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National Weather Service   Storm Spotter Training
Introduction National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Introduction Welcome to the National Weather Service storm spotter training. Storm spotting is very difficult to do accurately on a consistent basis. This presentation will provide some useful background for your training. However, accurate storm spotting cannot be learned by just taking a course. Actually observing storms and severe weather will be your best training. Try to do this with someone who has experience. Every thunderstorm and weather situation looks different. No matter how many years one may have been storm spotting, each storm season brings new learning experiences. This spotter training uses numerous examples of those various cloud formations most important to storm spotting. Storm phenomenon examples range from classics to the obscure. The presentation is quite long and is best completed in sections. Good luck!!
Presentation Topics ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Your National Weather Service The National Weather Service (NWS) is part of the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which is within the Department of Commerce. Our mission: The NWS provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy. NWS data and products form a national information database and infrastructure which is used by other governmental agencies, the private sector, the public, and the global community. www.noaa.gov
www.weather.gov Your source for official weather information 123 offices serving America & surrounding territories National Weather Service county warning areas
Sources of Weather Information ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
NWS Homepage Your Official  Weather Source www.weather.gov
NWS Homepage County Specific Information: * Hazardous Weather Outlook *Watches *Warnings * Severe Weather  Statements *Short Term Forecasts
NOAA  ALL Hazards Weather Radio www.weather.gov/nwr Broadcasts are found in the public service band at these seven broadcast frequencies (MHz):   162.550 MHz  162.525 MHz  162.500 MHz  162.475 MHz  162.450 MHz  162.425 MHz  162.400  MHz
NWS Products Copyright Chris Gullikson Look for these useful NWS products during severe weather: Hazardous Weather Outlook   –  summary of potential hazardous weather  threats for the next seven days Zone Forecast   –  a general seven day forecast for your specific county Short Term Forecast   –  a forecast for up to six hours in advance providing  greater detail of significant weather features in your area Watch   –   a statement detailing potential development of severe   weather Warning   –  product detailing specific severe weather threats on a county  level Severe Weather Statement   –  a follow-up statement to a previous warning  which contains additional updated information WSR-88D Products   –  National Weather Service Doppler radar images Products
Why we need spotters With all those fancy gadgets, why does the NWS need weather spotters? National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Why we need spotters National Weather Service  www.weather.gov A word of caution- the next few slides may get a bit technical. Don’t worry if you do not understand all the concepts presented. Don’t get frustrated
Why we need spotters ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Why we need spotters Radar Horizon Radar beam cannot see lower portion of storm “B” Radar A B
Why we need spotters (lowest elevation angle) At a distance of 75 miles, the radar is looking 7,600 feet above the ground.
Why we need spotters Radar Beam Width 60 120 180 1 2 3 miles miles Radar beam width : Distance from radar : Beam width vs. range National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Why we need spotters View from above Aspect Ratio Problem Radar beam width Distance vs. effective resolution A National Weather Service  www.weather.gov B C
Why we need spotters Radar reflectivity   Radar velocity   Beam height & width vs. effective resolution A B Copyright Johnathon Garner
Why we need spotters Storm 20 miles from radar Same storm 80 miles from radar Beam width vs. effective resolution
Why we need spotters Distance vs. height radar
5 cm vs. 10 cm A B 10 cm NWS Doppler radar 5 cm Doppler radar Radar location 5 cm vs. 10 cm “ blocking” storm A B
5 cm vs. 10 cm 10 cm NWS Doppler radar 5 cm Doppler radar Radar location
Real-time radars? Sorry to bother you again, but I have one last thought…Are NWS radars in “real-time”? NWS LaCrosse National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Important Definitions ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],National Weather Service  www.weather.gov Copyright Joel LaRue
Tornado Warning Criteria A tornado is occurring, a verified funnel cloud is reported and the NWS believes it could develop on the ground, or radar indicates a thunderstorm capable of producing a tornado. National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Severe Thunderstorm Criteria National Weather Service  www.weather.gov wind 58 mph or greater 3/4 inch or larger hail Copyright Chuck Palmer Courtesy KCCI
Flash Flood Warning Criteria ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Spotter Groups ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Copyright Jim Bishop
The Effective Spotter Report National Weather Service Best
The Effective Spotter Report National Weather Service  www.weather.gov ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
The Effective Spotter Report It’s a twister!! Do not assume that if a warning is issued, the NWS knows for certain that severe weather has occurred. (we want to hear from you!) Never assume your report is not important. Do not exaggerate your report!
What to report- tornado What To Report Tornado, Funnel Cloud, or Wall Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Eric O’Connor
What to report- wind What To Report Strong or Damaging Wind National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Chuck Palmer
Estimating wind speed 25-31 mph  - large branches in motion 32-38 mph  – whole trees in motion 39-54 mph  – twigs break off, wind impedes walking 55-72 mph  – damage to chimneys and TV antennas, large branches broken and some trees uprooted 73-112 mph  – removes shingles, windows broken, trailer houses overturned, trees uprooted 113+ mph  – roofs torn off, weak buildings and trailer houses destroyed, large trees uprooted Copyright Mike Umscheid Estimating Wind Speed
Estimating Wind Speed THE "SET" EFFECT..... Storm spotters must also keep in mind that during a severe weather event,  Stress ,  Excitemen t, and  Tension  levels are running high. This is called the "SET" effect, and it can alter your logic and reasoning abilities. Because of its presence, it is often very easy to over-estimate wind speeds. A wind gust of 40 MPH during a fair weather day will not cause any great concern, but this same wind speed when experienced during a thunderstorm may seem like 60 MPH gust because of the SET effect.  When in doubt about your estimate, re-think it and try to remain calm and objective as possible. Use the table in the previous slide as a guide. Your goal is to pass real time observations with accuracy, speed, and professionalism. Courtesy  Milwaukee Area SKYWARN Association, Inc. Original copyright 1998, updated 2/8/03.
What to report- hail What To Report Hail National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
What to Report- hail Copyright Simon Brewer Copyright Greg Woods What size are your marbles? What To Report
What to report- damage What To Report Any Storm Damage National Weather Service   www.weather.gov To see current storm reports, click here.
What to report- flood What To Report Urban Flooding National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
What to report- flood What To Report Rural Flooding Copyright Joel LaRue National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
What to report- flood What To Report Heavy Rain or High Water National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
What to report- flood What To Report Past Water/Flood Damage National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
What to report- snow What To Report Snowfall or Ice Amounts Courtesy KCCI TV National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
E-Spotter Your storm report can also be sent to the NWS via the Internet. National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
E-spotter ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Severe Weather Climatology National Weather Service  www.weather.gov Just how much severe weather do we receive?
Weather Fatalities Click here for more severe weather climatology and statistics
Thunderstorm Climatology Thunderstorm Climatology Oklahoma  Climatological  Survey http:// www.ocs.ou.edu
Severe Weather Climatology www.nssl.noaa.gov /hazard
Severe Weather Climatology www.nssl.noaa.gov /hazard
Tornado Alley National Weather Service  www.weather.gov Oklahoma  Climatological  Survey http:// www.ocs.ou.edu
Tornado Climatology Tornado Climatology National Climatic Data Center  www.ncdc.noaa.gov
Tornado Climatology Tornado Climatology National Climatic Data Center  www.ncdc.noaa.gov Click here for F-Scale Tornado Rating Info.
Tornado Climatology National Weather Service  www.weather.gov Average number of Tornadoes Per Month Oklahoma  Climatological  Survey
Tornado Climatology Average Number of Tornadoes Per Hour of the Day National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Oklahoma  Climatological  Survey
Mumbo jumbo Enough of the mumbo jumbo statistics! I want to see some tornadoes. National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Thunderstorm Life Cycle Cumulus Stage Mature Stage Dissipating Stage
Common Thunderstorm Types ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Copyright Bob Henson
Multicell Thunderstorm Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 updrafts downdrafts Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 4 Cell 3 Side view
Multicell Thunderstorm Copyright Alan Switzer National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Squall Line (Cross section) motion
Squall Line
Squall Line Squall Line Copyright Jim Bishop National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Classic Supercell Thunderstorm N updraft downdraft
Classic Supercell Thunderstorm 0 5 10 Nautical miles Light Rain Moderate/Heavy Rain & Hail Supercell Thunderstorm (top view) Anvil Edge Gust Front WSR-88D Radar Image Hook echo National Weather Service  www.weather.gov N Hook echo
Updraft/Downdraft Tornadogenesis T RFD (Top view) UPDRAFT DOWNDRAFT N
Rear Flank Downdraft National Weather Service  www.weather.gov Copyright Simon Brewer
Rear Flank Downdraft Copyright Michael Peregrine National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Classic Supercell Thunderstorm Howard Bluestein Anvil Overshooting top National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Classic Supercell Thunderstorm Copyright John Durand updraft tornado National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Mini Supercell National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
HP Supercell T Looking west Top view National Weather Service  www.weather.gov Anvil Edge Heavy Rain Light Rain Updraft HP Supercell N
Classic vs. HP comparison T Top view Top view Anvil Edge Heavy Rain Light Rain Updraft HP Supercell N Anvil Edge Heavy Rain Light Rain Updraft Classic Supercell N
HP Supercell Copyright Jon Davies National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
HP Supercell National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
HP Supercell National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Todd Lindley
HP Supercell National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
HP Supercell Copyright Matt Grzych National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
HP Supercell Copyright Mike Umscheid National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
HP Supercell Copyright Rich Thompson National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
HP Supercell National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
HP Supercell Copyright Alan Switzer National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
HP Supercell National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
LP Supercell Light Rain Possible Hail Updraft
LP Supercell
LP Supercell
LP Supercell
LP Supercell Copyright Mike Umscheid
Spotter Positioning 0 5 10 miles Light Rain Moderate/Heavy Rain & Hail Supercell Thunderstorm (top view) Gust Front Viewing angle National Weather Service   www.weather.gov N
Spotter Positioning 0 5 10 miles Light Rain Moderate/Heavy Rain & Hail Supercell Thunderstorm (top view) Viewing angle Copyright   Jim Bishop National Weather Service   www.weather.gov N
Spotter Positioning Copyright   Jon Davies National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Spotter Positioning 0 5 10 miles Light Rain Moderate/Heavy Rain & Hail Supercell Thunderstorm (top view) Viewing angle Copyright Dave Chapman National Weather Service   www.weather.gov N
Spotter Positioning Spotter Positioning Copyright Jim Bishop Copyright Jim Bishop National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Spotter Positioning National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Thunderstorm components Copyright Ian Wittmeyer Updrafts Downdrafts Shelf Cloud Wall Cloud Funnel Cloud Rainfree Base Land spout Gust Front Tornado Gustnado National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Updraft Characteristics -“Back” side of storm -Cumulus tower -Rainfree base -Upward cloud motion -Supercell has rotating updraft Copyright Dave Chapman National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Downdraft Characteristics -“Front” side of storm -Dark area of storm -Rainfall region -Downward motion -Downburst/hail threat Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Updraft/Downdraft National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Brian A. Morganti
Updraft/Downdraft Copyright Chris Gullikson storm motion National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Updraft/Downdraft Copyright Dave Chapman National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Upper Level Storm Strength Clues Upper Level Storm Strength Clues Copyright Robert Heishman Copyright Ken Dewey Courtesy Adrian Pingstone
Mid Level Storm Strength Clues Copyright R. Hay Cummins Copyright Mark Erk Copyright Nicole Kelly
Wall Clouds updraft downdraft N Wall Cloud
Wall Cloud Characteristics > Surface based inflow under the updraft > Attached to cloud base > Look for persistence > May or may not rotate >Look for vertical cloud motion >Often slopes or points toward precipitation or downdraft Copyright Andy Kula National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shear vs. Rotation Shear Rotation National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud Development Copyright Alan Switzer 1a. 1b. 1c. 2a. 2b . Copyright Alan Moller Copyright Alan Moller
Wall Cloud Copyright Michael D. Peregrine National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud Copyright Jeff Wallenfang National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud Copyright Jason Branz National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Lisa Downing
Wall Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov NWS Boise
Wall Cloud Copyright Jon Davies National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud Copyright Don Lloyd National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Andy Kula
Wall Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Andy Kula
Wall Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Matt Lepley
Wall Cloud Copyright Steve Miller National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Funnel Clouds > A  rotating , funnel-shaped cloud extending downward from a thunderstorm base. > Usually located near updraft but can be found anywhere > Attached to cloud base > Exhibit rapid rotation and are most often laminar or smooth in appearance > Do not reach ground Copyright Steve Miller National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Tornado A violently rotating column of air extending  from cloud base to the ground. Copyright Reed Timmer, Jim Bishop Copyright Jeff Piotrowski, Storm Productions, Inc. Copyright Eric O’Connor
Funnel Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright   Paul Craven
Funnel Cloud Copyright Jason Parkin KCCI National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Funnel Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Tornado Copyright Mike Umscheid National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Funnel Cloud or Tornado Copyright Mike Umscheid National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Funnel Cloud or Tornado Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Tornado National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Tornado Courtesy NSSL National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Funnel Cloud/Tornado Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Tornado Photos - Copyright Troy Humphrey National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Land Spout Definition -Can form in many areas of the thunderstorm or in cumulus clouds -Not associated with a larger scale rotation (i.e. mesocyclone) in the thunderstorm -Connected to cloud base -Form along horizontal shear areas -Can be very persistent and destructive, usually slow moving Land Spouts Copyright Greg Stumpf National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Land Spout diagram Land Spout
Land Spout Copyright Jason Branz Land Spout National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Land Spout   Land Spout  Copyright Chris Anderson National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Land Spout  Land Spout  National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Land Spout  Land Spout  Copyright Roger Hill National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Land Spout  Land Spout  National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Land Spout  Land Spout  National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Land Spout  Land Spout  National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Land Spout funnel Copyright Joel LaRue Land Spout Funnel National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf Cloud updraft downdraft N Shelf Clouds
Shelf Cloud characteristics -Marks the leading edge of the gust front -Usually produced by rain cooled air -Can be found on the FFD or RFD -Usually in area of low level  shear -Slope down away from precipitation area -Often associated with a squall line- can be associated with gustnadoes or damaging straight-line wind Shelf Clouds Copyright Sarah Tessendorf   National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Copyright Chuck Palmer Shelf Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Copyright Chris Gullikson Shelf Clouds National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Bill Doms
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Don Towers National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Jim W. Lee National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Courtesy NSSL
Shelf Cloud Copyright Gary Karli Shelf Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Mike Umscheid National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Susan Kula National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Jim Bishop National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Copyright Alan Moller Shelf Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud National Weather Service   www.weather.gov Copyright Matt Lepley
Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright William Tuggle National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Wall Cloud / Shelf Cloud Summary No Yes Favored area for rotation No Yes Often associated with funnel clouds Yes No Sometimes associated with gustnadoes No Yes Often slopes down toward the rain (downdraft) Slopes down away from the rain (downdraft) Associated with the downdraft Associated with the updraft   Yes No Yes No No Yes Shelf Cloud Wall Cloud
Gustnadoes N updraft downdraft
Gustnado Characteristics * Small short-lived low-level based vortices usually along a gust front * Generally not associated with mesocyclone, wall cloud, or updraft * Look for rotation, not just blowing dust * Can cause damage to structures and are hazardous to people in open areas * If it can be correctly identified, report as a gustnado and  not  as a tornado Copyright Gene Moore National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Gustnado diagram Gustnado
Gustnado Gustnado National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Gustnado Copyright Dave Chapman Gustnado National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Gustnado Gustnado National Weather Service  www.weather.gov Copyright Gene Moore
Gustnado Gustnado Copyright Gene Moore National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Gustnado Gustnado National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Gustnado Gustnado National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Tornado/Gustnado Summary Copyright Don Lloyd No No No * Can be seen by radar Usually located along a gust front Extends from cloud base to ground Associated with the mesocyclone   Yes sometimes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Gustnado Land spout Tornado
Other Thunderstorm Phenomenon Copyright Kevin Cox
Hail Shaft Copyright Jim Bishop National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Hail Shaft Copyright David Sheets Hail shaft National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Hail Shaft Copyright Paul Craven National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Outflow Dust Copyright Wade Earle National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Rain Foot National Weather Service  www.weather.gov Rain foot
Mammatus Copyright Jorn Olsen National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Storm Feature  Look Alike Copyright Mike Hollingshead National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Copyright Jeremy Grams Copyright Brad Temeyer National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Copyright Simon Brewer National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Copyright Tim Jones National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Copyright John Farley National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Copyright Alan Switzer National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Photo A Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Photo B Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Copyright Gabe Nieto National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Copyright William Tuggle National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Copyright Dave Chapman National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike National Weather Service  www.weather.gov Copyright Susan Kula
Look Alike Copyright Andy Kula National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike Copyright Gene Moore National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Look Alike
Look Alike Copyright Matt Lepley National Weather Service  www.weather.gov
Spotter Safety ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Copyright Kevin Cox
Spotter Safety ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Copyright Kevin Cox
Lightning Safety Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service   www.weather.gov
Lightning Safety ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Copyright Johnny Autery
Flood Safety Flood Safety ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Flood Safety It may just be a whole lot deeper than what you think! Remember, boats float, cars don’t.
Don’t become another flood death statistic Story County, IA http://tadd.weather.gov
Nighttime Spotting Copyright Simon Brewer & Jim Bishop National Weather Service  www.weather.gov ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Spotters Must ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Myths ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Myths ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]
Disclaimer The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the  National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration or any of its' field offices, including the National Weather Service .
Disclaimer This images in this presentation are copyrighted. They were provided for educational and training purposes only. The individual images within this presentation may not be reproduced, modified, redistributed online, posted on any other website, sold, or commercially used in any way without the expressed consent of the photographers.
Disclaimer Any reference in this National Weather Service presentation to any non-government entity, product, service or information does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation by the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration or any of its' field offices or employees. We are not responsible for the contents of any non-government  web pages referenced from this National Weather Service presentation.
We want your storm photos!! If you have any storm photos or videos that you would like to share with us, please e-mail them to your local NWS. Include your name, date of the photo, where the photo was taken, and a description of the photo. Also indicate if you give the NWS permission to use the photo. We are interested in  ALL  weather phenomenon and cloud types. The best photos or videos are those taken which show a wide view of thunderstorm structure. Close-ups are good, but they do not allow others to take in the bigger picture (no pun intended). It is this wider perspective that allows others to learn by seeing the structure of a specific phenomenon relative to that of the entire thunderstorm.
Special thanks to the following people for the generous use of their photos: Jim Bishop & Simon Brewer –  www.stormgasm.com Dave Chapman –  www.stormdude.com Chris Gullikson –  www.f5hunter.com Chris Kridler –  www.skydiary.com Andy Kula –  NWS Huntsville Gene Moore -  www.chaseday.com Alan Switzer –  home.telepath.com/~aswitzer/tornado-page.htm Mike Umscheid –  www.underthemeso.com
The End Copyright Doug Raflik Questions or Comments? [email_address]

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National Weather Service Storm Spotter Training

  • 1. National Weather Service Storm Spotter Training
  • 2. Introduction National Weather Service www.weather.gov Introduction Welcome to the National Weather Service storm spotter training. Storm spotting is very difficult to do accurately on a consistent basis. This presentation will provide some useful background for your training. However, accurate storm spotting cannot be learned by just taking a course. Actually observing storms and severe weather will be your best training. Try to do this with someone who has experience. Every thunderstorm and weather situation looks different. No matter how many years one may have been storm spotting, each storm season brings new learning experiences. This spotter training uses numerous examples of those various cloud formations most important to storm spotting. Storm phenomenon examples range from classics to the obscure. The presentation is quite long and is best completed in sections. Good luck!!
  • 3.
  • 4. Your National Weather Service The National Weather Service (NWS) is part of the National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), which is within the Department of Commerce. Our mission: The NWS provides weather, hydrologic, and climate forecasts and warnings for the United States, its territories, adjacent waters and ocean areas, for the protection of life and property and the enhancement of the national economy. NWS data and products form a national information database and infrastructure which is used by other governmental agencies, the private sector, the public, and the global community. www.noaa.gov
  • 5. www.weather.gov Your source for official weather information 123 offices serving America & surrounding territories National Weather Service county warning areas
  • 6.
  • 7. NWS Homepage Your Official Weather Source www.weather.gov
  • 8. NWS Homepage County Specific Information: * Hazardous Weather Outlook *Watches *Warnings * Severe Weather Statements *Short Term Forecasts
  • 9. NOAA ALL Hazards Weather Radio www.weather.gov/nwr Broadcasts are found in the public service band at these seven broadcast frequencies (MHz): 162.550 MHz 162.525 MHz 162.500 MHz 162.475 MHz 162.450 MHz 162.425 MHz 162.400 MHz
  • 10. NWS Products Copyright Chris Gullikson Look for these useful NWS products during severe weather: Hazardous Weather Outlook – summary of potential hazardous weather threats for the next seven days Zone Forecast – a general seven day forecast for your specific county Short Term Forecast – a forecast for up to six hours in advance providing greater detail of significant weather features in your area Watch – a statement detailing potential development of severe weather Warning – product detailing specific severe weather threats on a county level Severe Weather Statement – a follow-up statement to a previous warning which contains additional updated information WSR-88D Products – National Weather Service Doppler radar images Products
  • 11. Why we need spotters With all those fancy gadgets, why does the NWS need weather spotters? National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 12. Why we need spotters National Weather Service www.weather.gov A word of caution- the next few slides may get a bit technical. Don’t worry if you do not understand all the concepts presented. Don’t get frustrated
  • 13.
  • 14. Why we need spotters Radar Horizon Radar beam cannot see lower portion of storm “B” Radar A B
  • 15. Why we need spotters (lowest elevation angle) At a distance of 75 miles, the radar is looking 7,600 feet above the ground.
  • 16. Why we need spotters Radar Beam Width 60 120 180 1 2 3 miles miles Radar beam width : Distance from radar : Beam width vs. range National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 17. Why we need spotters View from above Aspect Ratio Problem Radar beam width Distance vs. effective resolution A National Weather Service www.weather.gov B C
  • 18. Why we need spotters Radar reflectivity Radar velocity Beam height & width vs. effective resolution A B Copyright Johnathon Garner
  • 19. Why we need spotters Storm 20 miles from radar Same storm 80 miles from radar Beam width vs. effective resolution
  • 20. Why we need spotters Distance vs. height radar
  • 21. 5 cm vs. 10 cm A B 10 cm NWS Doppler radar 5 cm Doppler radar Radar location 5 cm vs. 10 cm “ blocking” storm A B
  • 22. 5 cm vs. 10 cm 10 cm NWS Doppler radar 5 cm Doppler radar Radar location
  • 23. Real-time radars? Sorry to bother you again, but I have one last thought…Are NWS radars in “real-time”? NWS LaCrosse National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 24.
  • 25. Tornado Warning Criteria A tornado is occurring, a verified funnel cloud is reported and the NWS believes it could develop on the ground, or radar indicates a thunderstorm capable of producing a tornado. National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 26. Severe Thunderstorm Criteria National Weather Service www.weather.gov wind 58 mph or greater 3/4 inch or larger hail Copyright Chuck Palmer Courtesy KCCI
  • 27.
  • 28.
  • 29. The Effective Spotter Report National Weather Service Best
  • 30.
  • 31. The Effective Spotter Report It’s a twister!! Do not assume that if a warning is issued, the NWS knows for certain that severe weather has occurred. (we want to hear from you!) Never assume your report is not important. Do not exaggerate your report!
  • 32. What to report- tornado What To Report Tornado, Funnel Cloud, or Wall Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Eric O’Connor
  • 33. What to report- wind What To Report Strong or Damaging Wind National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Chuck Palmer
  • 34. Estimating wind speed 25-31 mph - large branches in motion 32-38 mph – whole trees in motion 39-54 mph – twigs break off, wind impedes walking 55-72 mph – damage to chimneys and TV antennas, large branches broken and some trees uprooted 73-112 mph – removes shingles, windows broken, trailer houses overturned, trees uprooted 113+ mph – roofs torn off, weak buildings and trailer houses destroyed, large trees uprooted Copyright Mike Umscheid Estimating Wind Speed
  • 35. Estimating Wind Speed THE "SET" EFFECT..... Storm spotters must also keep in mind that during a severe weather event, Stress , Excitemen t, and Tension levels are running high. This is called the "SET" effect, and it can alter your logic and reasoning abilities. Because of its presence, it is often very easy to over-estimate wind speeds. A wind gust of 40 MPH during a fair weather day will not cause any great concern, but this same wind speed when experienced during a thunderstorm may seem like 60 MPH gust because of the SET effect. When in doubt about your estimate, re-think it and try to remain calm and objective as possible. Use the table in the previous slide as a guide. Your goal is to pass real time observations with accuracy, speed, and professionalism. Courtesy Milwaukee Area SKYWARN Association, Inc. Original copyright 1998, updated 2/8/03.
  • 36. What to report- hail What To Report Hail National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 37. What to Report- hail Copyright Simon Brewer Copyright Greg Woods What size are your marbles? What To Report
  • 38. What to report- damage What To Report Any Storm Damage National Weather Service www.weather.gov To see current storm reports, click here.
  • 39. What to report- flood What To Report Urban Flooding National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 40. What to report- flood What To Report Rural Flooding Copyright Joel LaRue National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 41. What to report- flood What To Report Heavy Rain or High Water National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 42. What to report- flood What To Report Past Water/Flood Damage National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 43. What to report- snow What To Report Snowfall or Ice Amounts Courtesy KCCI TV National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 44. E-Spotter Your storm report can also be sent to the NWS via the Internet. National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 45.
  • 46. Severe Weather Climatology National Weather Service www.weather.gov Just how much severe weather do we receive?
  • 47. Weather Fatalities Click here for more severe weather climatology and statistics
  • 48. Thunderstorm Climatology Thunderstorm Climatology Oklahoma Climatological Survey http:// www.ocs.ou.edu
  • 49. Severe Weather Climatology www.nssl.noaa.gov /hazard
  • 50. Severe Weather Climatology www.nssl.noaa.gov /hazard
  • 51. Tornado Alley National Weather Service www.weather.gov Oklahoma Climatological Survey http:// www.ocs.ou.edu
  • 52. Tornado Climatology Tornado Climatology National Climatic Data Center www.ncdc.noaa.gov
  • 53. Tornado Climatology Tornado Climatology National Climatic Data Center www.ncdc.noaa.gov Click here for F-Scale Tornado Rating Info.
  • 54. Tornado Climatology National Weather Service www.weather.gov Average number of Tornadoes Per Month Oklahoma Climatological Survey
  • 55. Tornado Climatology Average Number of Tornadoes Per Hour of the Day National Weather Service www.weather.gov Oklahoma Climatological Survey
  • 56. Mumbo jumbo Enough of the mumbo jumbo statistics! I want to see some tornadoes. National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 57. Thunderstorm Life Cycle Cumulus Stage Mature Stage Dissipating Stage
  • 58.
  • 59. Multicell Thunderstorm Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 3 Cell 4 Cell 5 updrafts downdrafts Cell 1 Cell 2 Cell 4 Cell 3 Side view
  • 60. Multicell Thunderstorm Copyright Alan Switzer National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 61. Squall Line (Cross section) motion
  • 63. Squall Line Squall Line Copyright Jim Bishop National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 64. Classic Supercell Thunderstorm N updraft downdraft
  • 65. Classic Supercell Thunderstorm 0 5 10 Nautical miles Light Rain Moderate/Heavy Rain & Hail Supercell Thunderstorm (top view) Anvil Edge Gust Front WSR-88D Radar Image Hook echo National Weather Service www.weather.gov N Hook echo
  • 66. Updraft/Downdraft Tornadogenesis T RFD (Top view) UPDRAFT DOWNDRAFT N
  • 67. Rear Flank Downdraft National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Simon Brewer
  • 68. Rear Flank Downdraft Copyright Michael Peregrine National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 69. Classic Supercell Thunderstorm Howard Bluestein Anvil Overshooting top National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 70. Classic Supercell Thunderstorm Copyright John Durand updraft tornado National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 71. Mini Supercell National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 72. HP Supercell T Looking west Top view National Weather Service www.weather.gov Anvil Edge Heavy Rain Light Rain Updraft HP Supercell N
  • 73. Classic vs. HP comparison T Top view Top view Anvil Edge Heavy Rain Light Rain Updraft HP Supercell N Anvil Edge Heavy Rain Light Rain Updraft Classic Supercell N
  • 74. HP Supercell Copyright Jon Davies National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 75. HP Supercell National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 76. HP Supercell National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Todd Lindley
  • 77. HP Supercell National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 78. HP Supercell Copyright Matt Grzych National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 79. HP Supercell Copyright Mike Umscheid National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 80. HP Supercell Copyright Rich Thompson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 81. HP Supercell National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 82. HP Supercell Copyright Alan Switzer National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 83. HP Supercell National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 84. LP Supercell Light Rain Possible Hail Updraft
  • 88. LP Supercell Copyright Mike Umscheid
  • 89. Spotter Positioning 0 5 10 miles Light Rain Moderate/Heavy Rain & Hail Supercell Thunderstorm (top view) Gust Front Viewing angle National Weather Service www.weather.gov N
  • 90. Spotter Positioning 0 5 10 miles Light Rain Moderate/Heavy Rain & Hail Supercell Thunderstorm (top view) Viewing angle Copyright Jim Bishop National Weather Service www.weather.gov N
  • 91. Spotter Positioning Copyright Jon Davies National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 92. Spotter Positioning 0 5 10 miles Light Rain Moderate/Heavy Rain & Hail Supercell Thunderstorm (top view) Viewing angle Copyright Dave Chapman National Weather Service www.weather.gov N
  • 93. Spotter Positioning Spotter Positioning Copyright Jim Bishop Copyright Jim Bishop National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 94. Spotter Positioning National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 95. Thunderstorm components Copyright Ian Wittmeyer Updrafts Downdrafts Shelf Cloud Wall Cloud Funnel Cloud Rainfree Base Land spout Gust Front Tornado Gustnado National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 96. Updraft Characteristics -“Back” side of storm -Cumulus tower -Rainfree base -Upward cloud motion -Supercell has rotating updraft Copyright Dave Chapman National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 97. Downdraft Characteristics -“Front” side of storm -Dark area of storm -Rainfall region -Downward motion -Downburst/hail threat Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 98. Updraft/Downdraft National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Brian A. Morganti
  • 99. Updraft/Downdraft Copyright Chris Gullikson storm motion National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 100. Updraft/Downdraft Copyright Dave Chapman National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 101. Upper Level Storm Strength Clues Upper Level Storm Strength Clues Copyright Robert Heishman Copyright Ken Dewey Courtesy Adrian Pingstone
  • 102. Mid Level Storm Strength Clues Copyright R. Hay Cummins Copyright Mark Erk Copyright Nicole Kelly
  • 103. Wall Clouds updraft downdraft N Wall Cloud
  • 104. Wall Cloud Characteristics > Surface based inflow under the updraft > Attached to cloud base > Look for persistence > May or may not rotate >Look for vertical cloud motion >Often slopes or points toward precipitation or downdraft Copyright Andy Kula National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 105. Shear vs. Rotation Shear Rotation National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 106. Wall Cloud Development Copyright Alan Switzer 1a. 1b. 1c. 2a. 2b . Copyright Alan Moller Copyright Alan Moller
  • 107. Wall Cloud Copyright Michael D. Peregrine National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 108. Wall Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 109. Wall Cloud Copyright Jeff Wallenfang National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 110. Wall Cloud Copyright Jason Branz National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 111. Wall Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 112. Wall Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Lisa Downing
  • 113. Wall Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov NWS Boise
  • 114. Wall Cloud Copyright Jon Davies National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 115. Wall Cloud Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 116. Wall Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 117. Wall Cloud Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 118. Wall Cloud Copyright Don Lloyd National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 119. Wall Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Andy Kula
  • 120. Wall Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Andy Kula
  • 121. Wall Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Matt Lepley
  • 122. Wall Cloud Copyright Steve Miller National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 123. Funnel Clouds > A rotating , funnel-shaped cloud extending downward from a thunderstorm base. > Usually located near updraft but can be found anywhere > Attached to cloud base > Exhibit rapid rotation and are most often laminar or smooth in appearance > Do not reach ground Copyright Steve Miller National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 124. Tornado A violently rotating column of air extending from cloud base to the ground. Copyright Reed Timmer, Jim Bishop Copyright Jeff Piotrowski, Storm Productions, Inc. Copyright Eric O’Connor
  • 125. Funnel Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Paul Craven
  • 126. Funnel Cloud Copyright Jason Parkin KCCI National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 127. Funnel Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 128. Tornado Copyright Mike Umscheid National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 129. Funnel Cloud or Tornado Copyright Mike Umscheid National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 130. Funnel Cloud or Tornado Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 131. Tornado National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 132. Tornado Courtesy NSSL National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 133. Funnel Cloud/Tornado Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 134. Tornado Photos - Copyright Troy Humphrey National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 135. Land Spout Definition -Can form in many areas of the thunderstorm or in cumulus clouds -Not associated with a larger scale rotation (i.e. mesocyclone) in the thunderstorm -Connected to cloud base -Form along horizontal shear areas -Can be very persistent and destructive, usually slow moving Land Spouts Copyright Greg Stumpf National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 136. Land Spout diagram Land Spout
  • 137. Land Spout Copyright Jason Branz Land Spout National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 138. Land Spout Land Spout Copyright Chris Anderson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 139. Land Spout Land Spout National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 140. Land Spout Land Spout Copyright Roger Hill National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 141. Land Spout Land Spout National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 142. Land Spout Land Spout National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 143. Land Spout Land Spout National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 144. Land Spout funnel Copyright Joel LaRue Land Spout Funnel National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 145. Shelf Cloud updraft downdraft N Shelf Clouds
  • 146. Shelf Cloud characteristics -Marks the leading edge of the gust front -Usually produced by rain cooled air -Can be found on the FFD or RFD -Usually in area of low level shear -Slope down away from precipitation area -Often associated with a squall line- can be associated with gustnadoes or damaging straight-line wind Shelf Clouds Copyright Sarah Tessendorf National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 147. Shelf cloud Copyright Chuck Palmer Shelf Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 148. Shelf cloud Copyright Chris Gullikson Shelf Clouds National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 149. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 150. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Bill Doms
  • 151. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Don Towers National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 152. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Jim W. Lee National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 153. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov Courtesy NSSL
  • 154. Shelf Cloud Copyright Gary Karli Shelf Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 155. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Mike Umscheid National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 156. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Susan Kula National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 157. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright Jim Bishop National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 158. Shelf cloud Copyright Alan Moller Shelf Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 159. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Matt Lepley
  • 160. Shelf cloud Shelf Cloud Copyright William Tuggle National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 161. Wall Cloud / Shelf Cloud Summary No Yes Favored area for rotation No Yes Often associated with funnel clouds Yes No Sometimes associated with gustnadoes No Yes Often slopes down toward the rain (downdraft) Slopes down away from the rain (downdraft) Associated with the downdraft Associated with the updraft Yes No Yes No No Yes Shelf Cloud Wall Cloud
  • 162. Gustnadoes N updraft downdraft
  • 163. Gustnado Characteristics * Small short-lived low-level based vortices usually along a gust front * Generally not associated with mesocyclone, wall cloud, or updraft * Look for rotation, not just blowing dust * Can cause damage to structures and are hazardous to people in open areas * If it can be correctly identified, report as a gustnado and not as a tornado Copyright Gene Moore National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 165. Gustnado Gustnado National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 166. Gustnado Copyright Dave Chapman Gustnado National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 167. Gustnado Gustnado National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Gene Moore
  • 168. Gustnado Gustnado Copyright Gene Moore National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 169. Gustnado Gustnado National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 170. Gustnado Gustnado National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 171. Tornado/Gustnado Summary Copyright Don Lloyd No No No * Can be seen by radar Usually located along a gust front Extends from cloud base to ground Associated with the mesocyclone Yes sometimes No No Yes Yes No No Yes Gustnado Land spout Tornado
  • 172. Other Thunderstorm Phenomenon Copyright Kevin Cox
  • 173. Hail Shaft Copyright Jim Bishop National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 174. Hail Shaft Copyright David Sheets Hail shaft National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 175. Hail Shaft Copyright Paul Craven National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 176. Outflow Dust Copyright Wade Earle National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 177. Rain Foot National Weather Service www.weather.gov Rain foot
  • 178. Mammatus Copyright Jorn Olsen National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 179. Storm Feature Look Alike Copyright Mike Hollingshead National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 180. Look Alike Copyright Jeremy Grams Copyright Brad Temeyer National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 181. Look Alike National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 182. Look Alike Copyright Simon Brewer National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 183. Look Alike Copyright Tim Jones National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 184. Look Alike National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 185. Look Alike Copyright John Farley National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 186. Look Alike Copyright Alan Switzer National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 187. Look Alike Photo A Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 188. Look Alike Photo B Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 189. Look Alike National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 190. Look Alike Copyright Gabe Nieto National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 191. Look Alike Copyright William Tuggle National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 192. Look Alike Copyright Dave Chapman National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 193. Look Alike National Weather Service www.weather.gov Copyright Susan Kula
  • 194. Look Alike Copyright Andy Kula National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 195. Look Alike National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 196. Look Alike National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 197. Look Alike Copyright Gene Moore National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 198. Look Alike National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 199. Look Alike National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 201. Look Alike Copyright Matt Lepley National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 202.
  • 203.
  • 204. Lightning Safety Copyright Chris Gullikson National Weather Service www.weather.gov
  • 205.
  • 206.
  • 207. Flood Safety It may just be a whole lot deeper than what you think! Remember, boats float, cars don’t.
  • 208. Don’t become another flood death statistic Story County, IA http://tadd.weather.gov
  • 209.
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  • 211.
  • 212.
  • 213. Disclaimer The views expressed in this presentation are those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration or any of its' field offices, including the National Weather Service .
  • 214. Disclaimer This images in this presentation are copyrighted. They were provided for educational and training purposes only. The individual images within this presentation may not be reproduced, modified, redistributed online, posted on any other website, sold, or commercially used in any way without the expressed consent of the photographers.
  • 215. Disclaimer Any reference in this National Weather Service presentation to any non-government entity, product, service or information does not constitute an endorsement or recommendation by the National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration or any of its' field offices or employees. We are not responsible for the contents of any non-government web pages referenced from this National Weather Service presentation.
  • 216. We want your storm photos!! If you have any storm photos or videos that you would like to share with us, please e-mail them to your local NWS. Include your name, date of the photo, where the photo was taken, and a description of the photo. Also indicate if you give the NWS permission to use the photo. We are interested in ALL weather phenomenon and cloud types. The best photos or videos are those taken which show a wide view of thunderstorm structure. Close-ups are good, but they do not allow others to take in the bigger picture (no pun intended). It is this wider perspective that allows others to learn by seeing the structure of a specific phenomenon relative to that of the entire thunderstorm.
  • 217. Special thanks to the following people for the generous use of their photos: Jim Bishop & Simon Brewer – www.stormgasm.com Dave Chapman – www.stormdude.com Chris Gullikson – www.f5hunter.com Chris Kridler – www.skydiary.com Andy Kula – NWS Huntsville Gene Moore - www.chaseday.com Alan Switzer – home.telepath.com/~aswitzer/tornado-page.htm Mike Umscheid – www.underthemeso.com
  • 218. The End Copyright Doug Raflik Questions or Comments? [email_address]

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. Photo - copyright Simon Brewer