SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  25
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
Update on Economic Indicators for ATSI
             community


     https://sites.google.com/site/crauchlethesis/documents/MDCD2012presentation%20outline.pptx?attredirects=0&d=1




                         Student: Christopher Rauchle
                         Supervisor: Stephen Cassidy
                         Snum: 41958209
Population Recap
Overall nearly 550,000 Aboriginal and
  Torres Strait Islander people were
  counted in the 2011 Census, which is
  an increase of 21 per cent from 2006,”
  said Ms Nankervis.

  “The publication shows children aged
  under 15 years make up 36 per cent of
  the Aboriginal and Torres Strait
  Islander population, compared with 19
  per cent of the non-Indigenous
  population.                              2012 figures17
Economic data – household income
Economic data – household income

The top three data points for Indigenous
   household incomes are $400, $600
   and $1500 a week. Other households
   are $1500, $3000+ and $400.
Although Indigenous households earning
   more than $150K/year ($3000+) are
   not as numerous as other households
   earning that amount there are more
   than 11 thousand of them
The question is, is there a correlation
                                           21
   between household income and
   internet use/type
Internet Type by Household Income

 Majority elect to have DSL
 No clear selection based on household
   income (small drop off in mobile
   broadband for income >$120K)


 “There was a large increase in
   the number of Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander households
  that had access to an internet
     connection at 63 per cent,
    compared to 40 per cent in
              2006. 19
Internet Type by Remoteness

Satellite use is very high in remote areas
  (although up to 60K people in major
  cities have to get their Internet and TV
  through it due to signal issues)
As expected, mobile broadband is still
  useful in remote areas because it can
  reach more than 40K from the base
  station. NBN‟s LTE promises to extend
  this to 100km at a speed of 12-
  100mbps per household7
Cable is hamstrung by the fact that no
  new cable is being deployed and it
  stopped at just over 1m of the 6.7m6
  households with internet (there are
  8.5m households in Australia up from
  7.9m in 2006
Census Data – Education level

• There is a large cohort moving through
  Primary and Secondary education.
  They will soon arrive in the workforce
  and tertiary education where they are
  currently underrepresented.
• A stable home life and good nutrition
  are essential for a good education.
  The closing the gap report says that
  there has been no improvement in
  Indigenous Health measures

                                        Type of educational                                             Indigenous status
 “In the 2011 Census, we saw that 37    institution attending                Indigenous Non-Indigenous      not stated      Total
   per cent of Aboriginal and Torres    Pre-school                              13,975.00    314,574.00          4,294.00      332,843.00
 Strait Islander people aged 15 years   Infants/Primary                         81,554.00  1,649,610.00         24,044.00    1,755,208.00
                                        Secondary                               50,985.00  1,268,343.00         16,716.00    1,336,044.00
 and over have completed Year 12 or
                                        Technical or Further Educational        13,211.00    455,925.00          4,472.00      473,608.00
   higher qualifications, up from 30    University or other Tertiary Institution: 0,127.00
                                                                                1            916,462.00          5,936.00      932,525.00
            per cent in 2006.19         Institution not stated                  50,408.00    634,801.00       826,483.00     1,511,692.00
                                        Total                                  223,925.00  5,395,916.00       883,739.00     6,503,580.00
Economic Data – Financial Hardship

Disposable income in Indigenous
  households is still below average with
  only half (as opposed to 85% of other                                                                        Indigenous
                                                                                                                                 Non-
                                                                                                                           Indigenous
                                                                                                                persons(a)
  households) claiming they could raise                                                                                     persons(b)

  $2K in a week (the ABS‟s measure of      Whether household members could raise $2000
                                           in an emergency(c)
                                                                                                                           %               %

  a whether a household is in financial    Could raise $2,000 within a week                                             46.4           85.3

  hardship or not.)                        Could not raise $2,000 within a week                                         47.2           12.9
                                           Not stated                                                                     6.5             1.8
                                           Total                                                                         100              100
                                           Total persons aged 18 years and over ('000)                                 290.9        15 192.9


                                           (a) Data from the 2008 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey.
                                           (b) Data from the 2006 General Social Survey.
                                           (c) Ability to raise $2,000 for something important w ithin a w eek. See the Glossary.
                                           Note: The 2008 NATSISS population in this table varies to that show n in the summary tables.
                                           Therefore, these estimates w ill differ from other estimates presented.
2011 Indigenous Households –
                                  Homelessness
HOMELESS PERSONS, Selected characteristics–2006 and 2011
                                                                 Internet assisted networking is difficult
                                2006               2011
                              no.       %        no.        %
                                                                    if you are homeless (could mean
Indigenous status                                                   severely overcrowded, constantly
  Indigenous                25,950      29     26,744      25       changing address etc…not simply
  Non-Indigenous            57,324      64     70,085      67       living on the street)
  Not stated                 6,454       7      8,408       8    Indigenous population is severely
Total hom eless persons     89,728     100    105,237      100
                                                                    overrepresented in the estimate
                                                                    (more than 10 times their population
                                                                    rate) but they are dropping as a
                                                                    proportion while non-Indigenous is
                                                                    rising
                                                                 The Homeless do use social
                                                                    networking.13 There are free
                                                                    services on Telstra that allow them
                                                                    to access a version of facebook
                                                                    called facebook zero linked to some
                                                                    riots in FNQ
Health Issues
                                                Indigenous life expectancy
• Indigenous food security and traditional
  high protein diet was overturned by
  provision of rationed diet from central
  stores after relocation programs
  between 1900 and 1960s resulting in
  higher incidence of preventable
  diseases such as diabetes and heart
  disease
• It is unreasonable for an Aboriginal man
  to expect to live to 65 at this rate (the
  rate has not improved for decades) but      Population expected to live to age 65
  it is for other Indigenous people.           Read more: http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/health/aboriginal-life-expectancy#ixzz2Hr0SiQgg



  (Nigerians have a higher life expectancy
  than Indigenous Australians.)
• Consequently, death and funerals
  feature in Indigenous society at present.
Census Data - Occupation

I16 LABOUR FORCE STATUS
BY AGE BY SEX FOR                Number      Percentage     Commentary          The entire indigenous workforce of
INDIGENOUS PERSONS
Employed:                          147,708      83%       Much of the
                                                                                  around 180k is smaller than the top
                                                          Indigenous labour       two employers in Australia (Coles and
                                                          force is employed
Unemployed                          30,460      17%       But the                 Woolworths have about 94k staff
                                                          Unemployment
                                                          rate is much
                                                                                  each)
                                                          higher than the 5%    The participation rate is similar to the
                                                          for the total pop
                                                                                  entire Australian Population but the
Total labour force                 178,168      51%       And only half the
                                                          people who can
                                                                                  unemployment rate is far higher than
                                                          work are                the current national average of 5%
                                                          participating
Not in the labour force            155,885      44%       Reflecting the fact          Labour Force Australia,          Total            Percent
                                                          that they are                   November 2012
                                                          either out of,
                                                                                    Employed persons                    11,529,400           54%
                                                          haven't yet
                                                          entered the labour        Unemployed persons                    647,800             3%
                                                          force (children) or       Unemployment rate (%)                                    5.3%
                                                          not participating
Labour force status not stated      17,228       5%                                 Participation rate (%)                                   65%
Total                              351,281      64%       And only a bit
                                                          more than half of
                                                          the pop can work                           Total Indigenous           548,370

                                                                                                     Total Other            19,900,766
                                                                                    ABS stats17      Total Pop              21,507,719
Likelihood of Jail/Criminal Record

Incarceration is worsening: the
  national rate of Aboriginal
  juvenile incarceration has risen
  to a startling rate of 31 times the
  non-indigenous rate

In 2008 it was 27 times.

In 1994, young Aboriginal people
  were 17 times more likely than
  non-Aboriginal juveniles to be
  incarcerated.12
Device Access

• Since my last talk the cost of devices
  has plummeted.
• Original people‟s computer in India –
  the Akash, was an underpowered
  faulty flop but the Akash II has been
  pronounced a success. (subsidised
  cost of $30 it comes with $2/month
  internet access in India)
• Cheapest Monthly access in Australia
                                           Kogan‟s cheapest tablet is currently $120 and the Akash
  hovers at the $10 mark                    2 ranges from $75-$105 if purchased by the public10
• One Laptop Per Child have shelved
  plans for their new tablets but that‟s
  okay because there are several sub
  $100 Android tablets available now.
  The goal of a $30 tablet without
  government subsidy is within reach.
Network Access deteriorates the more
               people use it
Issues with Metro 3G/4G
Remote Internet Access
              NBN Satellite
• Had an intention to work with a community at
  Papunya and provide higher grade of Internet and
  survey the users experience

• 1000ms pings contributing to a 90% packet loss
• Upload/download limits of 10Gb/month
• Disrupted by poor weather/smoke/cloud (Ku band is
  the same frequency as water)
• Many applications that require close handshaking
  (encrypted banking, vpn, streaming video) do not
  work
Remote Internet Access - ADSL update
Papunya – used to have Satellite only in the
  library. Kept alive by the State Library of
  SA, 200Mb per person per month. Very
  slow, very unreliable, very scarce
  resource.

ADSL came to Papunya in September 2012.
  Now people bring Wi-Fi phones and
  tablets and sit outside to use the free Wi-
  Fi.

Businesses now have Wi-Fi and there is talk
  of an internet café.

However, Indigenous Australians have been
  put onto the cheapest customer service
  mode, the Internet, in areas that are not
  suited to it.
Free ATM access
2010 enquiry discovered some people
  were spending up to 20 of their
  income on ATM fees5 - Fees were
  abolished in May 2012 on 73 Remote
  communities…these fees still exist for
  people in non-remote communities
Shopkeepers sometimes require
  customers to use their ATMs rather
  than eftpos. Balance checking can
  sometimes be 20% of a person‟s costs
  for the month (no other means of
  checking electronic transactions –
  mobile banking or using the public
  phone not an option) with the fees
  being charged up to $10/transaction
  with no other way to retrieve
  Centrelink payments.9
Income Quarantining

For those individuals or areas that the
  Dept. of Human Services has ruled at
  risk, Centrelink payments are made to
  a Cashcard operated service called
  BasicsCard. There are people using
  BasicsCard in my area. It‟s like a
                                                              Income management isn‟t working22
  Coles voucher that cannot be used to
  buy alcohol, tobacco




                Owner of a Logan Supermarket showing income
                       quarantining with BASICS card
Remote Community Access -
                   Pornography
Pornography restrictions brought in
  included games and computer based
  media. Interesting to note that the 11k
  fine is six times the amount that many
  people said they could not raise in an
  emergency – meaning jail and a
  criminal record for possession

Now being extended to non-Indigenous
  people due to Stronger Futures Act of
  2011 – non-Indigenous people in a
  Prescribed Area are now also subject
  to Anti-Pornography controls.
Indigenous Social Networks

National Centre Indigenous Excellence
  is developing a social network2
  however research indicates that an
  isolated social network may not be as
  valuable to Australian Indigenous
  people as an open one.

“It is known that entrepreneurs obtain
    resources from social
    networks…these take on different
    forms ranging from financial capital,
    industry information and advice, to
    emotional support and other pertinent
    general knowledge.”11




                                            Indigenous Community Volunteer program20
Indigenous Social Networks

                       Comparison to other countries:
                        Denmark, Hawaii, Australia
                        Denmark                   Hawaii                      Australia
Indigenous              89.6%                     19.85%                      2.5%
View of Indigenous      Professionalism more      Part of society             Takes you away from
network                 important                                             society
Cultural Integration    Mainstream                Well integrated in cities   In order to relate to
                                                  and majority population     professional network
                                                                              must leave social network
Network dynamics        Dynamic                   „coloured network‟          Dependence on racial
                                                  dynamic                     acceptance
Business relations      Many Business Relations   Many and V. personal        Dependent; power
                                                  business relations          imbalance
Rise of the Indigenous Middle Class
The 53rd Boyer Lectures were presented by Professor
  Marcia Langton AM, Chair of Australian Indigenous
  Studies at The University of Melbourne
The Quiet Revolution: Indigenous People and the
  Resources Boom
• Rio Tinto employed four Indigenous workers in 2000 (two
  were gardeners) but grew to 1,500 today (the largest
  employer of Indigenous workers in Australia with a 31,854
  strong workforce15)
• Indigenous males suffer from criminal records that exclude
  them from jobs (often these are for offenses such as swearing,
  drinking in public etc. that might attract a warning for other people) so
  an easier path for the household to employment is through
  its women
• “Between 1994 and 2008, indigenous employment
  increased from about 30% of indigenous people of
  working age to about half of that population set in the
  national workforce. Much of this growth was in the private
  sector.”8
Rise of the Indigenous Middle Class

•   Aboriginal people had established businesses
    on the Australian frontiers during colonial
    times
•   Aborigines were stripped of their property by
    the State. It was illegal for Aboriginal people to
    own property and to engage in business.16
•   Most Aboriginal populations are Remote and
    Regional, exactly where the mining boom is
    taking place. This boom shows no sign of
    ending and in this tight labour market the
    ready supply of Indigenous workers will
    provide both royalties and employment for
    many.
Conclusions

• The demographic trend going through is that a large cohort are about
  to be tertiary educated and or employed for the first time.
• There is little drop off in fertility and no change in mobility meaning
  this population will need to rely on mining, health and education
• Social networking strategies should focus on including networks from
  non-Indigenous people to strengthen the connections (increase the
  radius) of Indigenous networks.
• Indigenous people are working their way to income and education
  parity with the rest of the population but health and housing makes
  this difficult.
• Internet access is rising rapidly and with the provision of technologies
  that allow longer distance mobile connectivity, basic internet access
  should be provided to this population within the next decade.
References

1: http://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/item/30281-cisco-buys-cloud-networking
2: http://www.ncie.org.au/images/stories/supporters/MediaRelease_CoE_Sefiani.pdf
Banks recognise the value of Indigenous dollar 27/5/12 http://www.afr.com/f/free/markets/capital/cfo/banks_recognise_value_of_indigenous_R8plJ20KmjumoHuYlGhdfM
3: Logan is set to trial a site for income management via the new BasicsCard
 http://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/logan/logan-is-set-to-trial-a-site-for-income-management-via-the-new-basicscard/story-fn8m0u8i-1226418145169
5: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-25/remote-aboriginal-atm-fees-to-be-abolished/4033108
6: Number of Internet connected households, ABS series 81460DO001_201011 Household Use of Information Technology, Australia, 2010-11
7: http://www.itnews.com.au/News/259237,nbn-co-eyes-faster-wireless-speeds-over-lte.aspx
8: Marcia Langton, boyer lectures – lecture 1 http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/boyerlectures/boyers-ep1/4305610#_ftn1
9: Remote ATMs charge $10/withdrawal, http://youtu.be/Do0C6p6DTIM ABC news on YouTube
10: Datawind is manufacturing the Akash 2 as the Ubislate http://www.ubislate.com/
11: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: An International Journal – Networking and culture in entrepreneurship, Kim Klyver & Dennis Foley
12: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/black-sentences-soar-as-juvenile-jails-become-a-storing-house/story-fn9hm1pm-1226547889340
13: 20490DO001_2011 Census of Population and Housing: Estimating homelessness, 2011
      http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/2049.02011?OpenDocument
14 The homeless use Facebook?! Similarities of social network use between college students and homeless young adults, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.019
15: Recruiting trends at Australia's biggest employers, Business Review Weekly, http://newsletter.mycareer.com.au/general/nov2006/job-
      update/section/thomson.aspx
16:Marcia Langton, LECTURE 5 - COUNTING OUR VICTORIES: THE END OF GARVEY-ISM AND THE SOFT BIGOTRY OF LOW EXPECTATION
http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/boyerlectures/2012-boyer-lectures-245/4427682#transcript
17: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6202.0
18: Population pyramid from ABS stats,
      http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/2076.0Main%20Features1102011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=2076.0&issue=2011&num=
      &view=
19: The changing face of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians
      http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/2076.0Media%20Release12011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=2076.0&issue=2011&num=&
      view=
20: facebook group, indigenous community Volunteers, https://www.facebook.com/IndigenousCommunityVolunteers
21: ABS 2006 stats on workforce composition,
      http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/cashome.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/65317b8f86968271ca25758b0011e956!OpenDocument
22:Income management doesn‟t work, http://www.crikey.com.au/2010/05/17/income-management-isnt-working-and-macklins-twisting-the-truth/

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Working Together so Everyone has a Good Place to Call Home
Working Together so Everyone has a Good Place to Call HomeWorking Together so Everyone has a Good Place to Call Home
Working Together so Everyone has a Good Place to Call HomeWellesley Institute
 
Short ver many communities one home - state of the city 2012 3-26-12
Short ver many communities   one home - state of the city 2012 3-26-12Short ver many communities   one home - state of the city 2012 3-26-12
Short ver many communities one home - state of the city 2012 3-26-12City of Lakewood, Ohio
 
2012 04-24 cuyahoga county ohio
2012 04-24 cuyahoga county ohio2012 04-24 cuyahoga county ohio
2012 04-24 cuyahoga county ohioGilberto Gonzales
 
Latino Behavioral Health Institute Conference 2012
Latino Behavioral Health Institute Conference 2012Latino Behavioral Health Institute Conference 2012
Latino Behavioral Health Institute Conference 2012Gilbert Gonzales
 
2011 Defiance College Ohio Benefit Bank Ohio Campus Compact AmeriCorps VISTA ...
2011 Defiance College Ohio Benefit Bank Ohio Campus Compact AmeriCorps VISTA ...2011 Defiance College Ohio Benefit Bank Ohio Campus Compact AmeriCorps VISTA ...
2011 Defiance College Ohio Benefit Bank Ohio Campus Compact AmeriCorps VISTA ...Ohio Campus Compact
 
Health Net Connections Internal Brand Print Magazine #1
Health Net Connections Internal Brand Print Magazine #1 Health Net Connections Internal Brand Print Magazine #1
Health Net Connections Internal Brand Print Magazine #1 LHL Communications
 
Provincial planning what's new
Provincial planning   what's newProvincial planning   what's new
Provincial planning what's newOntarioEast
 
2012 market presentation
2012 market presentation2012 market presentation
2012 market presentationohcommedia
 

Tendances (11)

Enabled sitprosol en
Enabled sitprosol enEnabled sitprosol en
Enabled sitprosol en
 
Working Together so Everyone has a Good Place to Call Home
Working Together so Everyone has a Good Place to Call HomeWorking Together so Everyone has a Good Place to Call Home
Working Together so Everyone has a Good Place to Call Home
 
Short ver many communities one home - state of the city 2012 3-26-12
Short ver many communities   one home - state of the city 2012 3-26-12Short ver many communities   one home - state of the city 2012 3-26-12
Short ver many communities one home - state of the city 2012 3-26-12
 
2012 04-24 cuyahoga county ohio
2012 04-24 cuyahoga county ohio2012 04-24 cuyahoga county ohio
2012 04-24 cuyahoga county ohio
 
Latino Behavioral Health Institute Conference 2012
Latino Behavioral Health Institute Conference 2012Latino Behavioral Health Institute Conference 2012
Latino Behavioral Health Institute Conference 2012
 
Darwin Sept 2008
Darwin Sept 2008Darwin Sept 2008
Darwin Sept 2008
 
2011 Defiance College Ohio Benefit Bank Ohio Campus Compact AmeriCorps VISTA ...
2011 Defiance College Ohio Benefit Bank Ohio Campus Compact AmeriCorps VISTA ...2011 Defiance College Ohio Benefit Bank Ohio Campus Compact AmeriCorps VISTA ...
2011 Defiance College Ohio Benefit Bank Ohio Campus Compact AmeriCorps VISTA ...
 
Workers' Welfare Fund in Pakistan
Workers' Welfare Fund in PakistanWorkers' Welfare Fund in Pakistan
Workers' Welfare Fund in Pakistan
 
Health Net Connections Internal Brand Print Magazine #1
Health Net Connections Internal Brand Print Magazine #1 Health Net Connections Internal Brand Print Magazine #1
Health Net Connections Internal Brand Print Magazine #1
 
Provincial planning what's new
Provincial planning   what's newProvincial planning   what's new
Provincial planning what's new
 
2012 market presentation
2012 market presentation2012 market presentation
2012 market presentation
 

En vedette

Mcdc2014 - Economic dimension of the Indigenous Economy
Mcdc2014 - Economic dimension of the Indigenous EconomyMcdc2014 - Economic dimension of the Indigenous Economy
Mcdc2014 - Economic dimension of the Indigenous EconomyChris Rauchle
 
Seminar 2010 social networking in indigenous communities
Seminar 2010   social networking in indigenous communitiesSeminar 2010   social networking in indigenous communities
Seminar 2010 social networking in indigenous communitiesChris Rauchle
 
Dummy5 marian walsh
Dummy5 marian walshDummy5 marian walsh
Dummy5 marian walshirislui1002
 
Dummy2 catherine mcnabb
Dummy2 catherine mcnabbDummy2 catherine mcnabb
Dummy2 catherine mcnabbirislui1002
 

En vedette (6)

Mcdc2014 - Economic dimension of the Indigenous Economy
Mcdc2014 - Economic dimension of the Indigenous EconomyMcdc2014 - Economic dimension of the Indigenous Economy
Mcdc2014 - Economic dimension of the Indigenous Economy
 
Seminar 2010 social networking in indigenous communities
Seminar 2010   social networking in indigenous communitiesSeminar 2010   social networking in indigenous communities
Seminar 2010 social networking in indigenous communities
 
Social Networking
Social NetworkingSocial Networking
Social Networking
 
Dummy5 marian walsh
Dummy5 marian walshDummy5 marian walsh
Dummy5 marian walsh
 
The connected mob
The connected mobThe connected mob
The connected mob
 
Dummy2 catherine mcnabb
Dummy2 catherine mcnabbDummy2 catherine mcnabb
Dummy2 catherine mcnabb
 

Similaire à 20130114 CLT - Economic Dimensions to Indigenous Access to IT

20120731 clt presentation
20120731   clt presentation20120731   clt presentation
20120731 clt presentationChris Rauchle
 
Virginia Economic Census Facts
Virginia Economic Census FactsVirginia Economic Census Facts
Virginia Economic Census FactsChuck Thompson
 
State of Lending 2012 - Household Balance Sheet Overview
State of Lending 2012 - Household Balance Sheet OverviewState of Lending 2012 - Household Balance Sheet Overview
State of Lending 2012 - Household Balance Sheet OverviewCenter for Responsible Lending
 
A Future in New Zealand: Less NZ Expats Want to Return
A Future in New Zealand: Less NZ Expats Want to ReturnA Future in New Zealand: Less NZ Expats Want to Return
A Future in New Zealand: Less NZ Expats Want to ReturnGlobal Career HQ
 
Charitable Giving En 2005 2004
Charitable Giving En 2005   2004Charitable Giving En 2005   2004
Charitable Giving En 2005 2004hdeboer
 
T Mobile Flyer
T Mobile FlyerT Mobile Flyer
T Mobile FlyerJohnluk
 
The State Of Households II
The State Of Households IIThe State Of Households II
The State Of Households IIKRInstitute
 
Community Assessment Paper CPR
Community Assessment Paper CPRCommunity Assessment Paper CPR
Community Assessment Paper CPRADKHW
 
Addressing Homelessness in King County
Addressing Homelessness in King CountyAddressing Homelessness in King County
Addressing Homelessness in King CountyMcKinsey & Company
 
Window On Waikato Poverty - November 2011
Window On Waikato Poverty - November 2011Window On Waikato Poverty - November 2011
Window On Waikato Poverty - November 2011PovertyActionWaikato
 
Edge 901 assignment 2. the digital divide
Edge 901 assignment 2. the digital divideEdge 901 assignment 2. the digital divide
Edge 901 assignment 2. the digital dividecsferry12
 
EBDI Community Profile
EBDI Community ProfileEBDI Community Profile
EBDI Community Profilenicholes21
 
Economic development and human resources
Economic development and human resourcesEconomic development and human resources
Economic development and human resourcesCG Hylton Inc.
 
JKSB Sri Lanka Summary
JKSB Sri Lanka SummaryJKSB Sri Lanka Summary
JKSB Sri Lanka SummaryNithilaT
 

Similaire à 20130114 CLT - Economic Dimensions to Indigenous Access to IT (20)

20120731 clt presentation
20120731   clt presentation20120731   clt presentation
20120731 clt presentation
 
Virginia Economic Census Facts
Virginia Economic Census FactsVirginia Economic Census Facts
Virginia Economic Census Facts
 
Working In Canada Tool
Working In Canada ToolWorking In Canada Tool
Working In Canada Tool
 
State of Lending 2012 - Household Balance Sheet Overview
State of Lending 2012 - Household Balance Sheet OverviewState of Lending 2012 - Household Balance Sheet Overview
State of Lending 2012 - Household Balance Sheet Overview
 
A Future in New Zealand: Less NZ Expats Want to Return
A Future in New Zealand: Less NZ Expats Want to ReturnA Future in New Zealand: Less NZ Expats Want to Return
A Future in New Zealand: Less NZ Expats Want to Return
 
Charitable Giving En 2005 2004
Charitable Giving En 2005   2004Charitable Giving En 2005   2004
Charitable Giving En 2005 2004
 
Debunking Myths Surrounding Canada's Aboriginal Population by TD
Debunking Myths Surrounding Canada's Aboriginal Population by TDDebunking Myths Surrounding Canada's Aboriginal Population by TD
Debunking Myths Surrounding Canada's Aboriginal Population by TD
 
T Mobile Flyer
T Mobile FlyerT Mobile Flyer
T Mobile Flyer
 
The State Of Households II
The State Of Households IIThe State Of Households II
The State Of Households II
 
Community Assessment Paper CPR
Community Assessment Paper CPRCommunity Assessment Paper CPR
Community Assessment Paper CPR
 
Addressing Homelessness in King County
Addressing Homelessness in King CountyAddressing Homelessness in King County
Addressing Homelessness in King County
 
Final macro eco
Final macro ecoFinal macro eco
Final macro eco
 
Window On Waikato Poverty - November 2011
Window On Waikato Poverty - November 2011Window On Waikato Poverty - November 2011
Window On Waikato Poverty - November 2011
 
Edge 901 assignment 2. the digital divide
Edge 901 assignment 2. the digital divideEdge 901 assignment 2. the digital divide
Edge 901 assignment 2. the digital divide
 
EBDI Community Profile
EBDI Community ProfileEBDI Community Profile
EBDI Community Profile
 
Economic development and human resources
Economic development and human resourcesEconomic development and human resources
Economic development and human resources
 
Breaking the-bank
Breaking the-bankBreaking the-bank
Breaking the-bank
 
Breaking The Bank
Breaking The BankBreaking The Bank
Breaking The Bank
 
JKSB Sri Lanka Summary
JKSB Sri Lanka SummaryJKSB Sri Lanka Summary
JKSB Sri Lanka Summary
 
ReportCard2007
ReportCard2007ReportCard2007
ReportCard2007
 

Dernier

How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17Celine George
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfYu Kanazawa / Osaka University
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptxmary850239
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17Celine George
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptxSandy Millin
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationMJDuyan
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxKatherine Villaluna
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICESayali Powar
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfMohonDas
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxAditiChauhan701637
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxDr. Asif Anas
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxSaurabhParmar42
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.EnglishCEIPdeSigeiro
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepobaje godwin sunday
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17Celine George
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxraviapr7
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17Celine George
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentXsasf Sfdfasd
 

Dernier (20)

How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
How to Make a Field read-only in Odoo 17
 
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdfP4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
P4C x ELT = P4ELT: Its Theoretical Background (Kanazawa, 2024 March).pdf
 
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx3.21.24  The Origins of Black Power.pptx
3.21.24 The Origins of Black Power.pptx
 
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17How to Solve Singleton Error in the  Odoo 17
How to Solve Singleton Error in the Odoo 17
 
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
2024.03.23 What do successful readers do - Sandy Millin for PARK.pptx
 
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive EducationBenefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
Benefits & Challenges of Inclusive Education
 
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptxPractical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
Practical Research 1 Lesson 9 Scope and delimitation.pptx
 
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICEQuality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
Quality Assurance_GOOD LABORATORY PRACTICE
 
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdfHED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
HED Office Sohayok Exam Question Solution 2023.pdf
 
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptxIn - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
In - Vivo and In - Vitro Correlation.pptx
 
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdfPersonal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
Personal Resilience in Project Management 2 - TV Edit 1a.pdf
 
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptxUltra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
Ultra structure and life cycle of Plasmodium.pptx
 
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptxCAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
CAULIFLOWER BREEDING 1 Parmar pptx
 
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
Easter in the USA presentation by Chloe.
 
General views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and stepGeneral views of Histopathology and step
General views of Histopathology and step
 
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quizFinals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
Finals of Kant get Marx 2.0 : a general politics quiz
 
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
How to Add a New Field in Existing Kanban View in Odoo 17
 
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptxPrescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
Prescribed medication order and communication skills.pptx
 
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
How to Use api.constrains ( ) in Odoo 17
 
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice documentThe Singapore Teaching Practice document
The Singapore Teaching Practice document
 

20130114 CLT - Economic Dimensions to Indigenous Access to IT

  • 1. Update on Economic Indicators for ATSI community https://sites.google.com/site/crauchlethesis/documents/MDCD2012presentation%20outline.pptx?attredirects=0&d=1 Student: Christopher Rauchle Supervisor: Stephen Cassidy Snum: 41958209
  • 2. Population Recap Overall nearly 550,000 Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people were counted in the 2011 Census, which is an increase of 21 per cent from 2006,” said Ms Nankervis. “The publication shows children aged under 15 years make up 36 per cent of the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander population, compared with 19 per cent of the non-Indigenous population. 2012 figures17
  • 3. Economic data – household income
  • 4. Economic data – household income The top three data points for Indigenous household incomes are $400, $600 and $1500 a week. Other households are $1500, $3000+ and $400. Although Indigenous households earning more than $150K/year ($3000+) are not as numerous as other households earning that amount there are more than 11 thousand of them The question is, is there a correlation 21 between household income and internet use/type
  • 5. Internet Type by Household Income Majority elect to have DSL No clear selection based on household income (small drop off in mobile broadband for income >$120K) “There was a large increase in the number of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander households that had access to an internet connection at 63 per cent, compared to 40 per cent in 2006. 19
  • 6. Internet Type by Remoteness Satellite use is very high in remote areas (although up to 60K people in major cities have to get their Internet and TV through it due to signal issues) As expected, mobile broadband is still useful in remote areas because it can reach more than 40K from the base station. NBN‟s LTE promises to extend this to 100km at a speed of 12- 100mbps per household7 Cable is hamstrung by the fact that no new cable is being deployed and it stopped at just over 1m of the 6.7m6 households with internet (there are 8.5m households in Australia up from 7.9m in 2006
  • 7. Census Data – Education level • There is a large cohort moving through Primary and Secondary education. They will soon arrive in the workforce and tertiary education where they are currently underrepresented. • A stable home life and good nutrition are essential for a good education. The closing the gap report says that there has been no improvement in Indigenous Health measures Type of educational Indigenous status “In the 2011 Census, we saw that 37 institution attending Indigenous Non-Indigenous not stated Total per cent of Aboriginal and Torres Pre-school 13,975.00 314,574.00 4,294.00 332,843.00 Strait Islander people aged 15 years Infants/Primary 81,554.00 1,649,610.00 24,044.00 1,755,208.00 Secondary 50,985.00 1,268,343.00 16,716.00 1,336,044.00 and over have completed Year 12 or Technical or Further Educational 13,211.00 455,925.00 4,472.00 473,608.00 higher qualifications, up from 30 University or other Tertiary Institution: 0,127.00 1 916,462.00 5,936.00 932,525.00 per cent in 2006.19 Institution not stated 50,408.00 634,801.00 826,483.00 1,511,692.00 Total 223,925.00 5,395,916.00 883,739.00 6,503,580.00
  • 8. Economic Data – Financial Hardship Disposable income in Indigenous households is still below average with only half (as opposed to 85% of other Indigenous Non- Indigenous persons(a) households) claiming they could raise persons(b) $2K in a week (the ABS‟s measure of Whether household members could raise $2000 in an emergency(c) % % a whether a household is in financial Could raise $2,000 within a week 46.4 85.3 hardship or not.) Could not raise $2,000 within a week 47.2 12.9 Not stated 6.5 1.8 Total 100 100 Total persons aged 18 years and over ('000) 290.9 15 192.9 (a) Data from the 2008 National Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Survey. (b) Data from the 2006 General Social Survey. (c) Ability to raise $2,000 for something important w ithin a w eek. See the Glossary. Note: The 2008 NATSISS population in this table varies to that show n in the summary tables. Therefore, these estimates w ill differ from other estimates presented.
  • 9. 2011 Indigenous Households – Homelessness HOMELESS PERSONS, Selected characteristics–2006 and 2011 Internet assisted networking is difficult 2006 2011 no. % no. % if you are homeless (could mean Indigenous status severely overcrowded, constantly Indigenous 25,950 29 26,744 25 changing address etc…not simply Non-Indigenous 57,324 64 70,085 67 living on the street) Not stated 6,454 7 8,408 8 Indigenous population is severely Total hom eless persons 89,728 100 105,237 100 overrepresented in the estimate (more than 10 times their population rate) but they are dropping as a proportion while non-Indigenous is rising The Homeless do use social networking.13 There are free services on Telstra that allow them to access a version of facebook called facebook zero linked to some riots in FNQ
  • 10. Health Issues Indigenous life expectancy • Indigenous food security and traditional high protein diet was overturned by provision of rationed diet from central stores after relocation programs between 1900 and 1960s resulting in higher incidence of preventable diseases such as diabetes and heart disease • It is unreasonable for an Aboriginal man to expect to live to 65 at this rate (the rate has not improved for decades) but Population expected to live to age 65 it is for other Indigenous people. Read more: http://www.creativespirits.info/aboriginalculture/health/aboriginal-life-expectancy#ixzz2Hr0SiQgg (Nigerians have a higher life expectancy than Indigenous Australians.) • Consequently, death and funerals feature in Indigenous society at present.
  • 11. Census Data - Occupation I16 LABOUR FORCE STATUS BY AGE BY SEX FOR Number Percentage Commentary The entire indigenous workforce of INDIGENOUS PERSONS Employed: 147,708 83% Much of the around 180k is smaller than the top Indigenous labour two employers in Australia (Coles and force is employed Unemployed 30,460 17% But the Woolworths have about 94k staff Unemployment rate is much each) higher than the 5% The participation rate is similar to the for the total pop entire Australian Population but the Total labour force 178,168 51% And only half the people who can unemployment rate is far higher than work are the current national average of 5% participating Not in the labour force 155,885 44% Reflecting the fact Labour Force Australia, Total Percent that they are November 2012 either out of, Employed persons 11,529,400 54% haven't yet entered the labour Unemployed persons 647,800 3% force (children) or Unemployment rate (%) 5.3% not participating Labour force status not stated 17,228 5% Participation rate (%) 65% Total 351,281 64% And only a bit more than half of the pop can work Total Indigenous 548,370 Total Other 19,900,766 ABS stats17 Total Pop 21,507,719
  • 12. Likelihood of Jail/Criminal Record Incarceration is worsening: the national rate of Aboriginal juvenile incarceration has risen to a startling rate of 31 times the non-indigenous rate In 2008 it was 27 times. In 1994, young Aboriginal people were 17 times more likely than non-Aboriginal juveniles to be incarcerated.12
  • 13. Device Access • Since my last talk the cost of devices has plummeted. • Original people‟s computer in India – the Akash, was an underpowered faulty flop but the Akash II has been pronounced a success. (subsidised cost of $30 it comes with $2/month internet access in India) • Cheapest Monthly access in Australia Kogan‟s cheapest tablet is currently $120 and the Akash hovers at the $10 mark 2 ranges from $75-$105 if purchased by the public10 • One Laptop Per Child have shelved plans for their new tablets but that‟s okay because there are several sub $100 Android tablets available now. The goal of a $30 tablet without government subsidy is within reach.
  • 14. Network Access deteriorates the more people use it Issues with Metro 3G/4G
  • 15. Remote Internet Access NBN Satellite • Had an intention to work with a community at Papunya and provide higher grade of Internet and survey the users experience • 1000ms pings contributing to a 90% packet loss • Upload/download limits of 10Gb/month • Disrupted by poor weather/smoke/cloud (Ku band is the same frequency as water) • Many applications that require close handshaking (encrypted banking, vpn, streaming video) do not work
  • 16. Remote Internet Access - ADSL update Papunya – used to have Satellite only in the library. Kept alive by the State Library of SA, 200Mb per person per month. Very slow, very unreliable, very scarce resource. ADSL came to Papunya in September 2012. Now people bring Wi-Fi phones and tablets and sit outside to use the free Wi- Fi. Businesses now have Wi-Fi and there is talk of an internet café. However, Indigenous Australians have been put onto the cheapest customer service mode, the Internet, in areas that are not suited to it.
  • 17. Free ATM access 2010 enquiry discovered some people were spending up to 20 of their income on ATM fees5 - Fees were abolished in May 2012 on 73 Remote communities…these fees still exist for people in non-remote communities Shopkeepers sometimes require customers to use their ATMs rather than eftpos. Balance checking can sometimes be 20% of a person‟s costs for the month (no other means of checking electronic transactions – mobile banking or using the public phone not an option) with the fees being charged up to $10/transaction with no other way to retrieve Centrelink payments.9
  • 18. Income Quarantining For those individuals or areas that the Dept. of Human Services has ruled at risk, Centrelink payments are made to a Cashcard operated service called BasicsCard. There are people using BasicsCard in my area. It‟s like a Income management isn‟t working22 Coles voucher that cannot be used to buy alcohol, tobacco Owner of a Logan Supermarket showing income quarantining with BASICS card
  • 19. Remote Community Access - Pornography Pornography restrictions brought in included games and computer based media. Interesting to note that the 11k fine is six times the amount that many people said they could not raise in an emergency – meaning jail and a criminal record for possession Now being extended to non-Indigenous people due to Stronger Futures Act of 2011 – non-Indigenous people in a Prescribed Area are now also subject to Anti-Pornography controls.
  • 20. Indigenous Social Networks National Centre Indigenous Excellence is developing a social network2 however research indicates that an isolated social network may not be as valuable to Australian Indigenous people as an open one. “It is known that entrepreneurs obtain resources from social networks…these take on different forms ranging from financial capital, industry information and advice, to emotional support and other pertinent general knowledge.”11 Indigenous Community Volunteer program20
  • 21. Indigenous Social Networks Comparison to other countries: Denmark, Hawaii, Australia Denmark Hawaii Australia Indigenous 89.6% 19.85% 2.5% View of Indigenous Professionalism more Part of society Takes you away from network important society Cultural Integration Mainstream Well integrated in cities In order to relate to and majority population professional network must leave social network Network dynamics Dynamic „coloured network‟ Dependence on racial dynamic acceptance Business relations Many Business Relations Many and V. personal Dependent; power business relations imbalance
  • 22. Rise of the Indigenous Middle Class The 53rd Boyer Lectures were presented by Professor Marcia Langton AM, Chair of Australian Indigenous Studies at The University of Melbourne The Quiet Revolution: Indigenous People and the Resources Boom • Rio Tinto employed four Indigenous workers in 2000 (two were gardeners) but grew to 1,500 today (the largest employer of Indigenous workers in Australia with a 31,854 strong workforce15) • Indigenous males suffer from criminal records that exclude them from jobs (often these are for offenses such as swearing, drinking in public etc. that might attract a warning for other people) so an easier path for the household to employment is through its women • “Between 1994 and 2008, indigenous employment increased from about 30% of indigenous people of working age to about half of that population set in the national workforce. Much of this growth was in the private sector.”8
  • 23. Rise of the Indigenous Middle Class • Aboriginal people had established businesses on the Australian frontiers during colonial times • Aborigines were stripped of their property by the State. It was illegal for Aboriginal people to own property and to engage in business.16 • Most Aboriginal populations are Remote and Regional, exactly where the mining boom is taking place. This boom shows no sign of ending and in this tight labour market the ready supply of Indigenous workers will provide both royalties and employment for many.
  • 24. Conclusions • The demographic trend going through is that a large cohort are about to be tertiary educated and or employed for the first time. • There is little drop off in fertility and no change in mobility meaning this population will need to rely on mining, health and education • Social networking strategies should focus on including networks from non-Indigenous people to strengthen the connections (increase the radius) of Indigenous networks. • Indigenous people are working their way to income and education parity with the rest of the population but health and housing makes this difficult. • Internet access is rising rapidly and with the provision of technologies that allow longer distance mobile connectivity, basic internet access should be provided to this population within the next decade.
  • 25. References 1: http://www.siliconrepublic.com/business/item/30281-cisco-buys-cloud-networking 2: http://www.ncie.org.au/images/stories/supporters/MediaRelease_CoE_Sefiani.pdf Banks recognise the value of Indigenous dollar 27/5/12 http://www.afr.com/f/free/markets/capital/cfo/banks_recognise_value_of_indigenous_R8plJ20KmjumoHuYlGhdfM 3: Logan is set to trial a site for income management via the new BasicsCard http://www.couriermail.com.au/questnews/logan/logan-is-set-to-trial-a-site-for-income-management-via-the-new-basicscard/story-fn8m0u8i-1226418145169 5: http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-05-25/remote-aboriginal-atm-fees-to-be-abolished/4033108 6: Number of Internet connected households, ABS series 81460DO001_201011 Household Use of Information Technology, Australia, 2010-11 7: http://www.itnews.com.au/News/259237,nbn-co-eyes-faster-wireless-speeds-over-lte.aspx 8: Marcia Langton, boyer lectures – lecture 1 http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/boyerlectures/boyers-ep1/4305610#_ftn1 9: Remote ATMs charge $10/withdrawal, http://youtu.be/Do0C6p6DTIM ABC news on YouTube 10: Datawind is manufacturing the Akash 2 as the Ubislate http://www.ubislate.com/ 11: Entrepreneurship and Regional Development: An International Journal – Networking and culture in entrepreneurship, Kim Klyver & Dennis Foley 12: http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/indigenous/black-sentences-soar-as-juvenile-jails-become-a-storing-house/story-fn9hm1pm-1226547889340 13: 20490DO001_2011 Census of Population and Housing: Estimating homelessness, 2011 http://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/DetailsPage/2049.02011?OpenDocument 14 The homeless use Facebook?! Similarities of social network use between college students and homeless young adults, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.07.019 15: Recruiting trends at Australia's biggest employers, Business Review Weekly, http://newsletter.mycareer.com.au/general/nov2006/job- update/section/thomson.aspx 16:Marcia Langton, LECTURE 5 - COUNTING OUR VICTORIES: THE END OF GARVEY-ISM AND THE SOFT BIGOTRY OF LOW EXPECTATION http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/boyerlectures/2012-boyer-lectures-245/4427682#transcript 17: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/6202.0 18: Population pyramid from ABS stats, http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/2076.0Main%20Features1102011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=2076.0&issue=2011&num= &view= 19: The changing face of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Latestproducts/2076.0Media%20Release12011?opendocument&tabname=Summary&prodno=2076.0&issue=2011&num=& view= 20: facebook group, indigenous community Volunteers, https://www.facebook.com/IndigenousCommunityVolunteers 21: ABS 2006 stats on workforce composition, http://www.abs.gov.au/websitedbs/cashome.nsf/4a256353001af3ed4b2562bb00121564/65317b8f86968271ca25758b0011e956!OpenDocument 22:Income management doesn‟t work, http://www.crikey.com.au/2010/05/17/income-management-isnt-working-and-macklins-twisting-the-truth/