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Home Owner Interactions with the
Federal Income Tax System
Presentation to
National Association of Realtors® Research Committee
New Orleans, LA
November 6, 2010
Danielle Hale, Economist
Facts on Home Owners and the
Federal Income Tax System
• There are 75 million home owners among 112 million
households in the U.S.
• Home owners can typically deduct mortgage interest, state
and local real estate taxes, and exclude a portion of capital
gains on the sale of their residence.
• In 2007, 143 million tax returns were filed. Of these, 45.5
million included a deduction for mortgage interest OR real
estate taxes.
• Home owners pay 80 to 90 percent of Federal Individual
Income Taxes.
• Among the age groups, 35 to 44 year olds have the largest
average mortgage interest deduction while those 65 and
older have the largest average real estate taxes deduction.
Sources: Census, IRS, NAR Research
Estimate
RESEARCH
How are Tax Benefits Determined?
• Home owner pays mortgage interest and real
estate taxes that can be itemized as deductions,
reducing the owner’s amount of taxable income
• If the home owner has enough total deductions
(MID, Real Estate Taxes, State and Local
Income/Sales Taxes, Charitable Contributions,
Medical Expenses, etc.) to exceed standard
deduction for filing status and itemizes:
Tax Savings = Deductions * Marginal Tax
Rate
RESEARCH
2010 Standard Deductions and Marginal Tax
Rates
Filing Status Standard
Deduction*
Single $5,700
Head of
Household $8,400
Married Joint $11,400
Married Separate $5,700
Filing Status 10% 15% 25% 28% 33% 35%
Single $0 $8,375 $34,000 $82,400 $171,850 $373,650
Head of
Household
$0 $11,950 $45,550 $117,650 $190,550 $373,650
Married Joint $0 $16,750 $68,000 $137,300 $209,250 $373,650
Married Separate $0 $8,375 $34,000 $68,650 $104,625 $186,825
Source: Tax Policy Center 2010
Projection
*Additional Standard Deduction Available for Elderly and Blind
RESEARCH
What Might an Owner Deduct?
• $200,000 home purchased
with 10% down payment , 5.5
percent mortgage interest rate
• Monthly payment = $1,022 for
principle and interest
• Interest paid is $825/month or
$9,900 during the first year.
• Property taxes of 1 percent
add another $167/month or
$2,000 per year in the first
year
• First-year home-related
deductions are $11,900!
RESEARCH
Source: NAR Calculations
About the Mortgage Interest Deduction (MID)
• 38.5 million individual
income tax filers
claimed a mortgage
interest deduction
(MID) in 2008
• Of the 75 million home
owners, about 32
percent own their
homes outright, they
have no mortgage.
Sources: Census, IRS 2008, NAR Research
Estimate
RESEARCH
Mortgage Interest Deducted, by State
States by Share of Returns
Claiming Deductions
1 Maryland 38%
2 Connecticut 35%
3 Colorado 35%
4 Minnesota 34%
5 Virginia 34%
46 Louisiana 19%
47 Mississippi 18%
48 West Virginia 15%
49 South Dakota 15%
50 North Dakota 15%
States by Size of Avg
Deduction
1 California $18,876
2 Hawaii $16,730
3 Nevada $15,502
4 Washington $14,262
5 Maryland $14,162
46 Kentucky $8,345
47 Mississippi $8,301
48 Nebraska $8,233
49 Iowa $8,104
50 Oklahoma $7,992
RESEARCH
Sources: IRS 2008, NAR Research Estimate
Average Mortgage Interest Deducted, by
Age
Sources: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
RESEARCH
About the Real Estate Tax Deduction
• In 2008, 29.3 percent of individual income tax
filers claimed a deduction for real estate taxes
• This is a larger share than the 26.8 percent
(38.5 million) who claimed the MID
• 41.6 million tax returns claimed a deduction
for real estate taxes in 2008
Sources: Census, IRS 2008, NAR Research
Estimate
RESEARCH
Real Estate Taxes Deducted, by State
States by Share of Returns
Claiming Deductions
1 Connecticut 41%
2 Maryland 41%
3 New Jersey 39%
4 Minnesota 38%
5 Massachusetts 36%
46 Mississippi 20%
47 South Dakota 17%
48 North Dakota 17%
49 Louisiana 17%
50 West Virginia 17%
States by Size of Avg
Deduction
1 New Jersey $7,918
2 New York $7,103
3 Connecticut $6,293
4 New Hampshire $6,146
5 Illinois $5,473
46 South Carolina $1,665
47 Mississippi $1,591
48 Arkansas $1,406
49 West Virginia $1,282
50 Alabama $1,269
RESEARCH
Sources: IRS 2008, NAR Research Estimate
Average Real Estate Taxes Deducted, by
Age
RESEARCH
Sources: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
• Some home owners do
not itemize.
• NAR estimates that
these 12 million owners
pay between 5 and 11
percent of all income
taxes.
Home Owner Tax Share and
Non-Itemizing Home Owners
RESEARCH
Source: IRS 2007, NAR Calculations
%?
Temporary Tax Measure: The First-time Home
Buyer Tax Credit
All
Buyers
First-time
Buyers
Repeat
Buyers
Used tax credit 71% 93% 48%
Did not qualify for
tax credit 27 6 49
Was not aware of
tax credit 2 1 3
RESEARCH
Source: 2010 NAR Profile of Home Buyers and
Sellers
Before Nov
2009
After Nov
2009
Used tax credit 58% 79%
Did not qualify for
tax credit 40 20
Was not aware of
tax credit 2 2
• The 2010 Profile of Home
Buyers and Sellers has
new results on the First-
time Home Buyer Tax
Credit.
• Nearly 80 percent of
home buyers who closed
in November 2009 or later
used the tax credit.
Appendix
Additional Charts/Data
Debt and Deficits
• Individual Comparison
– Debt = Total money owed
– Deficit = Annual Spending Exceeds Income for fixed
period
• What results from deficits and debt?
– Individual
– Country
• Evidence that debt above 90 percent reduces growth
(Reinhart and Rogoff)
• Other rules of thumb suggest that deficits raise interest rates
and reduce growth
RESEARCH
Annual Federal Deficits through 2020
Source: OMB
RESEARCH
Net Federal Debt Outstanding
Source: OMB
RESEARCH
Net Federal Revenue, by Source
Source: OMB
RESEARCH
Net Federal Outlays, by Category
RESEARCH
Source: OMB
Ok, we have a Fiscal Problem. Where to
cut?
• Mandatory Spending (53% in 2000; 60% in 2009):
– Social Security, Medicare/Medicaid
• Discretionary Spending (34% in 2000; 35% in
2009):
– Defense, Homeland Security, Commerce, Education
• Tax Expenditures:
– Reduction in income tax liability as a result of special
tax provisions or regulations to particular taxpayers
– Revenue losses due to special exclusion, exemption,
or deduction from gross income or special credit,
preferential rate of tax, or deferral of tax liability
RESEARCH
Source: OMB
Tax Expenditures – Controversy?
• The tax expenditure concept relies heavily on a normative notion that
shielding certain taxpayer income from taxation deprives government of its
rightful revenues. This view is inconsistent with the proposition that income
belongs to the taxpayers and that tax liability is determined through the
democratic process, not through arbitrary, bureaucratic assumptions.
1999 JEC Report for Representative Jim Saxton (R-NJ)
• “In some cases, however, an item listed as a tax expenditure may not really
be a subsidy. Instead, it might be defensible on pure tax policy grounds as a
proper adjustment in computing ability to pay taxes.”
Citizens for Tax Justice
RESEARCH
Largest Tax Expenditures
Top 10 Tax Expenditures 2009 – 2013 (billions) Avg
Deduction of mortgage interest on owner-occupied
homes
 $573 $115
Exclusion of employer contributions for health care, health
insurance premiums
 $568 $114
Exclusion of pension contribution and earnings  $533 $107
Reduced rates of tax on dividends and long-term capital
gains
 $419 $84
Exclusion of Medicare benefits  $317 $63
Earned income credit  $261 $52
Deduction of state and local taxes  $250 $50
Deduction for charitable contributions  $184 $37
Child tax credit  $160 $32
Exclusion of capital gains at death  $159 $32
RESEARCH
Source: CRFB from JCT
Annual Federal Deficits 1941 through
1960
Source: OMB
RESEARCH
Net Federal Debt Outstanding
Source: OMB
RESEARCH
Net Federal Outlays by Category Over
Time
RESEARCH
Source: OMB
Mortgage Interest Deducted, by State
RESEARCH
Source: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
Mortgage Interest Deducted, by State
RESEARCH
Source: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
Real Estate Taxes Deducted, by State
RESEARCH
Source: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
Real Estate Taxes Deducted, by State
RESEARCH
Source: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
Home Ownership Rates by Age, 1995 -
2009
RESEARCH
Source: Census Housing Vacancy
Survey
Treasury and NAR Estimates of
First-time Home Buyer Tax Credit Usage
First Time Homebuyer
Credit for Houses
Purchased in 2009 -
Number of Filers 1, 5 /
First Time Homebuyer
Credit for Houses
Purchased in 2009 -
Sum of Credits Claimed
1, 5/
First Time Homebuyer
Credit for Houses
Purchased in 2009 -
NAR Estimated Eligible
Buyers 2, 3 /
First Time Homebuyer
Credit for Houses
Purchased to Date -
NAR Estimated Eligible
Buyers 2, 4 /
NORTHEAST 222,967 $1,603,737,508 575,159 639,805
SOUTH 684,314 $4,981,998,002 1,445,958 1,606,844
MIDWEST 386,087 $2,695,982,104 919,278 1,021,790
WEST 404,335 $3,024,271,352 855,545 951,481
OTHER 850 $6,466,598 not estimated not estimated
TOTALS 1,698,553 $12,312,455,564 3,887,109 4,322,094
1 / First Time Homebuyer Credits as of May 29, 2010.
(Copied from source:
http://treasury.gov/recovery/docs/Treasury%20Recovery%20Act%20Data%20as%20of%207-31-
2010.xls).
2 / Sum of states is not equal to US total due to non-estimated areas
3 / NAR Estimated Eligible Buyers includes purchases through the end of February 2010
4 / NAR Estimated Eligible Buyers includes purchases from January 2009 to April 2010
5 / NAR aggregations of published Treasury data
RESEARCH
Source: Treasury, NAR Estimates
Other Resources
• Facebook:
http://www.facebook.com/pages/NAR-Research/7
• Twitter:
http://twitter.com/NAR_Research
• Website:
http://www.realtor.org/research
• MID Benefit/Buying Power Calculator:
Available on iTunes
RESEARCH

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Homeowners & taxes

  • 1. Home Owner Interactions with the Federal Income Tax System Presentation to National Association of Realtors® Research Committee New Orleans, LA November 6, 2010 Danielle Hale, Economist
  • 2. Facts on Home Owners and the Federal Income Tax System • There are 75 million home owners among 112 million households in the U.S. • Home owners can typically deduct mortgage interest, state and local real estate taxes, and exclude a portion of capital gains on the sale of their residence. • In 2007, 143 million tax returns were filed. Of these, 45.5 million included a deduction for mortgage interest OR real estate taxes. • Home owners pay 80 to 90 percent of Federal Individual Income Taxes. • Among the age groups, 35 to 44 year olds have the largest average mortgage interest deduction while those 65 and older have the largest average real estate taxes deduction. Sources: Census, IRS, NAR Research Estimate RESEARCH
  • 3. How are Tax Benefits Determined? • Home owner pays mortgage interest and real estate taxes that can be itemized as deductions, reducing the owner’s amount of taxable income • If the home owner has enough total deductions (MID, Real Estate Taxes, State and Local Income/Sales Taxes, Charitable Contributions, Medical Expenses, etc.) to exceed standard deduction for filing status and itemizes: Tax Savings = Deductions * Marginal Tax Rate RESEARCH
  • 4. 2010 Standard Deductions and Marginal Tax Rates Filing Status Standard Deduction* Single $5,700 Head of Household $8,400 Married Joint $11,400 Married Separate $5,700 Filing Status 10% 15% 25% 28% 33% 35% Single $0 $8,375 $34,000 $82,400 $171,850 $373,650 Head of Household $0 $11,950 $45,550 $117,650 $190,550 $373,650 Married Joint $0 $16,750 $68,000 $137,300 $209,250 $373,650 Married Separate $0 $8,375 $34,000 $68,650 $104,625 $186,825 Source: Tax Policy Center 2010 Projection *Additional Standard Deduction Available for Elderly and Blind RESEARCH
  • 5. What Might an Owner Deduct? • $200,000 home purchased with 10% down payment , 5.5 percent mortgage interest rate • Monthly payment = $1,022 for principle and interest • Interest paid is $825/month or $9,900 during the first year. • Property taxes of 1 percent add another $167/month or $2,000 per year in the first year • First-year home-related deductions are $11,900! RESEARCH Source: NAR Calculations
  • 6. About the Mortgage Interest Deduction (MID) • 38.5 million individual income tax filers claimed a mortgage interest deduction (MID) in 2008 • Of the 75 million home owners, about 32 percent own their homes outright, they have no mortgage. Sources: Census, IRS 2008, NAR Research Estimate RESEARCH
  • 7. Mortgage Interest Deducted, by State States by Share of Returns Claiming Deductions 1 Maryland 38% 2 Connecticut 35% 3 Colorado 35% 4 Minnesota 34% 5 Virginia 34% 46 Louisiana 19% 47 Mississippi 18% 48 West Virginia 15% 49 South Dakota 15% 50 North Dakota 15% States by Size of Avg Deduction 1 California $18,876 2 Hawaii $16,730 3 Nevada $15,502 4 Washington $14,262 5 Maryland $14,162 46 Kentucky $8,345 47 Mississippi $8,301 48 Nebraska $8,233 49 Iowa $8,104 50 Oklahoma $7,992 RESEARCH Sources: IRS 2008, NAR Research Estimate
  • 8. Average Mortgage Interest Deducted, by Age Sources: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations RESEARCH
  • 9. About the Real Estate Tax Deduction • In 2008, 29.3 percent of individual income tax filers claimed a deduction for real estate taxes • This is a larger share than the 26.8 percent (38.5 million) who claimed the MID • 41.6 million tax returns claimed a deduction for real estate taxes in 2008 Sources: Census, IRS 2008, NAR Research Estimate RESEARCH
  • 10. Real Estate Taxes Deducted, by State States by Share of Returns Claiming Deductions 1 Connecticut 41% 2 Maryland 41% 3 New Jersey 39% 4 Minnesota 38% 5 Massachusetts 36% 46 Mississippi 20% 47 South Dakota 17% 48 North Dakota 17% 49 Louisiana 17% 50 West Virginia 17% States by Size of Avg Deduction 1 New Jersey $7,918 2 New York $7,103 3 Connecticut $6,293 4 New Hampshire $6,146 5 Illinois $5,473 46 South Carolina $1,665 47 Mississippi $1,591 48 Arkansas $1,406 49 West Virginia $1,282 50 Alabama $1,269 RESEARCH Sources: IRS 2008, NAR Research Estimate
  • 11. Average Real Estate Taxes Deducted, by Age RESEARCH Sources: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
  • 12. • Some home owners do not itemize. • NAR estimates that these 12 million owners pay between 5 and 11 percent of all income taxes. Home Owner Tax Share and Non-Itemizing Home Owners RESEARCH Source: IRS 2007, NAR Calculations %?
  • 13. Temporary Tax Measure: The First-time Home Buyer Tax Credit All Buyers First-time Buyers Repeat Buyers Used tax credit 71% 93% 48% Did not qualify for tax credit 27 6 49 Was not aware of tax credit 2 1 3 RESEARCH Source: 2010 NAR Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers Before Nov 2009 After Nov 2009 Used tax credit 58% 79% Did not qualify for tax credit 40 20 Was not aware of tax credit 2 2 • The 2010 Profile of Home Buyers and Sellers has new results on the First- time Home Buyer Tax Credit. • Nearly 80 percent of home buyers who closed in November 2009 or later used the tax credit.
  • 15. Debt and Deficits • Individual Comparison – Debt = Total money owed – Deficit = Annual Spending Exceeds Income for fixed period • What results from deficits and debt? – Individual – Country • Evidence that debt above 90 percent reduces growth (Reinhart and Rogoff) • Other rules of thumb suggest that deficits raise interest rates and reduce growth RESEARCH
  • 16. Annual Federal Deficits through 2020 Source: OMB RESEARCH
  • 17. Net Federal Debt Outstanding Source: OMB RESEARCH
  • 18. Net Federal Revenue, by Source Source: OMB RESEARCH
  • 19. Net Federal Outlays, by Category RESEARCH Source: OMB
  • 20. Ok, we have a Fiscal Problem. Where to cut? • Mandatory Spending (53% in 2000; 60% in 2009): – Social Security, Medicare/Medicaid • Discretionary Spending (34% in 2000; 35% in 2009): – Defense, Homeland Security, Commerce, Education • Tax Expenditures: – Reduction in income tax liability as a result of special tax provisions or regulations to particular taxpayers – Revenue losses due to special exclusion, exemption, or deduction from gross income or special credit, preferential rate of tax, or deferral of tax liability RESEARCH Source: OMB
  • 21. Tax Expenditures – Controversy? • The tax expenditure concept relies heavily on a normative notion that shielding certain taxpayer income from taxation deprives government of its rightful revenues. This view is inconsistent with the proposition that income belongs to the taxpayers and that tax liability is determined through the democratic process, not through arbitrary, bureaucratic assumptions. 1999 JEC Report for Representative Jim Saxton (R-NJ) • “In some cases, however, an item listed as a tax expenditure may not really be a subsidy. Instead, it might be defensible on pure tax policy grounds as a proper adjustment in computing ability to pay taxes.” Citizens for Tax Justice RESEARCH
  • 22. Largest Tax Expenditures Top 10 Tax Expenditures 2009 – 2013 (billions) Avg Deduction of mortgage interest on owner-occupied homes  $573 $115 Exclusion of employer contributions for health care, health insurance premiums  $568 $114 Exclusion of pension contribution and earnings  $533 $107 Reduced rates of tax on dividends and long-term capital gains  $419 $84 Exclusion of Medicare benefits  $317 $63 Earned income credit  $261 $52 Deduction of state and local taxes  $250 $50 Deduction for charitable contributions  $184 $37 Child tax credit  $160 $32 Exclusion of capital gains at death  $159 $32 RESEARCH Source: CRFB from JCT
  • 23. Annual Federal Deficits 1941 through 1960 Source: OMB RESEARCH
  • 24. Net Federal Debt Outstanding Source: OMB RESEARCH
  • 25. Net Federal Outlays by Category Over Time RESEARCH Source: OMB
  • 26. Mortgage Interest Deducted, by State RESEARCH Source: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
  • 27. Mortgage Interest Deducted, by State RESEARCH Source: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
  • 28. Real Estate Taxes Deducted, by State RESEARCH Source: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
  • 29. Real Estate Taxes Deducted, by State RESEARCH Source: IRS 2008, NAR Calculations
  • 30. Home Ownership Rates by Age, 1995 - 2009 RESEARCH Source: Census Housing Vacancy Survey
  • 31. Treasury and NAR Estimates of First-time Home Buyer Tax Credit Usage First Time Homebuyer Credit for Houses Purchased in 2009 - Number of Filers 1, 5 / First Time Homebuyer Credit for Houses Purchased in 2009 - Sum of Credits Claimed 1, 5/ First Time Homebuyer Credit for Houses Purchased in 2009 - NAR Estimated Eligible Buyers 2, 3 / First Time Homebuyer Credit for Houses Purchased to Date - NAR Estimated Eligible Buyers 2, 4 / NORTHEAST 222,967 $1,603,737,508 575,159 639,805 SOUTH 684,314 $4,981,998,002 1,445,958 1,606,844 MIDWEST 386,087 $2,695,982,104 919,278 1,021,790 WEST 404,335 $3,024,271,352 855,545 951,481 OTHER 850 $6,466,598 not estimated not estimated TOTALS 1,698,553 $12,312,455,564 3,887,109 4,322,094 1 / First Time Homebuyer Credits as of May 29, 2010. (Copied from source: http://treasury.gov/recovery/docs/Treasury%20Recovery%20Act%20Data%20as%20of%207-31- 2010.xls). 2 / Sum of states is not equal to US total due to non-estimated areas 3 / NAR Estimated Eligible Buyers includes purchases through the end of February 2010 4 / NAR Estimated Eligible Buyers includes purchases from January 2009 to April 2010 5 / NAR aggregations of published Treasury data RESEARCH Source: Treasury, NAR Estimates
  • 32. Other Resources • Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/pages/NAR-Research/7 • Twitter: http://twitter.com/NAR_Research • Website: http://www.realtor.org/research • MID Benefit/Buying Power Calculator: Available on iTunes RESEARCH

Notes de l'éditeur

  1. As the mortgage is paid down, the amount of interest paid decreases. Assuming a constant property tax rate, annual property taxes will increase with the rate of home appreciation—let’s assume a modest 3 percent rate. 7th year of ownership, mortgage interest paid is $8,959 and real estate taxes paid are $2,388 for total housing related deductions of $11,347.
  2. 41.6 Million tax returns claimed a deduction for real estate taxes in 2008
  3. Also by 2020, 80% of Federal spending will be on Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, Defense, and Interest – Very difficult areas to cut
  4. 2010 projection is 62.7 percent of GDP; Last time debt was that high was 1952 as debt was paid down following WWII. WWII peak was 108.7 percent of GDP. Current projections have debt at 77 percent of GDP in 2020, but other projections suggest that the level will be as high as 90% (William Gale) and rising.
  5. In the last decade, Individual Income taxes have comprised between 43 and 50 percent of Net Federal Revenues. OMB projections for the next decade show the income tax growing to return to the 50 percent share.
  6. 2009 Increase in Mandatory Outlays includes TARP, Jobs Initiative, Health Care Reform
  7. “Tax expenditures are defined under the Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (the "Budget Act") as "revenue losses attributable to provisions of the Federal tax laws which allow a special exclusion, exemption, or deduction from gross income or which provide a special credit, a preferential rate of tax, or a deferral of tax liability." Thus, tax expenditures include any reductions in income tax liabilities that result from special tax provisions or regulations that provide tax benefits to particular taxpayers.” Estimates of Federal Tax Expenditures for Fiscal Years 2009 – 2013, Joint Committee on Taxation http://www.jct.gov/publications.html?func=startdown&id=3642 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704518904575365450087744876.html – Feldstein on Tax Expenditures http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d05690.pdf - 2005 GAO report “Tax Expenditures Represent a Substantial Federal Commitment and Need to Be Reexamined” http://www.house.gov/jec/fiscal/tax/expend.pdf - “TAX EXPENDITURES: A REVIEW AND ANALYSIS Vice Chairman Jim Saxton (R-NJ) Joint Economic Committee United States Congress August 1999” http://www.ctj.org/hid_ent/part-1/part1.htm
  8. http://crfb.org/blogs/top-ten-tax-expenditures-jct-releases-its-annual-report
  9. During WWII deficits were much larger as a share of GDP than they are today from 1942 to 1945 deficits were greater than 10 percent of GDP and as high as 30 percent of GDP in 1943.
  10. Outstanding debt as a share of GDP was quite high, too.