate Active Oxygen such as Hydroxile Radical. The electronic structure of Titanium Dioxide is characterised by filled valence band(VB) and an empty conduction band (CB). The band gap energy is excited and an electron is promoted from the valence band (VB) to the conduction + band (CB) then and electron-hole pair is generated (electron e- and hole h ) the positive –hole of Titanium Dioxide breaks the water molecule apart to form hydrogen gas and hydroxyl radical - The negative-electron reacts with the Oxygen molecule to form a super oxide anion (0 2 ) Super oxide anion can react with water molecules generating hydroxyl radical peroxide ( 00H ) and Hydrogen peroxide (H 2O2) Moreover, active Hydroxyl Radicals can combine to form Hydrogen Peroxide. This cycle continues when light is available. The active Hydroxil radical, super oxide anion, peroxide hydroxyl radical and hydrogen peroxide can react with biomacromolecules such as protein enzyme and lipid, which will destroy the cell wall membrane and its components. For example, the oxidation=reduction material is necessary in the formation of Adenosine Triphosphate insode the hela cell. After reacting with the active Oxygen, the hela cell ( T24)membrane is 2+ oxidised by Titanium Dioxide and leaks, the positive ion Ca enters the cell and reacts with the inner protein which cvauses the death of the cell
  • 2. R R RC R C  C  OH  C R R RH R Typical Redox Potential of Microbes and Cells (vs, SCE, PH=7) Microbe Cell Concentration Redox Take  OH for example , it can provide an unsaturated bond Cell / L Potential N or take out its atom H as organic matter Microzyme 1 x 1011 0.74 Escherichia Coli 1 x 1011 0.72 R3CH  OH  R3C  H 2 O Lactobacillus 5 x 1011 0.68 Bacillus Subtilis 2 x 1011 0.68 Samonella 6 x 1011 0.70 The new free radical will cause a chain reaction which will lead to Typhimurium the qualitative change of bacterial proteins and the total Cell Concentration Redox Component Cell / L Potential decomposition of lipids. The bacteria is decomposed and killed at N once. Microzyme - 0.65 Extravasate  Thereforethe electron hole and  OH , O2  , HO2 , H 2 O2 CoA Reductive co- 3.7 x 103 5.0 x 103 0.40 0.68 formed on the surface of Titanium Dioxide can react with a enzyme cell wall, membrane and its component to kill the cell. Cysteine 2.5 x 103 0.45 Protolasm - .65 Hela Cell - .65 In the sunlight, the Titanium Dioxide particles are absorbed by the surface of animalcule cells, (  OH , O2  , HO2 , H 2 O2 ) will react directly with cytologic histologocal elements which improves  the sterilization effect. The positive –hole of Titanium Dioxide irradiated by UV light is an extremely strong oxidation agent, the reactive Oxygen is also extremely active. As a result, Titanium Dioxide can effectively kill Escherichia Coli, Lactobacillus, Bacillus Subtilis, Hela and Cancer cells T24. Furthermore it can inhibit or prevent the growth of malignant cells and even kill green algae.As a result of such effective sterilization, Titanium Dioxide can be used indoors as an antiseptic and sterilization agent for water treatment, water pollution and Photodynamiotherapy. Actually, photocatalytic sterilization remains constant when bacteria is exposed to Titanium Dioxide, as the active hydroxyl radical cannot exist and cannot enter a cell membrane to destroy the cell structure, therefore the sterilization effect is the result of hydroxyl radical and other active oxygen ( O2  ,  OOH , H 2 O2 ) since H 2 O2 can enter a cell wall it not only kills the bacteria but also decomposes lipoids such as Endotoxin released by its death. In addition it can remain stable for as long time so H 2 O2 can be the most important reaction medium in photocatalytic sterilization. Of course the reaction also includes other active oxygen and H 2 O2 is not the only reactant. The active hydroxyl radical performs strong oxidation inside the cell, which greatly improves its sterilization effect.
  • 3. Comparison with Traditional Antiseptics Traditional antiseptics are divided into the following three categories. Organic Antiseptic, Inorganic Antiseptic and Natural Antiseptic. There are two types of Inorganic Antseptics, one with a strong oxidant property used to kill bacteria and fungus and the other with a metal ion that will kill germs, however, the antiseptics themselves like Chlorine and Chlorine oxide are potentially bad for health. The metal antiseptics do not continue to decompose the germ body after killing so the germ body coats the metal ion, this greatly affects the antibacterial efficiency. The organic antiseptics compounded by scientific chemical methods kill germs quickly but the germ can adapt itself to organic antiseptics easily and the process involves the use of toxic substances. Type Advantages Disadvantages Typical Products Inorganic Heat resistant, wide The silver antiseptics Silver-zeolite/ Phosphate range of sterilization and change colour easily and and silver silica gel. no need for light surfaces remain coated with germ bodies which reduce the effect Organic Fast and wide range of Not heat resistant, Phenol sterilization, low price produces nasty toxins, and is a pollutant Natural High effect of Not heat resistant, Chitosan, Sorbic Acid sterilization, safer to use processing the material and non pollutant can be difficult Photocatalyst Wide range of Light required Titanium Dioxide based sterilization, high and Photocatalysts everlasting effect, decomposition of germ bodies and their endotoxin, non pollutant, harmless to humans
  • 4. Advanced Sterilization with ACtion Nanocoat Anti-bacterial and anti virus treatment of public places and facilities such as hospitals, schools, hotels, offices, taxis and public transport. Anti-bacterial and anti virus treatment for face masks, air and water filters, clothes and textiles and domestic hygiene. The ACtion nano-photocatalyst kills almost all kinds of bacteria and virus including SARS, H5N1etc and remains effective for several years. It works by decomposing virus and their cell bodies and the residual endotoxin and then continues to break down any new mutations of the bacteria. Because the bacteria cell structure is completely decomposed, the surface remains active and effective unlike standard disinfectants. The ongoing activity of the ACtion coating eliminates odours such as cigarette smoke, pets and reduces allergens present in the ambient micro environment. Benefits  Broad spectrum sterilization feature, killing almost all kinds of bacteria and virus.  Providing deodorization and anti allergen properties  Long active life ( approx 5 years) depending on conditions  Active photcatalytic decomposition of mould and fungus, self cleaning.  Safe and environmentally responsible method of killing bacteria and virus with no toxins or residual pollutant ACtion Nanocoatng delivers excellent anti bacterial performance after coating in areas where hygiene is critical. Our product has been tested in a Hospital in high risk areas and the growth rate of bacteria measured. 8 critical areas of contamination where measured for bugs and 6 from the 8 were contaminated at a dangerous level. The areas were then coated with ACtion and then re-opened to normal operations for a period of 24 hours. After this period each area was re-tested and were either free from contamination or at a safe level. Data available on demand
  • 5. Air Purification ACtion is a next generation air purification technology that will de-activate harmful pollutants in 85% of all harmful gases such as , Nitrogen Oxide, Formaldehyde, Benzene, VOC’s. ACtion nanocoat works by Photocatalysis, in the presence of light, it produces hydroxyl radicals and holes ( h+). These react with organic materials and harmful gases to produce Water and Carbon Dioxide. Through nano-particulate engineering and modifications in the reology of the monolayer, the coating can be adapted to operate in low light conditions without any detrimental effect to the overall performance. Pollutant Source Chemical Reaction End Product H2O CO2 N2, O2 NO3 2 Ammonia Urine, Sweat, Garbage, Smoke 2 NH 3  6OH  N 2  6H 2 O Acetaldehyde Garbage, Smoke etc CH 3CHO  6OH  O2  2CO2  4H 2 O Acetic Acid Garbage, Smoke etc CH 3COOH  4OH  O2  2CO2  4H 2 O Methane Gas, Fuel, Organic CH 4  4OH  O2  CO2  4H 2 O Decomposition Carbon Exhaust fumes, Monoxide Smoke CO  2OH  CO2  H 2 O Nitrogen Exhaust fumes, Oxide Smoke " NO  4OH  N 2  2O2  2H 2 O Formaldehyde Resin, Paints etc HCHO  4OH  CO2  3H 2 O The above table shows the chemical reactions initiated by the photocatalytic process and the resulting products produced in each case. The residual products are non pollutants and are completely harmless.
  • 6. Self Cleaning Overview Action self cleaning nanocoat is a special photocatalytic coating that reacts with light to create a hydrophilic surface or a surface that is super receptive to water. The washing proess is done by reducing the surface tension of the coated area so that it cannot repell water but accepts it to spread evenly over the surface. Surface tension is normally measured by establishing the contact angle of a water droplet on the surface , the diagram shows the angle and how the coating alters the shape of the droplet. The coated area eventually becomes completely saturated by water, so that excess water begins to flow by gravity, “washing” the coated area. Before and during this washing process the photocatalytic coating has decomposed organic pollutants, lipids and moulds that may have contaminated the surface, so the combination of the two processes ensures that all dead and decomposed organic cells are washed free from the surface each time for the ACtion coatings cycle to continue. Before After