1. The Renaissance means, literally, a “rebirth” RENAISSANCE Italy Northern Europe England

2. Ancient Rome Islam Byzantium Ottomans Moors Persia China Classical Greece Renaissance

3. Raphael (1483-1520), The School of Athens

4. The bracketed names are the contemporary characters from whom Raphael is thought to have drawn his likenesses. 1: Zeno of Citium or Zeno of Elea? 2: Epicurus 3: Frederi II of Mantua? 4: Anicius Manlius Severinus Boethius or Anaximander or Empedocles? 5: Averroes? 6: Pythagoras? 7: Alcibiades or Alexander the Great? 8: Antisthenes or Xenophon? 9: Hypatia (Francesco Maria della Rovere or Raphael's mistress Margherita.) 10: Aeschines or Xenophon? 11: Parmenides? 12: Socrates? 13: Heraclitus (Michelangelo). 14: Plato holding the Timaeus ( Leonardo da Vinci). 15: Aristotle holding the Ethics ? 16: Diogenes of Sinope? 17: Plotinus? 18: Euclid or Archimedes with students ( Bramante)? 19: Strabo or Zoroaster? (Baldassare Castiglione or Pietro Bembo). 20: Ptolemy? R: Apelles (Raphael). 21: Protogenes (Il Sodoma or Perugino).

7. Michelangelo (1475-1564), David

11. Filippo Brunelleschi cutaway of the Dome of Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore)

14. Giotto (d.1337), Lamentation, ( The Mourning of Christ) , Cappella degli Scrovegni

15. Mona Lisa, or La Gioconda, Leonardo da Vinci (c.1503-1506): good example of chiaroscuro

16. Atmospheric, or aerial, perspective

17. One-point, linear perspective

18. Monothematic Leonardo da Vinci, The Adoration of the Magi

19. study on perspective, Leonardo da Vinci, The Adoration of the Magi

20. Saint Peter’s Basilica, Vatican, Rome; designed by Donato Bramante for Pope Julius III

21. St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome.

22. Interior Dome. St. Peter’s Basilica, Rome.

23. Mannerism: The Catholic Reform Program El Greco, The Opening of the Fifth Seal

24. Tomb of Pope Alexander VII (r.1655-1667), Vatican, Rome (Bernini). Alexander VII condemned Protestant (Anglican) England, prohibited all publications on heliocentrism calling it a theoretical (theological) error, and attempted to stamp out Jansenism as a form of heresy.

25. Truth, by Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini, tramples England underfoot.