Higher education is experiencing a "crisis of cost." Open Educational Resources are positioned to be an important part of the solution. This presentation contains seven reasons that OER are here to stay and challenges campus stores to embrace the opportunity and drive OER adoptions.

1. The Economies of Sale
The Emerging Market for OER
CAMEX 2014
Charles Key
Open Doors Group
March 7, 2014
www.opendoorsgroup.org

2. Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under:
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0

3. Charles Key
Open Doors Group
Director of Adoptions, College Open Textbooks, and Grants
charles.key@opendoorsgroup.org
http://www.opendoorsgroup.org
http://www.collegeopentextbooks.org

4. Open Doors Group (ODG) is a not-for-profit organization that seeks to
Increase access to education by lowering barriers for all learners. We
are active in a wide range of activities, including our major projects:
• College Open Textbooks
• Communities
• MOOCs
• ODG Consulting
College Open Textbooks (COT)
• Online ‘referatory’ of over 750 open and affordable textbooks,
primarily for two-year college level courses
• Active online community of over 1500 members
• Twenty Communities of Practice organized around specific academic
disciplines or interests.
We advocate for the adoption of OER as well as Affordable CARR

5. The Point Is…
• Higher ed is in a “cost crisis”
• Digital technology has changed the equation
for creating, storing, and communicating
information
• OER are an increasingly important part of the
solution
• Campus stores can thrive in this environment

6. The Problem
A crisis in higher education caused by
rapidly increasing costs, leading to
decreased access and compromised
learning outcomes.

7. The Rising Cost of Everything
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics

8. OMG!
Source: US Bureau of Labor Statistics

9. Student Loan Debt Soaring

10. Textbook Cost as a % of Tuition
Average annual cost of tuition and fees
• Public two-year college (in state): ~$3000
• Public four-year college (in state): ~$8500
Average annual cost of books and supplies
• Public college: ~$1200
http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/26/pf/college/college_tuition_cost
http://www.studentpirgs.org/campaigns/sp/make-textbooks-affordable
https://bigfuture.collegeboard.org/pay-for-college/college-costs/college-costs-faqs
https://www.collegedata.com/cs/content/content_payarticle_tmpl.jhtml?articleId=10064

11. The Cost Disparity at 2-Year Colleges: Take 2
Community college in-state tuition: $46/unit
Cost of two 4-unit courses: $368
Organic Chemistry by Janice Smith: $195
Study Guide & Solutions Manual: $126
Students tell College Open Textbooks:
It’s not uncommon for the cost of
textbooks to double the cost of tuition
at the 2-year college level.
Calsidyrose by Curiosities
CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/calsidyrose/4686098399/in/photostream/

12. The Effect
60%+ do not purchase textbooks at
some point due to cost
35% take fewer courses due to
textbook cost
31% choose not to register for a
course due to textbook cost
23% regularly go without
textbooks due to cost
14% have dropped a course
due to textbook cost
10% have withdrawn from a
course due to textbook cost
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Source: 2012 student survey by Florida
Virtual Campus
www.projectkaleidoscope.org

13. There are no winners

14. The Response
Entrepreneurs view market inefficiencies as
opportunities. The convergence of the cost crisis,
the digital revolution and new technologies is
causing a fundamental shift in the way we view
and provide education.

15. Open Data
OER
Governmental
Policy
Ed Space
Startups
State-Wide
Repositories
MOOCs

16. Entrepreneurship is Exploding

17. “MOOC, every letter is negotiable” by Mathieu Plourde CC BY
http://www.flickr.com/photos/mathplourde/8620174342/sizes/l/in/photostream/

18. What are Open Educational Resources?
“OER are teaching, learning, and research resources that
reside in the public domain or have been released under
an intellectual property license that permits their free
use and re-purposing by others.
Open educational resources include full courses, course
materials, modules, textbooks, streaming videos, tests,
software, and any other tools, materials, or techniques
used to support access to knowledge."
The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation

19. How Do You Know If It's Open?
The 4-R’s Framework
Reuse
Revise
Remix
Redistribute

20. A Simple Philosophy
http://ocw.mit.edu/index.htm

21. Open ≠ Free
There is an inherent cost to produce and maintain content.
This is independent of whether the producer charges the
consumer for its use.

22. 7 Reasons Why OER Aren’t Going Away
1.Savings
2.Improving Quality
3.Technology
4.Governmental Policy
5.Licensing Infrastructure
6.Academic Freedom
7.Open Movement

23. How Much Can Be Saved?
Higher Ed Savings Estimates
$116.60 (Tacoma Community College 2013)
$107.34 (Student PIRGs 2010)
$101.69 (Student PIRGs 2011)
$95.95 (Student PIRGs 2013)
$90.61 (Project Kaleidoscope 2013)
Average Savings: $100/student/class
https://docs.google.com/document/d/1YikQJFigkv_AMmOw0C_E6i53UQ8UbAuDxnsZrIzfiFU/edit
http://www.studentpirgs.org/reports/cover-cover-solution
http://www.studentpirgs.org/resources/cost-analysis-open-course-library
http://www.studentpirgs.org/resources/updated-cost-analysis-open-course-library to be published

24. How Much Has Been Saved in Higher Ed?
Students Served
Total students served: 771,263
Total potential savings: $75M+
http://www.slideshare.net/txtbks/billion-dollar-keynote

25. The Quality Issue
People intuitively feel that the more you pay for something, the
higher its quality (“You get what you pay for”)
There’s a growing body of evidence that learning outcomes are
as good or better when using OER than when using traditional
commercial materials.

26. Studies Suggest…
CMU Open Learning Initiative
A 2011 independent study of an OLI statistics course showed that OLI students
performed as well or better than students in traditional instructor-led classes.
South Florida College
Students using OpenStax physics textbook saw scores on concept inventory tests rise
30% over scores from the previous five years.
Houston Community College
In 2011, 690 psychology students using a free, online textbook had improved learning
outcomes in three areas.
Scottsdale Community College
A 2012 study found that math students in classes using OER had comparable overall
grades and completion rates to students from previous, non-OER classes.
http://oli.cmu.edu/get-to-know-oli/see-our-proven-results/
http://chaos.open.ac.uk/evidence/impact-of-openstax-textbook-on-physics-students-south-florida-college/
http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02680513.2012.716657#.UxQEqONdVuI
http://www.irrodl.org/index.php/irrodl/article/view/1523/2652

27. Curated Repositories
Washington State Open Course Library
Florida Orange Grove
University of Minnesota Open Textbook Library
BCcampus Collection
OpenStax College
California Digital Open Source Library

28. Technology
Digital Storage
Wideband Access and Delivery Channels
Devices
• E-readers
• Tablets
• Cell Phones
Authoring Tools
• OERCommons OpenAuthor
• Connexions Authoring Platform
• AcademicPub Textbook Creation Platform

29. How Technology Influences Cost
For One 250 Page Book
Cost to Copy
• By hand:
$1,000
• By print-on-demand:
$4.90
• By computer:
$0.00084
•
Cost to Distribute
• By mail:
$5.20
• By print-on-demand:
$0
• By internet:
$0.00072
CC BY: David Wiley, BYU

30. Production of Quality Content is Within Anyone’s Reach
Music
Video
Social Media
Websites
Magazines
Books

31. Governmental Policy
Summary of Current and Proposed Policy Initiatives
Related to Open Education and Resources
Source: Creative Commons OER Policy Registry
48 Total Initiatives
http://wiki.creativecommons.org/OER_Policy_Registry

32. Licensing of Open Content
GNU General Public License
A free, copyleft license for software and other
kinds of works.
Creative Commons Licenses
A set of six licenses for creative works.
Lots of Others
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/
https://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html

33. Creative Commons Licenses
http://www.slideshare.net/cgreen/keynote-ace-upcea-san-diego-sols14

34. Internationally Recognized
http://www.slideshare.net/cgreen/keynote-ace-upcea-san-diego-sols14

35. A Notable Ancestor of OER
• Founded in 1985 by Richard Stallman
• Promotes the universal freedom to create, modify and
distribute computer software
• Pioneered Copyleft, a license which offers the right to
distribute copies and modified versions of work, while
requiring that the same rights be maintained in the
copied work
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyleft
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation

36. And Another…
Linux
• A Unix-compatible open operating system
• A study of the Debian 4.0 release estimated
and equivalent development cost of:
• 73,000 person-years
• $8.6B
(Open ≠ Free)
“Tux” by Larry Ewing, Simon Budig, and Anja Gerwinski
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux

37. The Epitome of Open Content
The English version contains nearly 4.5M articles
“Wikipedia comes close to Britannica in terms of the
accuracy of its science entries, a Nature investigation
finds. ”
Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, on Open Content:
“…we’ve chosen the free licensing model because that
empowers anybody to take our content and do
anything they like with it…”
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v438/n7070/full/438900a.html
http://www.ted.com/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Size_of_English_Wikipedia_in_August_2010_(L).svg

38. Business Models for OER
The early model: No-cost content, pay for services and upgrades
• Special formats
• Printed matter
Sustainability has been hard to come by
• Flat World Knowledge, an early leader in professional-grade
open textbooks, has retreated and is now Affordable CARR
• Boundless offers some no-cost content, but most is low-cost
The Wikipedia model hasn’t yet worked for OER

39. Business Models
Prominent Models
• Government/System Supported
• For-Profit Publishers
• College/Department
• Individual Authors
• Student Fees
New work by new digital-only providers with low
overhead
• NACS reports that 77 cents of the textbook
dollar goes to publisher overhead.
The software industry has shown that consumers
are willing to pay for packaging and convenience

40. There’s Money to be Made Selling Free Content
The content is free, the packaging is not.
http://files.shareholder.com/downloads/RHAT/2991989334x0x657207/97DF4F83-606D-4AC5-9153-0B7B49C558CC/SEC-RHAT-1193125-13-173724.pdf

41. Opportunities For Stores
Expertise
Partnerships
Print-On-Demand

42. So Many Options…

43. …So Little Information
Surveys consistently show that educators who want to
explore OER don’t know where to go
• Wide range of sources, from individual authors to
curated repositories
• No easy way to locate them
• OER producers lack the marketing budgets to get the
information to consumers
Many interested educators don’t understand licensing issues
No database of adoptions data so that educators can find out
what peers are using

44. Partnerships Will Be Key
Faculty
Libraries
Administration
Printers
Stores
Authors/Publishers
Students
Information Providers

45. Print-On-Demand
75-80% of students still want a printed copy, even when
digital media is available
Offers a tangible way to participate when OER is used
Solves a persistent problem for retailers: inventory control
Bonus: Interest in self-publishing is booming

46. One POD Option
http://ondemandbooks.com/

47. Learn More About OER
• Follow the links in this presentation
• www.collegeopentextbooks.org
• www.collegeopentextbooks.ning.com
• Monthly webinars at CCCOER
http://oerconsortium.org/

48. Open Doors Group Can Help
A Community of Practice for Campus Stores
If there is enough interest, College Open Textbooks will
create a Community of Practice to support campus stores
The CoP will be a social network group open to all who are
interested in sharing information, expertise, ideas, best
practices, and lessons learned around the subject of
helping campus stores thrive in the new education
environment
Interested?
Contact charles.key@opendoorsgroup.org

49. ODG Consulting
ODG Consulting is a team of educational and technical experts dedicated
to expanding educational opportunities for all learners. The ODG
Consulting staff have expertise and skills in a range of areas including
open and affordable textbooks and other Open Educational Resources
(OER), licensing, digital and print publishing, tools, and courseware.
We have a wide range of product offerings including advising,
presentations, surveys, research and analysis, pilots, project
management, introductions, marketing plans, workshops, and more.
Please check our web page for additional information.
To find out more about how ODG Consulting can help you develop
affordable and innovative solutions that provide increasing access to
education, contact jim.huether@opendoorsgroup.org.
http://www.opendoorsgroup.org/projects/odg-consulting/

50. Contact
Charles Key
Open Doors Group
Director of Adoptions, College Open Textbooks, and Grants
charles.key@opendoorsgroup.org
http://www.opendoorsgroup.org
http://www.collegeopentextbooks.org