9. The risk for MRSA
increased with the number
of antimicrobial agents;
the odds ratios (OR) for
MRSA diagnosis in patients
who were prescribed 1, 2–
3, or ≥ 4 antimicrobial
drugs were 1.57, 2.46, and
6.24, respectively. The
highest risk was for
fluoroquinolones (OR
3.37) and also higher risk
for cephalosporins (OR
3.0).
Epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in adults in UpToDate. Last
literature review version 19.2: May 2011. This topic last updated: May 27, 2011.
การจ่ายยาปฏิชีวนะเพิ่มความ
เสี่ยงต่อการติดเชื้อ MRSA ให้กับ
ผู้ป่วย (ชักนำาให้เกิดเชื้อดื้อยา)
10. Clinical manifestations and epidemiology of allergic rhinitis (rhinosinusitis) in UpToDate Last
literature review version 19.2 : May 2011. This topic last updated: April 29, 2010.
ชักนำาให้เกิด
โรคภูมิแพ้
(จมูกอักเสบ
เรื้อรัง)
20. Nasal discharge usually is watery
and clear at the onset but often
becomes mucopurulent and
viscous after a few days and may
persist for 10 to 14 days. นำ้ำมูกมัก
เป็นนำ้ำใสๆ ในวันแรกๆ แต่ต่อมำมักจะ
ข้นขึ้นและเปลี่ยนเป็นสีเหลืองเขียว
คล้ำยหนอง ซึ่งอำจเป็นเช่นนั้นอยู่
นำน 10-14 วัน Malaise, headache,
อำกำรของโรคหวัด
Common Cold (Rhinosinusitis)
The American Academy of Pediatrics.
38. The Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University
GAS ไวต่อเพนนิซิลลิน 100% จึงไม่ควรใช้ Co-amoxiclav, Azithromycin,
Quinolones
ยาปฏิชีวนะ ไม่มีประโยชน์ในโรคคออักเสบ ยกเว้นผู้
ป่วยติดเชื้อ Group A Streptococcus (GAS)
59. Acute bronchitis is one of the most common conditions
encountered in clinical practice. It is also one of the most c
ommon causes of antibiotic abuse, since this diagnosis is g
enerally caused by a virus. (Lancet 1995; JAMA 1997; JAMA 1999)
The only indication for antibacterial agents in acute
bronchitis is pertussis. (American College of Physicians; Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC))
Surveys of practice show very modest success of these campaigns,
since the frequency of prescriptions for antibiotics for acute
bronchitis have decreased from approximately 75 percent to 60 per
cent in the past decade, but the choice of antibiotics has changed to
wards more frequent use of broad-spectrum agents, from approxim
ately 20 to 60 percent.
ไม่ควรใช้ยาปฏิชีวนะในการรักษา acute
62. A meta-analysis found a statistically significant reduction
of 0.6 days in cough duration with antibiotic treatment, but
concluded that the modest benefit was offset by potential
adverse effects from drug treatment. (Antibiotics for acute bronchitis. Smucny
J; Fahey T; Becker L; Glazier R. Cochrane Database Syst Rev.)
In addition to promoting antibiotic resistance, antibiotic
use accounts for over 19 percent of all emergency departm
ent visits for adverse drug events (ADE), with many more a
ntibiotic-related ADEs occurring that do not require ED eval
uation. (Emergency department visits for antibiotic-associated adverse events. Shehab N; Patel PR; Sriniva
san A; Budnitz DS. Clin Infect Dis. 2008 Sep 15;47(6):735-43.)
The conclusion of the study was that azithromycin was no
more effective than vitamin C in all of the study.
parameters evaluated. (Azithromycin for acute bronchitis: a randomised, double-blind,
controlled trial. Evans AT; Husain S; Durairaj L; Sadowski LS; Charles-Damte M; Wang Y. Lancet 2002 May
11;359(9318):1648-54.)