Governance models in Seoul and in Milan - at 2015 IASC Conference in Bologna by Monica Bernardi

1. WHEN CITIES ENTER IN SHARING MODE!
GOVERNANCE MODELS IN SEOUL & MILAN
MONICA BERNARDI
DAVIDE DIAMANTINI
Milano-Bicocca University
Centro QUA_SI

2. LabGov Experimentations in the
Italian contexts (and more)

3. The EMERGING
SHARING/COLLABORATIVE ECONOMY
NEW FORMS of MANAGEMENT & GOVERNANCE MODELS are REQUIRED
A new proposition of the so-called COLLABORATIVE GOVERNANCE
IT IS TRANSFORMING OUR WAY TO CONSUME,
TO PRODUCE, TO WORK, TO LIVE IN THE CITY,
affecting the economic system, the job market,
the community building process, the
environment too.

4. It can
• Actualize collaborative ideas
• Develop hidden opportunities and spread new
practices
• Define innovative strategies for the local
development.
In return it gains the possibility to
• Release resources
• Create scale economy thanks to public-
private partnerships
• Offer more services at lower cost
• Improve the quality of life of their citizens
and the environmental conditions.
The role of the PUBLIC AUTHORITY
ENTER IN THE
PROCESS
BECOME AN
ENABLER
How?

5. PARTNER STATE (Bauwens and Kostakis, 2014)
A state that allows the creation of value by its citizens, fosters their
activism and embraces the principle of horizontal subsidiarity giving
its citizens the opportunity to take care of the city firsthand.
A STATE that holds together non-state actors, in a direct, active,
formal and mutual involvement process, the so-called 5 souls of a
collaborative governance :
CITIZENS AND SOCIAL INNOVATORS
COMPANIES
COGNITIVE INSTITUTIONS
ORGANIZED CIVIL SOCIETY

6. SEOUL
MILAN

7. IN SEOUL…
Source:personalpicture

8. The starting push came from the Mayor and his “people-centered administration”, that launched a wave
of innovation that is generating a real ecosystem of sharing.
PA as ENABLING PLATFORM to
favor the spread of SE services,
promote the usage and the
knowledge
PA MAIN PLAYER. It organizes,
addresses, manages and promotes
STRONG PUBLIC DIRECTION
Semi TOP-DOWN approach
it started from public
consultations, it is focused on
people and cross the bottom-
istances

9. • SHARING ECONOMY ISSUES enter in the political agenda in 2012
Sharing City Declaration in 09.2012–manifesto – logo –policies start
• Strong committment of the SEOUL METROPOLITAN GOVERNMENT
• Creation of the SOCIAL INNOVATION DIVISION inside the SMG
• «Seoul Metropolitan City Sharing Promotion Ordinance» (12.2012) resulted from a series
of public hearings
• SHARING PROMOTION COMMITTE (02.2013)
• SHARING FACILITATION COMMITTEE to solve tensions among sharing business e current
laws…
• SHARING ECONOMY ADVISORY BOARD
• Web platform SHAREHUB, run by CCKorea (Sharing is the way of life for sustainable
tomorrow)
• «Seoul Metropolitan Government Act for Promoting Sharing» it gives the legal framework
to support sharing no profit organizations (01.2014)
SEOUL: SOME KEY POINTS…

10. Activities covers different sectors
-Selected and supported 63 sharing organizations
-Meetings to train people with sharing business ideas  Sharing Economy Start School (3° ed.),
-Meeting & gatherings to spread the knowledge and make aware about the sharing economy 
Sharing City Seoul Fair (2° ed. 05.2015)
-Meetings inside the schools  Sharing Economy Clubs, Sharing Schools
-Opening of public spaces to organize citizens events (23,000 groups of people have already used
the shared spaces available from the Municipality, generating 9,000 occasion of shared use)
-Citizen Hall (nel City Hall)
-Youth Spaces  Youth Zone, Youth Hub
-Share of public and private parking lots  moduparking
-Boost carsharing (4 companies, 400,000 users)
-Bikesharing service

11. Youth Business Start up Incubation program: incubated
20 sharing enterprises
And selected 10 start up (they received 240 thousand
dollars)
At anytime is possible to present a business idea.
In the first phase selected and supported 63 sharing
businesses (and expect to support 300 by 2018).
Organizations and businesses able to reply at the main
social problems (intergenerational gathering, recycle,
creation of commuities and new social links, creation
new jobs…)
The city provides
- administrative support,
- public relations consulting,
- financial support
SHARING BUSINESSES SELECTED & SUPPORTED BY THE SMG

12. Source:ShareHub

13. Source:ShareHub

14. IN MILAN…

15. … the reflection has emerged spontaneously from the bottom and has found in the public administration
an attentive listener and a strong supporter
COLLABORATIVE PROCESS
based ON DIALOGUE that calls
for CO-DESIGN and CO-
MANAGEMENT
PA  CONNECTOR
ONE OF THE ACTORS (not the
main)
ENABLING PLATFORM
NO PUBLIC DIRECTION
WIDESPREAD GOVERNANCE
WITHOUT A MAIN ACTOR
BOTTOM UP approach

16. MILAN: SOME KEY POINTS…
• Started from Sharexpo
• Guidelines on the sharing economy (12.2014) (Public hearings and online consultation)
• External experts group
• Cooperation among different internal divisions
• Communication support of the local sharing events
• Stakeholder mapping
• Commission research on the sharing propensity and on the possible impacts
• Civic Crowdfunding (400 thousand €)
• Incubators with public participation: FabriQ (2°ed.), Alimenta2Talent, PoliHub, SpeedMiUp,
A.I.R
• Requalification of idling spaces and creation of new spaces: Via D’Azeglio (FabLab) , Ex Ansaldo
(BASE MILANO), Smart City Lab
• HOUSE OF COLLABORATION

17. • SHARED MOBILITY:
• CARSHARING: 5 Operators (Enjoy, Car2Go,
GuideMi, E-go, Twist) – 2000 daily uses
• BIKESHARING: 10.000 daily uses
• SCOOTER SHARING & ELECTRIC SHARING
SHARED CREATIVITY:
• MAKERSPACE, FABLAB
• 32 COWORKING SPACES (civic vouchers)
• SPACES: EX ANSALDO, D’AZEGLIO STREET,
SMART CITY LAB, FabriQ
USE & REUSE OF SPACES
• CALL «SPAZIO AI PROGETTI»: 8 spaces for
associations (630mq)
• 24 SOCIAL HOUSINGS
• 34.000mq for 8 new GARDENS
• «TIRA SU LA CLER» PROJECT : 900.000€
for self-employments
SHARED INFO:
• City WiFi : 300.000 users, 500 access
points
• E015 Ecosystem (495 members)
• 30 DIGITAL ISLANDS
• 237 OPEN DATASET
COLLABORATIVE FINANCE:
• CIVIC CROWDFUNDING
• WELFARE AMBROSIANO FOUNDATION
OPEN GOVERNMENT:
• 9mln for participatory budget
• Food Policy (public consultations)
• Community Welfare (to improve the
domestic welfare system)

18. COMMON ELEMENTS
1. A PEOPLE CENTERED APTITUDE, that put citizens in the center
2. A DYNAMIC AND ACTIVE CITIZENSHIP, aware of its potential in terms of
concrete contribution at the wellness of the society and able to think out of the
box to tackle the economic, environmental and social crisis.
3. A NUDGING CLASS (Iaione, 2015), a class able to replace the current ruling class
and drive, push and nudge society and institutions towards a sharing and
collaborative paradigm, transforming the social and economic relations among
urban inhabitants
4. A STRONG ATTENTION to & A VIVID SUPPORT for THE SOCIAL INNOVATION, as
driving force to favor the social inclusion and cohesion
5. A SMART BACKGROUND, that allow the spread of the new sharing practices and
simplify the possibilities of connection
Even if the cities are different for culture, features and dimensions, similar rhetoric, labels, epistemic
communities and strategies can be detected.

19. 6. AN OPEN AND SUPPORTIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION, willing to rethink its role and
able to became an enabler of the new collaborative waves, which
• has a CLEAR VISION about potentialities, challenges and benefits of the
sharing economy + its role and future directions
• pushes cooperation within its INTERNAL DIVISIONS
• creates SPECIFIC ENTITIES to follow the process and ask external actors to
partner
• enters in the sharing flux and become an EARLY ADOPTER too
• MAPS the existing services and platforms
• Favors the design of NEW EXPERIMENTATIONS and the updating of existing services

20. …
• OPENS ITS SPACES to people’s creativity and business ideas
• ALLOWS SOCIAL BUSINESS IDEAS TO THRIVE, stimulating third and
private sectors and civil society
• Starts a specific COMMUNICATION CAMPAIGN
• Creates a WEBPLATFORM of CONNECTION
• States specific REGULATION/GUIDELINES/ACT on the sharing economy
to declare its role and what and how can be done

22. The aptitude of the two municipalities favor the development and dissemination of practices
that simplify or improve the lives of citizens.
• Open to INNOVATION means giving SPACE FOR NEW FRONTIERS OF EXPERIMENTATIONS
whose results directly affect citizens.
• Integrating innovation with the care and ATTENTION TO CITIZENS, and therefore with the
issue of social inclusion as a means to facilitate the free expression of every individual and
their active involvement in the practices, can have a SUBSTANTIAL IMPACT ON PEOPLE.
• Also SUPPORT THE EMERGENCE AND SPREAD OF NEW SERVICE MODELS promotes the
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT of the territory and the adoption of MORE SUSTAINABLE
CONSUMPTION patterns.

23. To conclude…
There isn’t a “one-fit-all” model, but customized work for shaping the most effective and
efficient model for the territory
Milan and Seoul are pioneering experiences that go in the direction of CO-
MANAGEMENT, CO-PRODUCTION, CO-REFLECTION, COLLABORATION AND SHARING
with a particular focus on innovation, sustainability, equity and access, namely in the
direction of CO-CITY, but each has its own forms and aspects.
Although one cannot speak of collaborative governance in all-round, as in the LabGov
sense, the projects implemented seems to go in this direction

24. For experts (like Janelle Orsi, Juliet Schor…) the sharing economy seems to give both
opportunities and serious concerns.
What those cities are doing is trying to integrate it in the society, experimenting forms of
co-design and co-planning, to co-create and co-operate, in order to start a transition from
the current consumeristic model, give new value to relations instead of things, to re-
imagine policies and construct a more participative democracy.
INTEGRATING THE SHARING ECONOMY IN THE SPECIFIC LOCAL CONTEXT, GOING IN THE
DIRECTION OF THE CO CITY, ALLOWS TO RENEGOTIATE THE GOVERNANCE SCHEMES
FINDING THE BEST AND MORE SUITABLE PRACTICES FOR THAT LOCAL CONTEXT
THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE INSTITUTIONS IS THE ABILITY
- TO RECOGNIZE AND CULTIVATE THE INTELLIGENCE OF THE SOCIETY
- TO INCUBATE THE SOCIAL CAPITAL
- To create the conditions to, the right ecosystem to allow commoning to thrive

25. THANK YOU
m.bernardi4@campus.unimib.it