2. HISTORY
INTRODUCTION
ANATOMY
CLASSIFICATION
EXAMINATION AND DIAGNOSIS
TREATMENT
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3. The pre-Christian era
The first description of mandibular fractures dates to the 17th Century
BC in the ‘Edwin Smith papyrus’,
Hippocrates – direct reapproximation of # segments with the use of
circum dental wires
1180, Textbook written in Salerno, Italy – importance of establishing a
proper occlusion.
1492, the book Cyrurgia by Guglielmo Salicetti – first mention of the use
of maxillomandibular fixation in treatment of mandibular #.
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4. History
1887, Gilmer reintroduced MMF in United States.
Buck & Kinlock- first to do ORIF using wires.
1888 Schede- First to use stainless steel plate & screws.
1960, Luhr- first to use Vitallium compression plate
1970, Spiessl through AO/ASIF introduced principles of rigid internal fixation.
1970, Michelet- introduced small bendable, non compression plates- these were
further modified by Champy.
1987 – M.S. Leonard first to report use of lag screws
Late 1990s – introduction of use of bioresorbable plates
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5. • A tubular long bone, which is bent into a blunt V-shape.
• Mandible is strongest anteriorly in midline with
progressively less strength towards condyle .
• dentition
• Muscle attachments.
• Mandible is one of the strongest bones, the energy
required to # it being of the order of 44.6 –74.4 Kg /
M(425Lb), which is about same as zygoma and about ½
that of frontal bone
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Mandible is embryologically a membrane bent bone although, resembles
physically long bone .
12. Zones of compression and tension within the mandible are determined by the
muscles inserting and the forces exerted by these muscles.
Smaller arrows show direction of muscular forces
Larger arrows show the load placed during function.
This gives a zone of compression along the lower border and a zone of tension
along the superior border
Neutral axis about the level of the canal.
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13. FRACTURE :
Definition :
Fracture is defined as break in the continuity of the
bone.
Mandibular fractures :
Fractures of the mandible are common in patients, who
sustain facial trauma.
SEX :
Most mandibular fractures are seen to occur in male patients.
Ratio is approximately 4.5 : 1
AGE :
35 % of mandibular fractures occur between the ages of
20 to 30 years.
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14. ETIOLOGY OF MANDIBULAR FRACTURES
Vehicular accidents
Altercation,assaults,
interpersonel violence
Fall
Sporting accidents
Industrial mishaps or work
accidents
Pathological fractures or
miscellaneous
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15. Factors influencing displacement
of fracture
Degree of force
Resistance to the force offered by the facial bones
Direction of force
Point of application of force
Cross-sectional area of the agent or object struck
Attached muscles
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16. # SYMPHYSIS AND PARASYMPHYSIS:-
Mylohyoid constitues a diaphragm b/w hyoid bone &
mylohyoid ridge on inner aspect of mandible
• Oblique # in this region tends to overlaps -- genio &
mylohyoid diaphragm
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17. Bucket handle displacement
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•B/L # of parasymphysis results from
force which disrupts the periosteum.
• displaced posteriorly under the
influence of genioglossus /
geniohyoid muscle
•Often removes attachment of tongue
& allows
TONGUE FALL BACK
18. Classification of mandibular fractures :
I. General classification
II. Anatomical locations
III. Relation of the fracture to site of injury
IV. Completeness
V. Depending on the mechanism
VI. Number of fragment
VII. Involvement of the integument
VIII.The shape or area of the fracture
IX. According to the direction of fracture and favourability for the
treatment
X. According to presence or absence of teeth
XI. AO classification – relevant to internal fixation
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19. 1. Kruger's general classification
• Simple or Closed Fracture
• Compound or Open
• Comminuted
• Complicated or complex
• Impacted
• Greenstick fracture
• Pathological
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20. 2. Rowe & Killey classification
• Fractures not involving basal bone
• Fractures involving basal bone of the mandible. Subdivided into following:
Single Unilateral
Double unilateral
Bilateral
Multiple
3. Dingman & Natvig classification
• Midline
• Parasymphyseal
• Symphysis
• Body
• Angle
• Ramus
• Condylar process
• Coronoid process
• Alveolar process 27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 20
21. 4. Kruger & Schilli classification
I. Relation to the external environment
• Simple Or closed
• Compound or open
II. Types of fracture
• Incomplete
• Greenstick
• Complete
• Comminuted
III. Dentition of the jaw with reference to the use of splint
• Sufficiently dentulous patient
• Edentulous or insufficiently dentulous patient
• Primary and Mixed dentition
IV. Localization
• Fractures of the symphysis region between canines
• Fractures of the canine region
• Fractures of the body of the mandible
• Fractures of the angle
• Fractures of the mandibular ramus
• Fractures of the coronoid process
• Fractures of the condyle
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22. 5. Kazanjian classification
Class – III : Patient is edentulolus
Class – I : teeth are present on both sides of
the fracture line
Class – II : Teeth are present on only one side of
fracture line
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24. 7. Relation of the fracture to the site of injury
Direct fracture
Indirect fracture
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25. 8. AO Classification(relevant to internal fixation):
1) F: Number of fracture or fragments
2) L: Location (site) of fracture
3) O: Status of occlusion
4) S: Soft tissue involvement
5) A: Associated fractures of facial skeleton
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26. 9. Grades of severity: I-V
Grade I and II are closed fractures
Grade III and IV are open fractures
Grade V open fracture with a bony defect
(gunshot)
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27. 10. AO-analogue classification system of mandibular fractures
Each compartment is classified independently, describing the degree of
displacement and the presence of multifragmentation or osseous defects.
Each fracture is classified:
- type A, nondisplaced fractures
- type B, displaced fractures
- type C, multifragmentary/defect fractures
Each fracture is divided into 3 groups, specific to the mandibular unit.
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33. History
Focussed questioning should reveal following:
Mechanism of injury
Previous facial fracture
H/O TMJ disorders
Preinjury occlusion
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34. Clinical examination
Examination of pt with # of mandible takes place in 3
stages:
A. Immediate assessment and treatment of any
condition constituting a threat to life.
B. General clinical examination of pt.
C. Local examination of mandibular #.
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35. • Change in occlusion
• Anesthesia, Paresthesia or Dysesthesia of
lower lip
• Abnormal mandibular movements
• Change in facial contour and mandibular arch
form
• Laceration, Hematoma and Ecchymosis
• Loose teeth and crepitation on palpation
Clinical Examination
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38. Signs and
symptoms Tenderness +ve
Occlusion changes - # teeth
- # alveolar process
- # mandible at any location
- # condyle
Anterior open bite - B/L condylar #
Posterior open bite - parasymphysis #
Unilateral open bite - # ipsilateral angle
- # parasymphysis
Posterior cross bite - midline symphysis #
- condylar #
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39. Radiological examination
Ideally need 2 radiographic views of the fracture that are
oriented 90’ from one another to properly work up
fractures
Single view can lead to misdiagnosis and complications
with treatment
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40. OPG
Most informative
Shows entire mandible and direction of fracture (horizontal favorable,
unfavorable)
Disadvantages:
– Patient must sit up up-right
– Difficult to determine buccal/lingual bone and medial condylar
displacement
– Some detail is lost/blurred in the symphysis, TMJ and dentoalveolar
regions
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41. Posteroanterior (pa) radiograph:
Shows displacement of fractures in the ramus, angle, body,
and symphysis region
Disadvantage:
Cannot visualize the condylar
region
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42. Lateral oblique
Used to visualize ramus, angle, and body fractures
Disadvantage:
Limited visualization of the condylar region, symphysis, and
body anterior to the premolar
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43. Occlusal radiograph
Used to visualize fractures in the body in regards to
medial or lateral displacement
Used to visualize symphyseal fractures for anterior and
posterior displacement
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44. Computed tomography ct:
Excellent for showing intracapsular condyle
fractures
axial and coronal views,
3-D reconstructions
Disadvantage:
– Expensive
– Larger dose of radiation exposure
compared to plain film
– Difficult to evaluate direction of fracture
from individual slices (reformatting to 3-D
overcomes this)
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45. 1. The patient’s general physical status
2. Diagnosis and treatment of mandibular fractures should be
approached methodically not with an “emergency-type” mentality
3. Dental injuries should be evaluated and treated concurrently with
treatment of mandibular fractures
4. Re-establishment of occlusion is the primary goal in the treatment of
mandibular fracture.
5. With multiple facial fracture mandibular fracture should be treated
first.
6. Intermaxillary fixation time should vary according to the type,
location, number severity of the mandibular fracture as well as the
patient’s age and health.
7. Prophylactic antibiotics should be used for compound fractures.
General principles in the treatment of
mandibular fracture
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46. Basic principles for Rx of Fracture
Reduction
Closed
Direct interdental
wiring Indirect
interdental wiring
(eyelet or Ivy loop)
Continuous or
multiple loop
wiring
Arch bars
Cap splints
'Gunning-type'
splints
Pin fixation 27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 46
Open
Transosseous
wiring
(osteosynthesis)
Plating
Intramedullary
pinning
Titanium mesh
Circumferential
straps
Bone clamps
Bone staples
Bone screws
Fixation
Direct
Indirect
47. Immobilization
Methods of immobilization
(a) Osteosynthesis without intermaxillary fixation
(i) Non-compression small plates
(ii) Compression plates
(iii) Mini-plates
(iv) Lag screws
(b) Intermaxillary fixation
(i) Bonded brackets
(ii) Dental wiring
Direct
Eyelet
(iii) Arch bars
(iv) Cap splints
(v) MMF screws
(c) Intermaxillary fixation with osteosynthesis
(i) Transosseous wiring
(ii) Circumferential wiring
(iii) External pin fixation
(iv) Bone clamps
(v) Transfixation with Kirschner wires
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49. 1. Non-displaced favorable fractures
2. Grossly comminuted fractures
3. Fractures exposed by significant loss of overlying soft
tissue.
4. Mandibular fractures in children with developing dentition
5. Coronoid process fracture
6. Condylar fractures
Indication for Closed Reduction of Fractures
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50. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
OF CLOSED REDUCTION
Advantages
Inexpensive
Only stainless steel wire
needed
Convenient
Gives occlusion
Conservative
O.T not required
Generally easy ,no great
operator skill needed
Disadvantages
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•Cannot obtain absolute
stability
•Difficulty nutrition
•Oral hygiene impossible
•Long period of IMF
•Changes in TMJ cartilage
•Weight loss
•Decrease range of motion of
mandible
•Risk of wounds to operator
51. CLOSED REDUCTION
HISTORY
William Saliceto(1210-1277) Tied the teeth (MMF)
Thomas Gilmer(1849-1931) Reviewed the tech, introduced Arch
Bars in 1907.
Barton bandage by JOHN BARTON
Lingual-Labial occlusal splint.
Vacuum formed acrylic splint
Royal Berkshire Halo Frame
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52. Direct interdental wiring
Gilmer's wiring
simple & rapid method of
immobilization jaw
first aid method
temporary immobilization of
# fragment
Disadvantage
- complete removal of wires
- extrusion of teeth
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53. IVY LOOP METHOD
Quick and easy way of
obtaining maxillo-
mandibular fashion.
24 gauge wire
simple and effective for
reduction and
immobilization of #
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56. Button Wiring
Leonard (1977) considers that eyelet
wires have several drawbacks.
He described the use of titanium buttons
of 8mm diameter, inclusive of a 1mm
rim, and 2mm deep.
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59. Arch bars
For temporary fragment stabilization in emergency cases before definitive
treatment
As a tension band in combination with rigid internal fixation
For long-term fixation in conservative treatment
For fixation of avulsed teeth and alveolar crest fractures
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60. Different types of Arch bar
Winters
Jelenkos
Dautrys Arch bar
Berns titinium arch bars
Burmachs arch bar
Custom made
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61. Screws
Screws are quick to place
Reduce the chance of needlestick injury from wires
Can be used with heavily restored teeth
Can be placed and removed rapidly
Well tolerated by patient
Allow oral hygiene to be easily maintained
IMF screws are machine manufactured and are
available in the self-drilling and traditional drilling
styles
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62. Monocortical in nature
Once a screw loosens, it must be removed and replaced, or an
alternative method of reduction of the fracture should be
considered
Do not allow for any dynamic movement, and occlusal
discrepancies may not be adjusted as with arch bars and
elastics.
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Disadvantage
63. Cap Splints :
Indications
Advanced periodontal disease
#s of tooth bearing segments & condylar neck
Portion of body of mandible missing
Impression technique
Fitting the splint
Reduction of fracture
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64. Biphasic pin fixation
Closed technique uses external fixation (Morris
appliance & Roger anderson appliance) for
management of communited mandibular #.
screws placed - two on either side of the fracture
through stab incisions & holes drilled in the mandible.
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65. Once external pins are in position,
the fracture segments are manipulated to
achieve reduction.
Then the pins are locked in reduced position by applying of an
acrylic mix that is placed over the ends of the pins that are protruding
out of the skin.
The acrylic is allowed to harden while mandible is held in reduced
position.
Steinmann pins or Kirshner wires can also be used as external pins
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66. Indications
Edentulous fractures
If IMF is not feasible
Comminuted fractures
Bone graft requirements
With a head frame
Contraindications
Irradiated tissues
Grossly contaminated tissue
Osteoporosis
Osteosclerosis
Atrophy
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67. Advantages
Control of the edentulous
fragments without involving
the fracture lines.
under LA.
avoidance of the need for
surgery at the fracture site,
minimum operative time
Simple surgical technique.
Disadvantages
Conspicuous uncomfortable
uncooperative or cerebrally
irritated patient.
Difficulty with washing and
shaving
scars caused- pinholes
risk of infection.
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68. • Used in edentulous jaw fractures
• Acrylic splints take the form of modified dentures with bite
block in place of molar teeth & space in the incisor area to
facilitate feeding
Gunning splints
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69. INDICATION
unilateral / bilateral # edentulous mandible
CONTRAINDICATIONS
unfavorable displaced #s lying out side denture
bearing areas
severe posterior displacement of #s of the anterior
part of mandible
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72. 1. Displaced unfavorable fracture through angle of the mandible
2. Displaced unfavorable fractures of the body or pasymphyseal region
3. Multiple fractures of the facial bones
4. Midface fractures and displaced Bilateral condylar fractures
5. Fractures of the edentulous mandible with severe displacement of
fragments
6. Edentulous maxilla opposing a mandibular fracture
7. Delay of treatment and interposition of soft tissue between noncontacting
displaced fracture fragments.
8. Malunion
9. Special systemic conditions contraindicating intermaxillary fixation
Indications for open Reduction
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73. Contraindications
• G.A / more prolonged procedure is not
advisable
• Gross infections at the # site
• Severe comminution with loss of soft tissue
• Patients with difficult to control seizures
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74. Advantages of open reduction.
Accurate reduction & fixation of
fractures by direct visualization.
Better bone healing.
Early return to normal jaw
function.
Normal nutrition, no weight loss.
Patient can maintain oral
hygiene.
Early return to work.
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Disadvantages of open reduction.
• Requires surgical exposure.
• May Require general anesthesia.
• Expensive.
• Compared to IMF technique is
difficult and risky
• Foreign body left in the tissues.
• Scarring.
75. Surgical approaches to the mandible
Intraoral symphysis and
parasymphysis
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Intraoral body, angle
and ramus –
Transbuccal approach
78. Transalveolar / upper border wiring
Sir Williams Kelsey Fry
To control the posterior fragment
Use – vertically and horizontally unfavorable #
Horizontal mattress wiring
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79. Transosseous / lower border wiring
Hayton Williams 1958
# fragments expose extraorally
posterior fragment hole higher level then anterior
fragment
both wires passes simultaneously through same hole
1973 Obwegeser :-
Combined direct and figure of ‘8’ wiring with single
stand of wire
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 79
81. Bone plate osteosynthesis
Non compression plate with monocortical screw
Compression plates with bicortical screw
- DCP - EDCP
Bio degradable plates and screws
Three dimensional plates
Titanium miniplates
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82. Compression plates
•Axial compression b/w fractured bone ends
•Rigid fixation with intra-fragmentry compression
•Bone ends correctly opposed and maintained
•IMF is not needed post operatively
•Primary bone healing occurs by direct osteoblastic activity
within #
•AO/ASIF dynamic compression plates
Compression plate approach Eccentric dynamic compression plate
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 82
83. Principle of compression plate
osteosynthesis
The holes for the screws should
be prepared at the far ends of the
plate holes.
When tightening the screws the
fracture ends are approximated
by the effect of the spherically
shaped holes
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84. DCP EDCP
The plate design is based on a screw head that,
when tightened, slides down an inclined plane
within the plate.
Screw behaves as compression screw or the
static screw
Compression is not achieved at the upper
border so tension band is required
The EDCP is similar to the DCP in that the inner
holes are designed to produce compression
across the fracture site
Two oblique outer eccentric compression holes
aligned at an angle oblique to the long axis of
the plate. The activation of these outer holes
produces a rotational movement of the fracture
segments with the inner screws acting as the axis
of rotation
Brings compression at the upper border so
tension band is not required
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85. Mini plate Osteosynthesis :-
1973 MICHELET
1975 CHAMPY MODIFIED
- Under physiological strain, forces of tension along the alveolar border &
forces of compression along the lower border of the mandible.
- With in the body of the mandible these forces produce, predominantly,
moments of flexion – angle strong & weak in PM region.
- with in the symphysis – torsional moments
- Champy et al analysed these moments using a mathematical model of the
mandible – ideal line of osteosynthesis.
# symphysis 2 plates
# angle 1 plate
Monocortical screws 2 mm diameter and 5 to 10 mm length
Plate 2cm long, 0.9mm thick and 6mm wide
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 85
87. Advantages of monocortical
miniplate osteosynthesis over
bicortical compression plates.
Monocortical
Requires minimal dissection.
Less technique sensitive
Less chances of complications
Bicortical
Extra oral approach
Nerve injury
Difficult to adapt
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 87
88. Compression plate Miniplates
Bicortical plates
Bulky and difficult to use
Applied extraorally
Cannot be used at the upper border of
the mandible
Provides rigid fixation
No interfragmentary movement
allowed
Monocortical plates
Easy to use
Applied intraorally, small incision , less
soft tissue dissection , less likely to be
palpable
Can be used without any associated
complication
Provides functionally stable fixation
Little interfragmentary movement
present, torsional movement seen under
functional loading
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 88
91. 3-D plate ostesynthesis
Titanium 3-D plating system was developed by Farmand to meet
the requirements of semi-rigid fixation with lesser complications.
The 3-D miniplate is a misnomer as the plates are not three
dimensional, but hold the fracture fragments rigidly by resisting
the forces in three dimensions, namely, shearing, bending, and
torsional forces.
The basic concept of 3-D fixation as explained by Farmand
is that a geometrically closed quadrangular plate secured with bone
screws creates stability in three dimensions. The stability is gained
over a defined surface area and is achieved by its configuration
and not by its thickness or length.
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 91
92. ADVANTAGES
The large free areas between the plate arms and minimal
dissection permit good blood supply to the bone.
The 3-D plating system uses fewer plates and screws as
compared to the conventional miniplates, to stabilize the bone
fragments. Thus, it uses lesser foreign material, and reduces
the operation time and overall cost of the treatment
The 3-D plating system has a compact design and is easy to
use. The 1.0-mm-thick 3-D plate is as stable as the much
thicker 2.0 mm miniplate.
This offers better bending stability and more resistance to out-
of plane movement or torque.
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 92
95. Bioabsorbable Plates
Bioresorbable materials used for rigid fixation
Polydioxanone
Polyglycolic acid
Polylactic acid
Strength inadequate to provide clinically acceptable rigid fixation.
Use of poly-L-lactide (PLLA) in 69 fractures by Kim et al
12% complication
8% infection
No malunion
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 95
96. Bioresorbable plates & screws
Advantages:
Provides the proper strength
when necessary and then
harmlessly degrades over
time.
No need for an additional
removal operation.
Reduce the total treatment &
rehabilitation time of the
patient.
No bending pliers are
necessary. 27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 96
97. Lag screw
Compress fracture fragments without the use of bone plate
Two sound bony cortices are required -- Shares the loads with the bone
Uses:
absolute rigid fixation
Less hardware
More cost effective
Rigid method of internal fixation
Insertion -quicker and easier
Reduction more accurate
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98. Lag screws
Placed in direction that is perpendicular to the line of
fracture to prevent overriding & displacement during
tightening of the screws.
INDICATIONS
• #s in edentulous parts
• Concomittant #s of body & condyle
• IMF contraindicated
• Saggital/oblique fractures
• Non/malunion
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100. Reconstruction
plates
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 100
For communited mandibular fractures
Decreased post op morbidity
Stabilization of entire communited complex
2.0 mm plate with bicortical screw used in
conjunction with lag screws or miniplates
101. Protocol for treatment of mandibular fractures
Simple fractures of the condylar process and ramus -
closed reduction. MMF for 48 to72 hours - training
elastics and close observation
No MMF is required for coronoid fractures; archbars
and training elastics are used only if a malocclusion is
present.
Simple or compound fractures with a time delay from
injury to immobilization of < 72 hours are treated by a
closed reduction (CR) or, if indicated, open reduction
with rigid fixation (ORIF).
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102. Compound fractures - delay from injury to immobilization
of >72 hours - MMF and IV antibiotics .
If the closed reduction is adequate, the patient is continued
on oral antibiotics for an additional 10 to 14days and
maintained in MMF and on a blenderized diet for 5 to 6
weeks from the time of closed reduction.
If not, ORIF is performed, and MMF is maintained for 10 to
14 additional days.
Edentulous patients are treated with rigid fixation, no MMF,
and a blenderized diet for 4 to 5 weeks.
Teeth in the line of fracture are judged individually.
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103. Young adult with Fracture
of the angle receiving Early
treatment in which Tooth
removed from fracture line
3 weeks
Guide for time of immobilization
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 103
(a) Tooth retained in fracture line: add 1 week
(b) Fracture at the symphysis: add 1 week
(c) Age 40 years and over: add 1 or 2 weeks
(d) Children and adolescents: subtract 1 week
IF
105. The goal of AO/ASIF is rigid internal fixation with primary
bone healing, under functional loading
Basic principles
Reduction of bony fragments
Stable fixation of the fragments
Preservation of the adjacent blood supply
Early functional mobilization
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106. Teeth in the line of fracture
Potential impediment to healing
Fracture is compound
Tooth maybe damaged structurally subsequently become
necrotic
Pre existing pathology – apical granuloma
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107. Absolute
Longitudinal #
Dislocation/subluxation of tooth
Periapical Infection
Infection of the fracture line
Acute pericoronitis
Relative
Functionless tooth
Advanced caries
Periodontal disease
Doubtful teeth
Untreated # > 3 days
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 107
Indications for removal
108. Management of teeth retained in fracture line
Intra-oral periapical radiograph
Systemic antibiotic therapy
Splinting of tooth if mobile
Endodontic therapy if pulp exposed
Immediate extraction if fracture becomes infected
Follow-up for 1 yr with endodontic therapy if there is demonstrable loss of
vitality.
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 108
109. Complications
Complications during primary treatment
Misapplied fixation
Infection
Nerve damage
Displaced teeth and foreign bodies
Pulpitis
Gingival and periodontal complications
Drug reactions
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 109
110. Late complications
Malunion
Delayed union
Non-union
Derangement of the temporomandibular joint
Late problems with transosseous wires and plates
Sequestration of bone
Trismus
Scars
27-04-2016Mandibular Fractures 110
112. Reference
Maxillofacial injuries – N.L. Rowe, J Williams, Vol 1
Ied.
Oral & maxillofacial trauma – Raymond J Fonseca 4th
ed
Journal of Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery 2008; 36: e251 -
e259
Subodh et al, Clinical Study An Epidemiological Study on
Pattern and Incidence of Mandibular Fractures, Hindawi
Publishing Corporation Plastic Surgery International,
Volume 2012, Article ID 834364,7pages
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113. A comprehensive classification of mandibular fractures: a
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A. H. Kamboozia, A. Punnia-Moorthy: The fate of teeth in
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study. Int. J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg 1993; 22. 9~101.
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91,Fractures of the Growing Mandible;George M. Kushner, Paul
S. Tiwana.
Protocol for treatment of mandibular fractures
Philip L. Maloney,J Oral Maxillofac Surg,59:879-884, 2001.
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114. 3-D plate osteosynthesis; Dental Research Journal /Mar 2012 /Vol 9 /
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R. Mukerji , G. Mukerji , M. McGurk Mandibular fractures: Historical
perspective British Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 44 (2006)
222–228
Bioresorbable plates & screws[Robert M. Laughlin JOMS
2007;65:89-96]
Killey & kay textbook of mandibular fractures.
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[Swearingen 1965, Hodgson 1967, Nahum 1975a, Luce et al 1979]
Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Genioglossus & Anterior belly of omohyoid – postero-medial & inferior displacement of # fracture fragment.
Pterygomassetric sling – Supero-medial & anterior displacement of fractured lesser fragment.
Lateral Pterygoid muscle- Antero-medial displacement of fractured condyle.
Temporalis – postero-superior displacement of fractured coronoid process.
Panoramic view showing the vertical mandibular units (green), the lateral horizontal units (orange) and the central mandibular unit (red)
should be carefully evaluated and monitored prior to any consideration of treating mandibular fracture.
A 24-gauge wire, approximately 4 to 6 in long, is twisted into a 2- to 3-mm loop directly in the middle of the wire.
3mm diameter 5 cm length
A small 2-mm incision can be made in the mucosa and down through periosteum
poly(L-lactide) (PLLA)
Biodegradable materials usually degrade in vivo through a two-phase process.
During phase 1, water molecules hydrolytically attack the chemical bonds, cutting long polymer chains to many short chains
Phase 2 involves the cellular response whereby macrophages and giant cells metabolize the products of phase 1 degrada- tion into substances, such as water and carbon dioxide
In contrast, a true lag screw has threads only at its termi- nal end. When used, the threads engage the distant cortex and the head sits against the proximal cortex, resulting in compression and mechanical resthe Eckelt technique for treatment of condylar neck
The Krenkel technique for treatment of condylar neck fractures.