The cognitive theory focuses on how people understand and learn material based on behaviors, thinking, and learning styles. Key contributors include Paivio who proposed dual coding theory of verbal and visual processing, Bloom who formed the taxonomy of learning domains, and Gardner who identified 8 multiple intelligences that influence how students learn. The cognitive theory is applicable for teachers to use techniques like Bloom's taxonomy, centers, and technology to engage different learners, as well as for students to enhance comprehension through their preferred learning styles or intelligences.