Content: Basics Projection systems Construction types of projection systems Display systems Autostereosc. systems Volumetr. displays Further trends

1. Whitepaper
3D Projection Technology
Active-, Passive- Projection Technology
© Competence Centre for Virtual Reality and Cooperative Engineering w. V. – Virtual Dimension Center (VDC)
Dr.-Ing. Dipl.-Kfm. Christoph Runde
Virtual Dimension Center (VDC) Fellbach
Auberlenstr. 13
70736 Fellbach
www.vdc-fellbach.de
Active-, Passive- Projection Technology

2. VDC-Technology screening: 3D projection technology
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types projection systems
Further trends
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends

3. Basics: Terms and motivation
3D visualization = spatial vision
Providing two, slightly offset perspectives
for the viewer
Possibly head tracking
Thereby:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Thereby:
Brain assigns spatialities better
Better feeling for the near and far
Building a mental, spatial environment
model is easier
Support for 3D interaction (space must
be known for this)

4. Graphical depth criteria
What does the brain calculate/
work with?
Source: Runde, C.: Konzeption und Einführung von
Virtueller Realität als Komponente der Digitalen
Fabrik in Industrieunternehmen. Zugl.: Stuttgart,
Univ., Diss., 2007, IPA-IAO Forschung und Praxis,
455. Heimsheim: Jost-Jetter Verlag, 2007
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends

5. Basics: Stereo solutions
Two views are generated
These 2 views have to be transported separately to the two eyes
Note: natural eye distance (about 6.5cm) allows reasonable
stereoscopic vision at a distance of up to 15m
Greater distance: increase parallax
Quality criteria, amongst others:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Quality criteria, amongst others:
o Optical crosstalk (eye receives false signal): ghosting
o Overall brightness
o Uniformity of brightness distribution (hot spots)
o Focus (tinting)
o Contrast, dynamics

6. Stereo technologies
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends

7. Stereo technology 1: Color filter
Anaglyph technology
(complementary color views and
filters)
⊕ Any display, screen, projector, wall is
suitable, even printed products
Red-Cyan-Anaglyph glasses
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
suitable, even printed products
⊕ Glasses passive
⊕ Glasses are light and cheap
Θ Crosstalk
Θ View is black and white
Anaglyphic image from Google Earth

8. Stereo technology 2: Polarization filter technology
Basic technology:
Polarization filter technology
(Light waves polarization, passive
stereo)
⊕ Light glasses, passive
⊕ No sync necessary
Projectiondesign F32
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ No sync necessary
⊕ No flickering
Θ Two projectors necessary
Θ Rack and calibration
Θ Special projection medium necessary
(polarization obtaining)
Θ Irregular brightness distribution
suitable projection screens tend to hot
spotting
Polarization filter glasses
Silver screen

9. Polarization technology: Brightness
Consideration luminous flux in passive solutions
Achieved lumens:
Integrated solutions
improve
significantly
External polarization of DLP projectors
40% 2000
stereo lumen
5000
lumen
Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
significantly
BARCO Gemini/VR workroom Stereo Lumens Boost
80%
stereo lumen
4000
stereo lumen
5000
lumen
100%
improvement

10. Stereo technology 3: INFITEC®
Passive-INFITEC
⊕ Any wall can be used
⊕ No sync necessary
⊕ Passive glasses (no power supply)
⊕ Color fidelity remains largely preserved
Filter characteristics INFITEC
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ Color fidelity remains largely preserved
⊕ No flickering
Θ Two projectors necessary
Θ Loss of brightness
Θ Rack and calibration
INFITEC glassesProjectiondesign F32

11. INFITEC: Brightness
Consideration luminous flux in passive INFITEC solutions
Achieved lumens:
Efficiency:
o Color spectrum is only
partly transmitted
30% of the light from
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
30% of the light from
projector
o 3% loss due to glasses
o 27% overall efficiency
INFITEC Plus:
o Color correction („DynaColor“)
compensation of color shifts
o More brightness gets lost:
result: 17%

12. Stereo technology 4: Active-Shutter
Basic technologies
Shutter technology, LCD, active stereo
Display: at least 120Hz refresh rate
⊕ Depending on the system, very low
crosstalk
⊕ Any wall can be used when projecting
Shutter glasses Nvidia IR emitter
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ Any wall can be used when projecting
Θ Glasses are heavier
Θ Active glasses: power supply
Θ Glasses polarized
Θ Usually an emitter for synchronization of
image glasses is necessary
Θ Loss of brightness
Θ Possibly flickering (cheap projectors)
In the past: CRT projector
Today: DLP.
Example: projectiondesign F10 AS 3D

13. Active-Stereo: Brightness
Consideration luminous flux in active solutions DLP/CRT
Achieved lumens:
Active glasses:
o Light reaches eye in
<50% of the time
Quelle:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
<50% of the time
half amount of brightness
o The shutter principle uses
polarization technology (two LCDs)
Incoming light is not polarized
half amount of brightness
Result: <20% of the light reaches the eye
Duty Cycle
Non-ideal polarization

14. Active-Stereo: DLP-Link
Active stereo without IR emitter: DLP-
Link®
White image is sent between graphics
and is used to synchronize the glasses
⊕ No external IR emitter has to be set up
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ No external IR emitter has to be set up
anymore
Projectiondesign F10 AS3D
XPanD X102 DLP-Link shutter glasses

15. Stereo technology 5: Active-Infitec
Active-INFITEC inFACT: functionality
Shutter glasses
L LRLR144 Hz
Traditional active stereo
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
L LRLR
Active Infitec: Infitec color wheel, synchronized with L/R images
144 Hz

16. Active-Infitec
Basic technologies
Active INFITEC - inFACT
(INFITEC in time division)
⊕ Any wall can be used
⊕ No sync necessary
INFITEC glasses
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ No sync necessary
⊕ Passive glasses (no power supply)
⊕ Color fidelity remains largely
preserved
⊕ Less hot spotting compared to
polarizing filters
Θ Loss of brightness
Θ Costs
BARCO Galaxy 12

17. Brightness active-Infitec
Consideration luminous flux in active INFITEC solutions
Achieved lumens:
Increase the time of darkness
of the DLP projector so
that the color wheel can
85% L/R: 42,5%
11%
Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
that the color wheel can
switch between INFITEC A/ B
85% brightness
Distribute to both eyes: 42,5%
INFITEC filter: 11%
Color correction DynaColor:
7% of brightness remain
31,5%
11%

18. Stereo technology 6: Active-polarization filter
Polarization filter in time division:
temporally alternating circularly polarized light,
clockwise and counterclockwise
⊕ Only 1 projector
⊕ No sync necessary
⊕ Passive glasses (no power supply)
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ Passive glasses (no power supply)
Θ Specific projection medium (silver screen)
Θ Specific equipment: polarization modulator
Polarizing filter glasses
RealD: Polarization Modulator polarizes alternately in a high frequency
L L LR R

19. Construction types of projection systems
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends

20. Projection systems – Construction types
Powerwalls
THE industrial standard system
⊕ Almost arbitrary scalable
⊕ Resolution almost arbitrary
⊕ Multi-user capable
Θ Possibly installation & maintenance
Imsys scale XL with
41 million pixels on
5.5 x 2.2m
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Θ Possibly installation & maintenance
CAVEs
To take an inside perspective
⊕ High immersion
Θ Single-user system
Θ Installation, maintenance
Θ Space requirement, costs Multi wall projection system
CAVE

21. Projection systems – Construction
types
1-channel workbench
For product investigations
⊕ Compact, mechan. tracking
Θ Product expired BARCO Baron
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
2-channel workbench
For product investigations
⊕ Very large field of view covered
Θ Partially big dimensions
Θ Product expired
BARCO Consul

22. Projection systems – Construction types
Flat angled systems
Compromise between CAVE
and Powerwall
⊕ Relatively good immersion
⊕ Relatively easy to set up
Θ Slight distortions on the edges for
Design review at Miele
(Source: BARCO)
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Θ Slight distortions on the edges for
non-tracked
Curved screens
Cylindrical or toroidal projection surface
⊕ Good immerison
Θ Difficult installation
because of distortions,
edge blending
Joint Terminal Attack Controller
Training Rehearsal System JTAC
TRS (Source: Meta VR)

23. Projection systems – Construction types
Desk systems
Simultaneous 2D and 3D
view
Projection on desk surface
and on wall/ canvas
Partially cubes as interaction
Screenshot
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Partially cubes as interaction
metaphors
⊕ Multiuser system
⊕ Link 2D-3D
⊕ Simultaneous layout
and perspective
Θ Interaction "over head”
partially unsolved
Working situation at planning deskScheme representation planning desk

24. Projection technology: Contrast
Discussion: Contrast
Flexible canvas
Θ Poor contrast due to "tunnel effect"
as a result of internal reflections
Flexible canvas
Bright projection screen
Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Bright projection screen
Θ Poor contrast due to internal
reflections inside the disc material
Dark projection screen („tinting“)
⊕ Good contrast thanks to absorption in
the disc material
Θ Loss of brightness
Dark projection screen

25. Projection technology: Contrast
Discussion: Contrast
Local contrast relevant for high dynamic
visualizations
To measure with light spot in dark
surroundings
Result: contrast profile
Contrast profile
Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Result: contrast profile
Tinted disc
⊕ Significantly improved contrast
characteristics
Θ Needs a lot of light
Bright disc Dark disc

26. Projection technology: Hot Spot
Discussion: Hot Spot
Single projector solutions
⊕ Relatively inexpensive
⊕ Simple, no edge blending, etc.
Θ Tend to hot spotting
Θ Light performance is limited
Hot spot single
projector solution
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Θ Light performance is limited
Note: polarization-preserving discs
tend even more to hot-spotting!
Multi projector solutions
⊕ Almost any resolution
⊕ Very high light performance possible
dark projection screens
⊕ Light distribution
Θ More complex in the establishment
CAD wall

27. Projection technology: Single vs. Multi-Channel
Discussion single vs.
multi projector solutions
Technical image
characteristics and
necessary
prerequisites
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Source:
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
prerequisites
Space requirement
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3500mm 7500mm

28. Mini-CAD/VR-Wall
Projection wall with
Up to 6 megapixel resolution
Up to15.000 ANSI lumens
Up to 208 inches diagonal
Up to 55 cm construction depth
Stereo compatible
Schneider Digital Mini CAD/VR Wall
Shutter glasses
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
Stereo compatible
Wide-angle short distance projector

29. Multi-viewer stereo systems
Multi-user head tracking
Motion parallax, progressive
(un)covering: depth criterion
Different views for different user
positions have to be displayed and
separated Different perspectives due to different positions
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
separated
Use of many time slots or combination
of polarizing filter -time division
⊕ Head tracking for multiple user
Θ Loss of brightness
Different perspectives due to different positions
(Source: University Weimar, Fh-IAO)
View on projection system: 2 perspectives due to 2 different
positions (Source: University Weimar, Fh-IAO)

30. Further trends
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends

31. LED-Projectors
LED as light source
For professional purposes relatively
new on the market
⊕ Long service life
⊕ (Almost) maintenance-free
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ (Almost) maintenance-free
⊕ 1920×1080 pixels
⊕ No cooling, warm-up phase
Θ Brightness in development
(but: ANSI lumens LED to DLP
difficult to compare) Projectiondesign FL32 LED projector

32. Pico-Projectors
Mini projectors based on LED
⊕ Very small
⊕ Partially with battery, multimedia
reader
⊕ Long service life
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Content:
Basics
Projection systems
Construction types of
projection systems
•Display systems:
•Autostereosc. systems
•Volumetr. displays
Further trends
⊕ Long service life
⊕ No cooling, warm-up phase
Θ Low resolution
Θ Dark
Θ Low-contrast
Aiptek Pocketcinema

33. Thank you very much for your interest!
You are interested in this topic and you are looking for contact persons/ implementation
partners? Please contact us.
© Competence Centre for Virtual Reality and Cooperative Engineering w. V. – Virtual Dimension Center (VDC)
Virtual Dimension Center (VDC) Fellbach
Auberlenstraße 13
70736 Fellbach
www.vdc-fellbach.de