ETIP PV conference: 'Photovoltaics: centre-stage in the power system

OPENING SESSION
Chair: Marko Topič, University of Ljubljana, Chair of ETIP PV
• Welcome by the organisers
• Pierre-Jean Alet and Venizelos Efthymiou, Leaders of the Grid Integration working
group of ETIP PV
• Policy keynote: European Energy Union, EU strategy
• Jeroen Schuppers, EC DG Research & Innovation
• Technology/industry keynote: PV as major electricity source
• Eicke Weber, Fraunhofer ISE, EUREC President
REPOWERING EUROPE Photovoltaics: centre-stage in the power system

SESSION I: Inverters: The smart interface
Chair: Nikos Hatziargyriou, NTUA, Chair of ETP SmartGrids
• Next generation of smart invertersand aspects with respect to the energy transition
• Jan Van Laethem, SMA
• Supporting power quality in distribution networks with inverters
• Andreas Schlumberger, KACO New Energy
• Stability of the power system with converter-interfacedgeneration
• Marie-Sophie Debry, RTE

SESSION II: StorageChair: Wim Sinke, ECN Solar Energy, Vice-Chair of ETIP PV
• Storage supporting PV deployment
• Veronica Bermudez, EDF - R&D
• Impact of storage on PV attractiveness
• Mariska de Wild-Schotten, SmartGreenScans
• Market development and price roadmap
• Marion Perrin, CEA INES
• The virtual battery: energy management in buildings and neighbourhoods
• Emanuel Marreel, Siemens

SESSION III: Electricity market and system operations
Chair: Venizelos Efthymiou, University of Cyprus, Vice-Leader of the Grid Integration
working group of ETIP PV
• Real-time monitoring
• Nikos Hatziargyriou, NTUA, Chair of ETP SmartGrids
• Forecasting use cases
• Marion Lafuma, Reuniwatt
• Market access
• Maher Chebbo, SAP

SESSION IV: PV changing the power business
Chair: Pierre-Jean Alet, CSEM, Leader of the Grid Integration working group of
ETIP PV
• Changing roles: business models
• Johannes von Clary, E.On
• PV value for Europe beyond electrons
• James Watson, SolarPower Europe

Jeroen SCHUPPERS
European Commission,
DG Research and Innovation
An Energy Union for
Research, Innovation and
Competitiveness
Repowering Europe
Brussels, 18 May 2016
1

Towards an Energy Union
● The Energy Union is a top priority for this
Commission
● More cooperation/coordination among MS is
expected in order to better face current
challenges, in particular as regards energy
security and climate
● More cooperation/coordination among MS is the
foundation of the European Research Area
2

1. Energy security, solidarity and trust
2. A fully integrated European energy market
3. Energy efficiency contributing to moderation of demand
4. Decarbonising the economy
5. Research, Innovation and Competitiveness
Energy Union (5 pillars):
5
The new Strategic Energy
Technology Plan
(SET Plan)
3

4
Strategic Energy Technology (SET) Plan
● The technology pillar of EU energy and climate change
policy
● In force since 2010/11
● Objective: to accelerate the development of a portfolio of
low carbon technologies leading to their market take-off

 First links to policy agenda:
2020 targets for energy & climate
 Focus on individual technologies with
market and target impact up to 2020
A bit of history…
-20 %
Greenhouse
Gas Emissions
20%
Renewable
Energy
20 %
Energy
Efficiency
5

"Towards an Integrated Roadmap"
- 40 %
Greenhouse Gas
Emissions
27 %
Renewable
Energy
27%
Energy Efficiency
 Still links to policy agenda:
2030 updated targets for energy & climate
 From individual technologies to energy
system as a whole
 New policy challenges:
 Consumer at the centre
 Energy efficiency (demand)
 System optimisation
 Technologies (supply)
6

Energy Union
priorities
Ten actions to accelerate the energy
system transformation (SET Plan)
No1 in Renewables
1. Performant renewable technologies
integrated in the system
2. Reduce costs of technologies
Smart EU energy system,
with consumer at the
centre
3. New technologies & services for consumers
4. Resilience & security of energy system
Efficient energy systems
5. New materials & technologies for buildings
6. Energy efficiency for industry
Sustainable transport
7. Competitive in global battery sector (e-mobility)
8. Renewable fuels
(9) Driving ambition in
carbon capture storage and use deployment
(10) Increase safety in
the use of nuclear energy
7

Making the SET Plan fit for new challenges
 A more targeted focus
 Stronger link with energy policy
 A more integrated approach
 Holistic view of the energy system
 Full research and innovation chain
 A new SET Plan governance
8

A new SET Plan governance model
1. Strengthened cooperation
 With Members States [EU 28 + Iceland, Norway, Switzerland
and Turkey]
 With Stakeholders
o Opening and widening to new actors
o Bringing together all relevant stakeholders including, e.g.
ETIPs, EERA, PPPs, JTIs, KET stakeholders, stakeholders
from funding instruments under the Emissions Trading
System…
2. More coordination between Members States:
 More joint actions
9

3. Transparency, indicators and periodic reporting
 Annual KPIs:
o Level of investments – public and private sector
o Trends in patents
o Number of researchers active in the sector
 Every 2 years, progress should be measured on:
o Technology developments
o Cost reduction
o Systemic integration of new technologies
 State of the Energy Union Report
4. Monitoring and knowledge sharing
A new SET Plan governance model
10

The SET Plan Actors
• European Commission
• Member States
• Stakeholder platforms
11

The SET Plan Actors
1. Member States [EU28 + CH, IS, NO, TR]
 Steering Group (SG): Highest level discussion platform, chaired
by the EC.
 The SG Bureau: smaller but balanced representation of the SG to
assist the EC in the preparation of meetings, chaired by the MS.
 Joint Actions Working Group (JAWG): a working group of the SG
open to all interested MS to discuss joint actions, chaired by the MS.
2. Stakeholder Platforms
 European Technology and Innovation Platforms (ETIPs):
Structures gathering all relevant stakeholders.
 The European Energy Research Alliance (EERA)
 Other EU Stakeholder platforms active in/relevant to the
energy sector.
•
12

European Technology and Innovation Platforms (ETIPs)
Participants
● Continuation of existing ETPs and EIIs in unified Platforms per
technology.
● Recognised interlocutors about sector specific R&I needs
● Composition – covering the whole innovation chain:
industrial stakeholders (incl. SMEs), research organisations
and academic stakeholders, business associations, regulators, civil
society and NGOs, representatives of MS
Freedom to organise yourselves as you see fit.
13

European Technology and Innovation Platforms (ETIPs)
Main Role: strategic advice to the EC and the Steering Group
based on consensus
● Prioritisation within the 10 key actions both on objectives and
implementation;
● Implementation: what best at EU/national/regional/industrial level;
● Prepare and update Strategic Research and Innovation Agendas;
● Identify innovation barriers, notably related to regulation and
financing;
● Report on the implementation of R&I activities at European,
national/regional and industrial levels;
● Develop knowledge-sharing mechanisms that help bringing R&I
results to deployment.
14

SET Plan implementation in a nutshell
1. Setting targets
2. Select and monitor specific R&I actions
3. Identify and agree on Joint Actions
4. Identify Flagship Actions
(at European and national levels)
15

1. Setting targets
● 'Issues Papers' drafted by the Commission (RTD,
ENER, JRC), setting the scene and proposing targets
● Publication on SETIS
● Broad stakeholder consultation
● Stakeholders submit position through 'Input Papers'
● Commission drafts 'Declaration of Intent'
● Discussion in meeting of the SET Plan Steering Group
with invited stakeholders
● Agreement on targets and agree to develop an
implementation plan
16

2. Select & monitor specific R&I actions
• Goals
• Detail what needs to be done over the next years to achieve
the targets at European and national level
• Limited set of actions (technological + non-technological)
• Resources + timeline for each R&I action
• Putting a monitoring system in place
• Work to be done in temporary Working Groups
• within ETIP when there is one
• Timeline: ~2-3 months
17

3. Identify/agree on Joint Actions
• Goal
• Identify and decide on Joint Actions
• Strategy to be developed for the SET 10 Key Actions
• Joint Actions with EU (ERA-Nets) & non-EU funds
• Joint Programming beyond ERA Net
• Joining EU risk financing facility
• Joint policy actions
• Work to be done by the JAWG
• Countries engaged in ERA-Nets
• Results reported to SG and feed Implementation Plan
18

4. Identify Flagship Actions
• Goal
• Identify Flagship Actions (at European or national levels) and specify to
which actions they contribute and who implements them
• When no Joint Actions are possible, Flagship Actions can fill the gap
• What is a Flagship Action?
A Flagship action is considered the best example of what R&I can produce
in a given sector or with a specific technology in order to reach the SET
Plan targets. The innovation potential and the "leading by example"
features are key. A flagship action is meant to make a real change in the
low-carbon energy technologies landscape.
• Work to be done by the Working Groups
19

Working Groups
• Mission
• To develop the Implementation Plans
• Aligned with Declaration of Intent
• Composition (~ 30)
• Experts from ETIPs
• Input from SET Plan countries (= government representatives) & EC
• Chaired by a champion country + champion industrial stakeholder
• Which countries?
• High policy interest in the sector and committed to engage in Joint
Actions
20

● WGs will join the 3 pieces together and finalize the
Implementation Plans
● Plans are then reviewed by the SG and adopted when
there is consensus
● "On the ground" implementation should follow
Working Groups
21

Example of aggregated information
22

Example of aggregated information
23

24
Follow the process on SETIS
https://setis.ec.europa.eu/towards-an-integrated-SET-Plan
More information:

Thank you for your attention
25

© Fraunhofer ISE
PHOTOVOLTAICS AS MAJOR ELECTRICITY
SOURCE
Eicke R. Weber
Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy
Systems ISE and
University of Freiburg, Germany
REPOWERING EUROPE
PV European Technology & Innovation
Platform
Brussels, Belgium, May 18, 2016

© Fraunhofer ISE
2
Cornerstones for the Transformation of our Energy System
to efficient use of finally 100% renewable energy –
 Energy efficiency: buildings, production, transport
 Massive increase in renewable energies: photovoltaics, solar and geo
thermal, wind, hydro, biomass...
 Fast development of the electric grid: transmission and distribution grid,
bidirectional
 Small and large scale energy storage systems: electricity, hydrogen,
methane, methanol, biogas, solar heat, hydro.....
 Sustainable mobility as integral part of the energy system: electric
mobility with batteries and hydrogen/fuel cells

© Fraunhofer ISE
3
Contribution of RES to Electricity Supply in Germany
Historical Development
Data: BMWi
3%
30%
41 GW Wind in 25a
39 GW PV in 15a
Electricity Feed-in Act:
Jan. 1991 - March 2000
EEG:
January 2009
1,000 roofs
program:
1991-1995
100,000 roofs
program:
1999-2003
EEG:
August 2004
EEG:
April 2000

© Fraunhofer ISE
4
Long-term utility-scale PV system price scenarios
Source: Fraunhofer ISE (2015): Current and Future Cost of Photovoltaics.
Study on behalf of Agora Energiewende

© Fraunhofer ISE
5 Source: Fraunhofer ISE (2015): Current and Future Cost of Photovoltaics.
Study on behalf of Agora Energiewende
Levelized Cost of Electricity
Solar Power will soon be the Cheapest Form of
Electricity in Many Regions of the World

© Fraunhofer ISE
6
Source: Solarbuzz 2014

© Fraunhofer ISE
7
Crystalline Silicon Technology Portfolio
c-Si PV is not a Commodity, but a High-Tech Product!
material quality
 diffusion length
 base conductivity
device quality
 passivation of surfaces
 low series resistance
 light confinement
cell structures
 PERC: Passivated Emitter
and Rear Cell
 MWT: Metal Wrap Through
 IBC-BJ: Interdigitated Back
Contact – Back Junction
 HJT: Hetero Junction Technology
Adapted from Preu et al., EU-PVSEC 2009
material
quality
module
efficiency
Industry
Standard
IBC-BJ
HJT
PERC
MWT-
PERC
20%
19%
18%
17%
16%
15%14%
21%
device quality
BC-
HJT

© Fraunhofer ISE
8
Advanced Cell Technologies
Passivated Emitter and
Rear PERC1
Metal Wrap-Through
MWT-PERC2
2Dross et al., Proc. 4th WCPEC, 2006, pp. 1291-4
1Blakers et al., Appl. Phys. Lett. 55, pp. 1363-5, 1989
Heterojunction on Intrinsic layer
HIT3
Interdigitated Back Contact/Junction
IBC-BJ4
Passivating Layer Local Contacts
Metal Wrap Through Contact
Passivating Layer Local Contacts
Lightly Doped Front Diffusion
Texture+passivation Layer
3 Sanyo/Panasonic 4 Sunpower

© Fraunhofer ISE
9
High-efficiency n-type PERL Cells
Lab Results
 Excellent performance at cell level
 Only very thin ALD layer
necessary
Best cell 705 41.1 82.5 23.9*
Voc
[mV]
Jsc
[mA/cm2]
FF
[%]
η
[%]
Benick et al., APL 92 (2008)
Glunz et al., IEEE-PVSC (2010)
*Confirmed at Fraunhofer ISE CalLab
ap = aperture area
(= bus bar included in illuminated area)

© Fraunhofer ISE
10
Advanced Cell Technologies
Tunnel Oxide Passivated Contact (TOPCon)
 TOPCon enables:
 Excellent carrier-selectivity
 High tolerance to high-temperature processes
 Very high Voc and FF achieved due to
 Excellent surface passivation
 1D carrier flow pattern in base
Voc Jsc FF η
[mV] [mA/cm2] [%] [%]
Champion 719 41.5 83.4 24.9[*]
TOPCon: J0,rear 7 fA/cm²
n-base
[*]FZ-Si, n-type, 2x2 cm², aperture area, confirmed
by Fraunhofer ISE Callab

© Fraunhofer ISE
11
NexWafe:
Kerfless Wafer Production for High-Efficiency PV
 Product: n-type wafer for
high-efficiency solar cells
 ISE high-throughput
ProConCVD to grow the
epitaxial layer
 Wafer thickness 150 µm 
“drop-in” replacement for Cz-
wafer
 Proof-of-concept verified on
small scale, upscaling under
way!
 Wafers available 2017!
Removed
epitaxial
wafer
Seed wafer
re-usable

© Fraunhofer ISE
12
High-Efficiency III/V Based Triple-Junction Solar Cells
Slide: courtesy of F. Dimroth

© Fraunhofer ISE
13
GaInP 1.9 eV
GaAs1.4 eV
GaInAsP 1.0 eV
GaInAs 0.7 eV
Bonding
InP engineered
substrate
InP based 4-Junction Solar Cell Results on Engineered
Substrate
One sun
QuadFlash: h = 46.1 % C = 312
3.2
3.6
4.0
4.4
80
85
90
1 10 100 1000
35
40
45
Voc
[V]FF[%]
lot29-02-x23y08
Single Flash
QuadFlash
h[%]
Concentration [suns]

© Fraunhofer ISE
14
BUT - how will this be achieved?
- Nanowire arrays f rom EPI TAXY
- Nanowire arrays f rom AEROTAXY
- may bring to the market single- Xtal I I I - V solar cells to the cost of Thin Films
Lars Samuelson, Lund, Sweden: “Nanowire Array Solar Cells”
!
Nanowire Array Solar Cells

© Fraunhofer ISE
15
PV-Production Capacity by Global Regions 1997-2012
Will China dominate the 100 GW/a World Market 2020?
Source: Navigant Consulting, Grafics: PSE AG 2013

© Fraunhofer ISE
16
World Market Outlook: Experts are Optimistic
Example Sarasin Bank, November 2010
 market forecast (2010): 30 GWp in 2014, 110 GWp in 2020
annual growth rate: in the range of 20 % and 30 %
Newly installed (right)
Annual growth rate (left)
Source:Sarasin,SolarStudy,Nov2010
Growthrate
2014:
ca. 40 GWp,
1/3 above
forecast!
Total new installations (right scale)
Annual growth (left scale)

© Fraunhofer ISE
17
Global PV Production Capacity and Installations
Source: Lux Research Inc., Grafik: PSE AG
Outlook for the development of supply and demand in the global PV market.
Production Capacity
Installations
Excess Capacity
ModuleCapacity(GW)
ExcessCapacity(GW)

© Fraunhofer ISE
18
Production Capacity
Installations
Excess Capacity
ModuleCapacity(GW)
ExcessCapacity(GW)
2008 – 2016:
1st cycle of PV

© Fraunhofer ISE
19
Production Capacity
Installations
Excess Capacity
ModuleCapacity(GW)
ExcessCapacity(GW)
From 2016:
Start of 2nd
cycle of PV!

© Fraunhofer ISE
20
PV Market Growth: PV heading into the Terawatt Range!
Source: IEA 2014
 Rapid introduction of PV globally is fueled by availability of cost-competitive,
distributed energy
 In 2050 between 4.000 and 30.000 GWp PV will be installed!
 By 2015, less than 300 GWp have been installed!
We are just at
the beginning
of the global
growth curve!

© Fraunhofer ISE
21
How Will the Energy System Look Like in 2050?
Electricity
HeatMobility
 Develop a model to simulate the transformation of the energy system

© Fraunhofer ISE
22
© Fraunhofer ISE
Optimization of Germany’s future energy system based
on hourly modeling
REM od-D
Renewable
Energy Model –
Deutschland
Electricity generation,
storage and end-use
Fuels (including
biomass and synthetic
fuels from RE)
Mobility
(battery-
electric,
hydrogen,
conv. fuel mix)
Processes in
industry and
tertiary sector
Heat
(buildings,
incl. storage
and heating
networks)
Comprehensive
analysis of the
overall system
Slide courtesy Hans-Martin Henning 2014

© Fraunhofer ISE
23
Renewables
Fossil
Renewables
Fossil
Renewables
Fossil
Renewables
Fossil
GW
CHP
HP
Renewables
Fossil
Electricity
Import
Electricity Renewables Surplus
Export Fossil
Hydrogen Raw biomass
Heat Liquid fuels
Gas Electricity
Hard coal PP
Nuclear PP
Reforming
Battery stor.
Pumped stor.
H2-2-Fuel
GT
CCGT
District heat
Oil PP
Lignite PP
Processing
Bio-2-el.
H2-storage
Electrolysis
Methanation
TWh
GW
0
108
TWh
TWh
GW
GW
Solar thermal
PV
Hydro power
Onshore wind
Offshore wind
Raw biomass
0
0 0
103
Biogas
storage
0
TWh 36 TWh
18
1
85
Bio-2-Liquid 9
1 TWh
TWh
TWh
Hard coal
Lignite
Petroleum
TWh
144
TWh
0 0
Natural gas
37 13
7 TWh
68 27
TWh 3 TWh
485 0 0
39
10
CO2 emissions1990 (reference year) 990 Mio t CO2
CO2 emissions 196 Mio t CO2
CO2 reduktion related to 1990:
TWh
TWh 0 TWh
TWh
Uranium
0 0
10
Primary fossil
energy carrier
445
384
Industry (fuel based
process)
Electricity (baseload)
80%
TWh
TWh TWh TWh GW
GW 215
237 Final energy
237 TWh
TWh 0
0 Conversion
0 Losses
375
Bio-2-CH4 0
0 TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
103
77%
15 TWhTWh
0 Losses
502 Final energy
630 TWh
GW
GW
125
128 TWh
120 TWh
6 5
19 Battery veh.
TWh 0 TWhTWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
GWh
GWh
0 0
GWh
21
Consumption
sector
121
TWh
3
TWh
Deep
geothermal
Environ-
mental heat
Renewable
energy sources
Renewable raw
materials
Water
Sun
Bio-2-H2
0
176
32 TWh
0
Wind
335
TWh
Biodiesel
5 TWh
Energy conversion Storage
10
375
383
52
49
TWh
TWh
0
0
501 Final energy
860 TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
GW
GW
GW
100%
GW
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
11
106
20
98
0
Heating (space
heating and hot
water)
237
20
Total quantity gas
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
GW
GW
66
TWh
TWh 17 TWh
TWh
0
0
50
126
Final energy
0%
11
GW
GW
GW
GW
GW
GW
20
15
GW0
TWh
TWh
419
21
135
85
TWh5
0
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
23%
108
100%
Conversion
Losses
0
0
29%
128 Conversion
Total quantity
hydrogen
108 TWh
0%
Total quantity raw
biomass
244
TWh
TWh
GW
GW
Biogasplant
2
58
77
55
103 0
103
0
91
141
TWh0
TWh0
0
0
19
Total quantity
heating
0 Conversion
17 Losses
264 Final energy
280 TWh Mobility
108
71%
Conversion
0 Losses
72 Final energy
335 TWh
46
TWh
87%
13%
Total quantity
electricity
39%
61%
Total quantity liquid
fuels
271 Conversion
88 Losses
© FraunhoferISE
REMod-D Energy
system model

© Fraunhofer ISE
24
© Fraunhofer ISE
TWh
Traktion
H2-Bedarf
45
11
TWh
TWh
39
TWh
14
TWh
Einzelgebäude mit Sole-Wärmepumpe
Solarthermie
11
Solarthermie 8 Gebäude
9
TWh
el. WP Luft 43
TWh
TWh
44
4
Einzelgebäude mit Gas-Wärmepumpe
13
TWh
14 4
W-Speicher
GWth TWh 60 TWh
82
TWh
220
TWh
420
22 GWth TWh 103 GWh
51 W-Speicher14el. WP Sole
Biomasse
TWh
0
TWh
15
KWK-BHKW
Solarthermie 13
TWh
Strombedarf gesamt (ohne
Strom für Wärme und MIV)
375
TWh
TWh
3
GWgas 0
220
0
TWh
0Sabatier Methan-Sp.
H2-Speicher
7 GWth TWh
TWh 41
3
GWth
Gas-WP
W-Speicher
25
20
40
TWh
388 TWh
20 GWth TWh Wärmenetze mit
GuD-KWK
7 GWth TWh
W-Speicher
TWh Wärmenetze mit
BHKW-KWK
Wärmebedarf gesamt
TWh
26
TWh
TWh
217
TWh
82
16
TWh
GWel
TWh 23
4
TWh
9 Pump-Sp-KW 7
TWh
TWh
6
TWh
Gasturbine
W-Speicher
Steink.-KW Braunk.-KW Öl-KW
3 GW 0 GW5 GW 0 GW 7 GW
Atom-KWPV Wind On Wind Off Wasserkraft
112
TWh
103
TWh
147
Batterien
24 GWh
GW 120 GW 32 GW
143
TWh
5
TWh 60 GWh TWh
TWh
Einzelgebäude mit Luft-Wärmepumpe
GWth
Gebäude
8
TWh
7
TWh 50
14
4 TWh
TWh
19 GWth TWh GWh
Einzelgebäude mit Gaskessel
TWh
Gaskessel 71 Gebäude
32 GWth
0
4
Gebäude
59
0.0
TWh
3734
Solarthermie 6 W-Speicher
Gebäude
15
27 GWh
23
TWh
TWh
TWh 173 GWh
3
TWh
ungenutzter Strom (Abregelung)
TWh
0
TWh
26
TWh
12
TWh
TWh
5
TWh
TWh
241 TWh
Gebäude
4
87
TWh 6 TWh
Gebäude
59
7 GWth TWh
3
TWh
WP zentral 20
KWK-GuD 27
35 GWel TWh
20
60
TWh
7
GW
Einzelgebäude mit Mini-BHKW
6 46
WP zentral 23
4
8
TWh
TWh
Verkehr (ohne
Schienenverkehr/Strom)
Brennstoff-basierter Verkehr
Batterie-basierter Verkehr
Wasserstoff-basierter Verkehr
137
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWh
TWhTraktion gesamt
Brennstoffe
Traktion
erneuerbare Energien primäre Stromerzeugung fossil-nukleare Energien
14 GWth TWh 56 GWh
86 TWh
Geothermie 6 Gebäude
2 GWth
10
TWh
TWh108 TWh
57 TWh
0
TWh
3
TWh
TWh 173
Wärmenetze mit Tiefen-Geothermie
TWh
Brennstoffe
TWh
Erdgas
394
TWh
4
TWh
22
TWh
Elektrolyse
82
33 GWel
4
21
TWh
0
TWh
TWh 26
1 GW
GuD-KW
ungenutztWarmwasserRaumheizung
290 TWh 98 TWh 2
Solarthermie
GWh
Mini-BHKW 23
GWh
TWh
Solarthermie 13
20 GWth
GWel TWh
TWh
0.6
GWth TWh
TWh
W-Speicher
TWh
TWh
76
6
41
82
Strombedarf
Traktion
Solarthermie 12 6
TWh
73
TWh
25 TWh
Brennstoffe
55
220
100% Wert 2010
335
TWh
TWh
Treibstoff
Verkehr
55
TWh
420 TWh
Brennstoff-basierte Prozesse in
Industrie und Gewerbe
gesamt 445 TWh
Solarthermie
%
41
55
©FraunhoferISE
Electricity
generation
Photovoltaics
147 GWel
Medium and large size CHP
(connected to district heating)
60 GWel
Onshore
Wind
120 GWel
Offshore Wind
32 GWel
Slide courtesy Hans-Martin Henning 2014

© Fraunhofer ISE
25
Scenario results hourly modeling 2014-2050
Cumulative total cost
 No penalty on CO2
emissions
 Stable fossil fuel prices
#1 -80 % CO2, low rate building
energy retrofit, electric vehicles
dominant, coal until 2050
energy retrofit, mix of vehicles,
coal until 2050
#3 -80 % CO2, high rate building
coal until 2050
coal until 2040
coal until 2040
coal until 2040
Ref today‘s system; no change

© Fraunhofer ISE
26
Scenario results
 No penalty on CO2
emissions
 Stable fossil fuel prices
coal until 2040
coal until 2040
Cumulative cost of
scenarios # 4 und # 5
approx. 1100 bn € higher
than reference for the total
time 2014 – 2050 (about
0.8 % of German GDP)

© Fraunhofer ISE
27
Scenario results
 Rising penalty cost for CO2
emissions up to 100 € per
ton in 2030; then stable
 Price increase for fossil
fuels 2 % p.a.
energy retrofit, electric vehicles
dominant, coal until 2050
coal until 2050
coal until 2050
coal until 2040
coal until 2040
coal until 2040
With CO2 pricing, the total
cost of business-as-usual
till 20150 will be even
higher than for the
transformed system!

© Fraunhofer ISE
28
How Will the Energy System Look Like in 2050?
Electricity
HeatMobility
Essential messages out of the model:
The cost of the new Energy System is not higher than
the cost for the current system!
The cost for transformation is in the same order as
maintaining the current system!

© Fraunhofer ISE
29
Grid stability with growing amounts of fluctuating RE:
Grid in Germany today more stable than in 2006!

© Fraunhofer ISE
30
 Technology development combined with rapid growth of production volumes
resulted in an unprecedented reduction in PV production cost and prices, by
more than an order of magnitude in the last decades!
 The market is dominated by crystalline-Si technologies; a multitude of further
technology advances, allowing higher efficiencies at lower production costs, are
ready to be implemented in c-Si PV cells and modules.
 The cost of PV systems will decrease further, driven by technology
developments, accompanied by supportive financial and regulatory
environments.
 PV will grow soon into the Terawatt range, making it the cheapest form of
electricity in many regions of the world  2-4 ct/kWh.
 The key for a stable energy system based on RE is to link the electricity, heat
and transport sectors.
 The challenge for the EU will be to maintain the current technological
leadership position, by keeping a stable market, combined with local PV
production along the whole food chain, from research to deployment!
Photovoltaics as Major Electricity Source

© Fraunhofer ISE
31
Thank you
For your attention!

The European
Inverter Industry
Dr Krzysztof Puczko
Repowering Europe
May 2016

2
About PV Markets…
Can Europe sustain industrial leadership in this area?

3Delta Confidential
PV market development
• The PV installed capacity reached
100 GWp in 2012 but Europe’s
leading role in the PV market came
to the end
• Europe remains the world’s leading
region in terms of cumulative
installed capacity (>70 GW) but the
market gets more global
• PV market globalization became a
challenge for many European
technology suppliers
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
NewPVinstallations[GW]
China Japan USA
UK Germany Rest of Europe
India Latin America France
Rest of Asia Rest of the World

4Delta Confidential
EU Market Split in 2012
Source – EPIA 2015

5Delta Confidential
Market Split outside EU in 2012
Source – EPIA 2015

6Delta Confidential
Market drivers
• Incentives
• Energy mix targets
• CO2 savings
• Growing power demand
• Grid parity
• New business models
• Smart grid development
• Energy mix demand
• Technology development
Changing drivers for further expansion (2016=>2020)
Former drivers (200 GW): Future drivers (500 GW):

7
Are regional variations in grid codes an
opportunity or a threat to European
manufacturers?

8Delta Confidential
8
Grid code related inverter settings
G.59/2 exemplary settings

9Delta Confidential
9
Grid grid stability services
Source: National Grid UK

10Delta Confidential
Grid stability services - EFR
Source: National Grid UK

Advanced inverter features- summary
• Improved efficiency (>98,5%)
• Country grid code compliance with new advanced features
• Reactive power generation
• Local utility customization still needed
• Integration with smart grid environment
• Virtual power plant integration to participate in energy
exchange market
• Most of top class inverters can deliver all required services

12
About key drivers to future growth…

Traditional grids vs. Smart Grids
Traditional power grids:
 Centralized generation
 Limited power regulation
 Long distance transmission
 No influence on the power consumption
 No real time measurements
 Limited energy storage possibilities
 High risk of power outages
Smart grids
 Distributed power generation
 Flexible power generation
 Short distance transmission
 Flexible load regulation
 Real time measurements (smart meters)
 Local energy storage
 Virtual Power Plants
 Low risk of power outages

Key growth contributors
Cheaper PV modules with
proper efficiency (>20%)
Energy storage
Electric mobility
Self consumption
Smart grids and
net zero energy
buildings
Smart inverter
solutions

15
How to provide increasingly "smart" inverters
while reducing costs?

RPI M50A
• Integrated string fuses as well as
• AC- and DC overvoltage protection
Type II
• Wide input voltage
• Extended temperature range
• High energy density, high efficiency,
reduced size
• 2 MPP trackers (symmetrical
and asymmetrical load)
• Integrated AC/DC disconnection switch

Conclusions
•PV market still growing but became global – different
scenarios are taken into considerations
•In some countries incentives dropped much faster than
investment costs
•PV industry got serious challenges – suppliers must diversify
their business portfolio
•More and more advanced features expected from inverters
•PV inverter industry has to adapt for further growth

19
About Delta Electronics….

20
We are experts in power conversion

21
We are experts in power conversion…
Power bricks
Embedded Switching
Power Supplies
Rectifiers
Inverters
PV Inverters
UPS
Renewable Hybrid
Solutions
EV Ultra Fast
Charger
Wind converters Bi-directional
converters

We contribute to the Earth…
22
From 2010 to 2014, Delta’s high-efficient products enabled:
Electricity Consumption
Savings
of 14.8 B KWh
Carbon Emissions
Reduction
of 7.9 M Tons

Smarter. Greener. Together.
To learn more about Delta, please visit www.deltaww.com

May 18th, Jan Van Laethem
NEXT GENERATION OF SMART INVERTERS AND
ASPECTS WITH RESPECT TO THE ENERGY
TRANSITION
SMA Solar Technology AGETIP PV - Photovoltaics: centre-stage in the power system

DISCLAIMER
IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICE
This presentation does not constitute or form part of, and should not be construed as, an offer or invitation to subscribe for,
underwrite
or otherwise acquire, any securities of SMA Solar Technology AG (the "Company") or any present or future subsidiary of
the Company (together with the Company, the "SMA Group") nor should it or any part of it form the basis of, or be relied
upon in connection with,
any contract to purchase or subscribe for any securities in the Company or any member of the SMA Group or commitment
whatsoever.
All information contained herein has been carefully prepared. Nevertheless, we do not guarantee its accuracy or
completeness
and nothing herein shall be construed to be a representation of such guarantee.
The information contained in this presentation is subject to amendment, revision and updating. Certain statements
contained in this
presentation may be statements of future expectations and other forward-looking statements that are based on the
management's current
views and assumptions and involve known and unknown risks and uncertainties. Actual results, performance or events
may differ materially from those in such statements as a result of, among others, factors, changing business or other
market conditions and the prospects for growth anticipated by the management of the Company. These and other factors
could adversely affect the outcome and financial effects of the plans and events described herein. The Company does not
undertake any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future
events or otherwise. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements which speak only as of the date of
this presentation.
This presentation is for information purposes only and may not be further distributed or passed on to any party which is not
the addressee
of this presentation. No part of this presentation must be copied, reproduced or cited by the addressees hereof other than
for the purpose
for which it has been provided to the addressee. 2

NEXT GENERATION OF SMART INVERTER
SYSTEMS AND ASPECTS WITH RESPECT TO
THE ENERGY TRANSITION
May 18th, Jan Van Laethem SMA Solar Technology AGETIP PV - Photovoltaics: centre-stage in the power system

SOLAR PV IS ON ITS WAY TO COMPETITIVENESS
IN MORE AND MORE REGIONS AROUND THE
WORLD
4
Atomic Power Plant Hinkley Point C in
Somerset, UK
PV Power Plant in Lackford, UK
1. Annual power production sufficient to supply c. 7.428.571 households with an average demand of 3.500 kWh
2. Annual power production sufficient to supply c. 5.762 households with an average demand of 3.500 hWh
Construction time: c. 4–5 months, commissioned
2014
Operator: Low Carbon
Power production p.a.: c. 20.168 MWh2
Electricity price per kWh: c. €0.09 ($0.10)
Construction time: c. 10 years, to be
commissioned 2025
Operator: Électricité de France (EdF)
Power production p.a.: c. 26.000.000 MWh1
Electricity price per kWh: c. €0.12 ($0.13)
In Germany‘s latest round of PV auctions in April 2016, €0.07 to €0.08 ($0.08 to
$0.09) were granted to the bidders.

BUSINESS HAS BECOME MATURE
5
In 2010, focus was on DC
to AC conversion in the
best possible way.
In 2016: Integration into
complex systems is key.
The energy market is in on the move. The energy transition is and will be a
fundamental change.
2010
Installer
business
2016
Systems and
Project Business
ETIP PV - Photovoltaics: centre-stage in the power system

BUT THE STRUGGLE REMAINS: POLITICAL
DECISIONS CAN QUICKLY CHANGE A
FRONTRUNNER‘S POSITION
6
In 2010, Germany had
45% of the world PV
market.
Today, Japan, China and
the USA have taken over
the pole position.
50
15
GWdc
20152010
To get back on top, Europe has to become the frontrunner again in the energy
transition
China
Japan
Germany
USA
ROW
45% 3%

3 STEPS TO FACILITATE THE ENERGY
TRANSITION
1.Source: EE-bus White Paper
The Energy Transition (example: Germany)
1. STANDARDIZATION – being SMART about SMART HOME
2. Bring in more PV DRIVERS to ACCELERATE THE ENERGY TRANSITION
3. PROVIDE DATA SERVICES FOR GRID STABILITY and to SUPPORT the
ENERGY TRANSITION

SMA IS THE CLEAR #1 IN THE GLOBAL
PV INVERTER INDUSTRY
8
Key Facts
Headquartered in Niestetal since 1981
Cum. nearly 50 GW installed worldwide
Sales of 1 billion EUR in 2015
> 3,500 employees, thereof 500 in R&D
Stock-listed since 2008
Present in 20 countries; 4 production
sites

SMA’S COMPLETE PRODUCT PORTFOLIO
OFFERS SOLUTIONS FOR ALL REQUIREMENTS
WORLDWIDE
9
SMA’s cumulative installed power of nearly 50 GW is the basis
for a successful service and storage business
Utility Commercial Residential
SUNNY CENTRAL SUNNY TRIPOWER SUNNY BOY
Off-Grid & Storage Service
O&M / WARRANTY EXTENSION
24 GW
cumulative
installed inverter
capacity
13 GW 13 GW
cumulative
installed inverter
capacity
cumulative
installed inverter
capacity
SUNNY BOY STORAGE
SUNNY CENTRAL STORAGE
SUNNY ISLAND

SMA POSITIONED ITSELF EARLY ON FOR THE
DIGITIZATION OF THE ENERGY SECTOR
11
With innovations and partnerships, SMA is well-prepared for the new
requirements
Energy Management Storage Technology
Data-based Business
models
Enhanced self-
consumption through
intelligent system
technology
Intelligent integration of
(stationary) batteries
into energy
management
Supply of power
generation and
consumption data
+ +
TESLA DAIMLERSMA SMART HOME TenneT

14.01.2016
TDR PGS PM Martin Volkmar SMA Solar Technology AG
SMA SMART HOME

All devices interconnected in local network and via Internet cloud (IoT*)
13
WHAT IS THE MEANING OF SMART HOME?
SMART HOME
 SMA Smart Home is a subset of the general definition of „Smart Home“
• Energy
Monitoring
• Energy
Management
• Smart
Metering
• HVAC control
• Demand response
access
Home
Automation
Energy
Efficiency
Entertainment
Systems
Security
(Peace of mind)
Healthcare
Systems
*IoT = Internet of ThingsETIP PV - Photovoltaics: centre-stage in the power system

LOCAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT IN A SMART
HOME
14
Sunny Boy Smart Energy converts direct
into alternating current and buffers up to two
kilowatt-hours of solar energy
Sunny Home Manager ensures the
temporally optimized balance of generation
and consumption
Sunny Places for energy forecasts, remote
monitoring and household energy
management
Controllable loads, that do not require a
specific operation time, can be activated by
Sunny Home Manager
Electric vehicle can be used as additional
electricity storage when combined with a
corresponding wallbox
Thermal storages have big capacity and are
more cost effective than a battery
1
3
2
4
5
6
3
1
45
2
6
Electrical and thermal storage combined with intelligent energy
management is ideally suited to make distributed generation more
flexible

Energy Management
Basic Inverter
System
Sunny Home
Manager System
Integrated
Storage System
Flexible
Storage System
Sunny Boy Energy Management
Inverter integrated
battery
PV inverter and battery
inverter
Only SunnyBoy PV inverter
• “Natural” self consumption:
20% (typical)
• Reduction of energy costs:
25% (typical)
Sunny Home Manager
+ RC sockets
• Self consumption: 45% (typical)
• Reduction of energy costs :
45% (typical)
SunnyBoy Smart Energy
52% (typical)
SunnyBoy + Sunny Island
57% (typical)
*) based on 5000kWh production per year *) based on 5000kWh production per year *) based on 5000kWh production and
consumption per year, battery size: 2kWh
*) based on 5000kWh production and
consumption per year, battery size:
5kWh
15
SMA’S ENERGY MANAGEMENT AND STORAGE SOLUTIONS
FOR OPTIMIZED SELF CONSUMPTION
Increase the self-consumption rate = Use your own PV energy!

HOW MUCH POWER DOES MY HOUSE REQUIRE?
… ENERGY MONITORING
16
FUNCTIONALITIES CUSTOMER BENEFIT
Measure Always informed:
• Total household consumption figure
• Monitor and remote control of household
appliances
SMA Energy Meter Compatible RC-sockets
Transparency and knowledge:
• Where, when and how much energy
does my house consume?
• What did I consume in the last month?
• Which devices are the ‘power hogs’in my
house?
Visualize
Analyse and Control Suggestions to increase energy efficiency
• Recommended actions, depending on
energy prognosis
• When is the best time to use my solar
power?
SMA Solar Technology AG SMA Smart Home - Energy Monitoring &
Management

18
ENERGY APPLIANCES CONNECTED …
… AND NOW IT ALL WORKS TOGETHER!
PARTNERS IN SMA SMART HOME
(Ladestationen für
Elektroautos)
(Weissware)(Wärmepumpen)
(Weissware via EEBUS (ab Q3 2016))
• Plug & Play
• Easy does it

EEBus is an initiative to take energy management
in the frame of Smart Homes from proprietary
solutions (e.g. Sunny Home Manager with only
Miele appliances) to a more generic level (like an
Ethernet network, where any device can exchange
information with other devices within the network
independent from the manufacturer).
19ETIP PV - Photovoltaics: centre-stage in the power system

20
www.eebus.org

PHOTOVOLTAICS AND E-MOBILITY ARE BEHIND
SCHEDULE IN GERMANY (AND ELSEWHERE…)
23.05.2016 22
Both technologies are connected.
E-mobility only makes sense if its energy originates from renewable sources
Photovoltaics
> Solar & Wind are main factors in energy
transtion
> 19,3 % of gross electricity production in
2015
> Since 2014 new installations behind plan
E-cars
> E-mobility is key for an ecological
mobility transition
> E-cars have a clearly lower CO2 footprint
> Batteries solve the volatility of
renewables in the Smart Grid
Quelle: Fortschrittsbericht 2014, Nationale Plattform Elektromobilität, Berlin,
Dezember 2014
Quelle: BSW: „Meldedaten PV Bundesnetzagentur 2014/2015“, Berlin, 1.2.2016

VEHICLE-TO-GRID INTEGRATION
23
The first generation e-vehicles changes the car industry.
The next generations will gradually change the energy transition.
Utilization of the flexibility in buildings
> E-vehicles connected to local EMS
> „Green Area“ usables in a competitive
way
(in INEES about 30 %)
> User settings and needs indfluence
clearly the useful battery capacity
Connecting buildings to the Markets
> „Virtual Power Stations“
> Competitiveness strongly Regulation
dependent
> Many preconditions already fulfilled
> Biggest obstacle: double use of the same
communication network as cars
*: VPP = Virtual Power Plant = Virtuelles Kraftwerk
VPP*
Märkte

SUPRA-REGIONAL ENERGY MANAGEMENT
THROUGH AGGREGATION IN VIRTUAL POWER
PLANTS
• Distributed Energy Resources (DER) in current market not attractive for the
energy industry
• In future market design: aggregation in virtual power plants
• Systems pooled in virtual power plants
> provide flexibility out of generators, consumer loads and storage devices to
Smart Grids
> trade needed excess energy on Smart Markets
Image: Vattenfall
25
Technology for a flexible, secure and cost-effective connection of DER is
available

CHALLENGE FOR TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
OPERATORS
> Generation and consumption to
be balanced at any time
> Consumption predicted using
standard load curves
> Conventional generation scheduled
according to predicted consumption
and renewables generation
> Renewables are volatile
> Local energy management and
storage tighten the situation
> Schedule to reality deviations settled through expensive control power
> Transmission System Operators (TSO) are responsible for the insertion of
control power
> They need near-time photovoltaic (PV) projections and forecasts based on
measured data
26
Today no measuring network for small and medium size PV plants
available
Measuring network would have to be precise, secure and cost effective
Mains frequency (50/60 Hz)
Consumption Generation
Damping through energy stored in generators and motors
Load
variations and
forecast
deviations
Station
blackout and
forecast
deviations
 Insertion of
control power
Image: TenneT TSO

DATA SUPPLY PILOT WITH TENNET TSO
PROJECT OVERVIEW
30
40,000 monitored PV systems in
German TenneT control area
Thereof 20,000 PV systems with
transmission every 5 minutes
1,500 PV systems with
SensorBox
Projections and forecasts
Marketing of REL* electricity
Reduction of control reserve
need
Congestion management
Feed-in management validation
Commercial balancing
Asset management
Every 5
minutes:
5 minute
averages of the
current PV
power,
irradiation and
temperature
aggregated to 5
digit ZIP codes
REL = Renewable Energy Law (Germany)
TenneT will considerably reduce the current projection delay

FURTHER DEVELOPMENT OF THE SMA ENERGY
SERVICES
31
International rollout to regions with high PV penetration
Measures to continuously enhance data quality and quantity

THE TIME HAS COME …
… to support grid operation
through near-time data out of
distributed energy resources
32
… to connect e-vehicles and
grid to support the energy
transition
… to standardize the way
energy consumers and
prosumers talk in a Smart Home

Thank you for your interest!
Jan Van Laethem
Regional Manager SMA Western
Europe
(Benelux, UK, France)
SMA Solar Technology AG
Sonnenallee 1, 34266 Niestetal,
Germany
+49 561 9522 0
Jan.VanLaethem@SMA-Benelux.com

SOCIAL MEDIA
www.SMA.de/Newsroom

Supporting Power Quality
in Distribution Networks with Inverters
Andreas Schlumberger / Thomas Schaupp – KACO new energy May 18th, 2016

Topics
1 Installed power today
2 Critical issues
3 Today’s solutions
4 Solutions in standardization
CENELEC TS 50549
5 Looking ahead
Andreas Schlumberger – KACO new energy May 18th, 2016 | 2

Topics
2 Critical issues
CENELEC TS 50549
5 Looking ahead

Installed Power Today
Integration of power into
the German transport grid
 In mid 2016
- Approx. 40 GW PV power installed
- Approx. 41 GW wind power installed
 The base load range significantly reduced

Topics
2 Critical issues
CENELEC TS 50549
5 Looking ahead

Critical Issues
in the distribution grid
 Island formation
 Overload of equipment
 Voltage maintenance

Voltage maintenance
 Excess voltage! Grid reinforcement necessary
Andreas Schlumberger – KACO new energy
PV
P
P P
MV-Grid 20 kV
Trafo
0,4 kV Line HAS 1
HAS 2
Load 1
Load 2
PV
UL1
Distance
P
3~
~
1.1 p.u. = 253 V
1.0 p.u. = 230 V
high power
production, low load
no power production
max. Load
0.9 p.u. = 207 V
Transformer
station
May 18th, 2016 | 9

Critical Issues
in the transport grid
 Balance between consumption and generation is necessary
for frequency stability
 Imbalance results in frequency fluctuations
 Overload of equipment
 Sudden power drop in the GW range
- resulting from frequency cut-off of distributed generation
- Protective tripping in the event of short interruptions
- System Split due to overloaded connections
- Drop in power results in imbalance between generation
and consumption

Topics
2 Critical issues
CENELEC TS 50549
5 Looking ahead
Andreas Schlumberger – KACO new energy May 18th, 2016 |

Today’s solutions
Distribution System
 Voltage Support by reactive power
 Supply management (Curtailment)
 Island detection ( critical since contradicting power system
stability)
Transport System
 Power reduction in case of overfrequency
 Immunity to dips and swells
 Dynamic voltage support contribution to short circuit power

General assumption
 Standardization is required to write down state of the art
 Manufacturers require standardization to produce unified
equipment for all countries
 Due to different network topology network operators have
different needs to integrate dispersed generation
- But the general problems are the same

Solution
 Define standard behavior for dispersed generation
 Allow adjustment to local needs
 Analysis of system impact is very specific to the local
topology of the grid  excluded from scope

Included topics
 Range of operation (not protection)
 Immunity to disturbance
- Voltage dips
- Rate of change of frequency
 Reactive power provision
 Standard control modes for reactive power
 Dynamic grid support
 Protection (voltage and frequency)
 Communication

Standard range of Operation
Voltage / Frequency

Immunity to Disturbance

Immunity to Disturbance
 Rate of change of Frequency
– 2.5Hz/s  no disconnection allowed
 For system stability it is mandatory that short disturbance
does not lead to loss of generation  Immunity is
important

Power Reduction in the
Event of Overfrequency
 power reduction in the
event of overfrequency
 Gradient 40% Pactual/Hz
 Response time as fast as
possible,
best below 2 seconds
 No automatic disconnection
from the grid in the range of
47.5 Hz to 51.5 Hz

Reactive Power Capability
 PD=P-Design,
the maximum
active power
of the Plant
where Qmax
might be
delivered

Voltage Maintenance
by means of reactive power supply
PV
P
P P
20 kV
Trafo
0,4 kV Line HAS 1
HAS 2
Load 1
Load 2
PV
UL1
Distance
P
3~
~
1.1 p.u. = 253 V
1.0 p.u. = 230 V
High Power no load
Max Load no Production
0.9 p.u. = 207 V
Transformer
Station
Q
Q
as above but with
reactive power
consumption
MV-Grid

Dynamic Grid Support
with reactive Current
 Reactive current to
feed into the grid fault
(short circuit) eg. in
transmission system
 Trigger line protection
devices
 Increase voltage in
case of remote fault
 Reduce region of
impact

Dynamic Grid Support
with reactive Current

Protection
Available Protection Function
 Voltage
- Over/Under-voltage Phase-Phase
- Over/Under-voltage Phase-Neutral
- Over/Under-voltage Positive/Negative/Zero sequence
- Overvoltage Average values (eg. 10 min average RMS)
 Over/Under Frequency
 Line protection / overcurrent is considered mandatory in
installation standards and is not included in TS50549

Looking ahead
 The key question
- Which technical features will a power system need to
run stable with a penetration of 40% ... 60% ... 80% ...
100% of inverter-based power generation?
- The instantaneous penetration of inverter based
generation will vary during a day from 0% to 100%
 Features possibly necessary in the future
- Provide power in negative sequence
- Provide primary reserve
- Provide inertia
- New protection design
- Black start capability

So …
How far can we go with inverters only?
 100% inverter-based grid is possible
- Already implemented in small scale, e.g. UPS, island
grids
- Research for large scale needed

So …
How can we minimize installation costs?
 Reduction in material costs for inverters and modules will continue
 Harmonization of requirements will reduce engineering costs
- We’ve let go by the chance for harmonization in context of RfG,
national implementation allows to many variations
- The goal should be: Harmonization similar to Low Voltage Directive
(2014/35/EU) or EMC-Directive (2014/30/EU)
 Connection procedure
- a) Connection evaluation based on plant requires evaluation
procedure for each plant including costs for each plant
- b) Connection evaluation based on unit allows to type evaluation and
faster / more cost effective connections
- Some European countries use b) up to several MW plant size, some
(GER) introduce a) above 100 kVA

Thank for your attention.
KACO new energy GmbH  
Carl-Zeiss-Str. 1 . 74172 Neckarsulm . Deutschland   
Fon +49 7132 3818 0 . Fax +49 7132 3818 703 
info@kaco-newenergy.de . www.kaco-newenergy.com

Stability of the power system with
converter-interfaced generation
Moving from a system based on synchronous machines to a system based
on inverters
Marie-Sophie Debry, RTE

Introduction
The decrease of inertia level is a subject that is currently under scrutiny:
• Many studies and articles…
• Possibility in the grid codes to require « synthetic inertia » from inverters
In the next future, potentially very few synchronous machines connected to
grids during certain seasons or certain hours of the day…
From inertia to synchrony:
• Going from a system driven by physical laws to a system driven by the controls of
inverters
• Power Electronics are fully controllable BUT they only do what is in their control
system!
• There is no natural behavior of inverters, this is very dependent on manufacturers.

Requirements
“Inertia” is not a requirement but a possible solution!
• Today’s system inertia is the consequence of the existence of large synchronous
generators. Nobody ever defined the required level of inertia, which is only an
uncontrolled by-product.
• Emulating “synchronous generators with identical inertia” with inverter-based devices
is technically possible but requires over-sized inverters.
Requirement: stability at an acceptable cost
• Acceptable level of stability for large transmission
system while keeping costs under control
• Stable operation of large transmission system should
not depend on telecommunication system: we must
keep something like “frequency” to synchronize
inverters
Still valid ?
A priori, this relation is lost
(linked to rotating masses
equations).
How to ensure that there will be no limitation of PE penetration into the grid?
Check the viability of operation of a transmission grid with no synchronous machines
and then add some of them!

Challenge: a grid-forming control strategy…
Today inverters connected to the grid are “followers”: they measure the frequency
and adapt their current injection to provide active/reactive power with the same
frequency
SG
SG
50 Hz
Synchronous machines create voltage
waveforms with the same frequency.
Converters measure the grid frequency.
Converters provide active and reactive
power at the measured frequency.
What if there is nothing to “follow”?
Inverters (at least some of them) need to be “grid forming”, they have to create the
voltage waveform on their own.

… Taking into account the limitations of inverters
Inverter over current limitation is very close to nominal capability (over current of
120% for 1 cycle)
Solutions have already been developed for small isolated grids, but they are not
applicable to large transmission systems which have specific features:
- Meshed systems
- Many operational topological changes
- No knowledge of generation/load location
- No master/slave relation

MIGRATE project
Massive InteGRATion of power Electronic devices
“MIGRATE aims at helping the pan-European transmission system to adjust
progressively to the negative impacts resulting from the proliferation of power
electronics onto the HVAC power system operations, with an emphasis on the power
system dynamic stability, the relevance of existing protection schemes and the
resulting degradation of power quality due to harmonics.”
Coordinator: TenneT GmbH, 24 partners
Duration 4 years (January 2016 – January 2019)

MIGRATE WP3: Control and operation of a large
transmission system with 100% converter-based
devices
Objectives:
• To propose and develop novel control and management rules for a transmission grid
to which 100 % converter-based devices are connected while keeping the
costs under control;
• To check the viability of such new control and management rules within transmission
grids to which some synchronous machines are connected;
• To infer a set of requirement guidelines for converter-based generating units (grid
codes), as far as possible set at the connection point and technology-agnostic, which
ease the implementation of the above control and management rules.

« STORAGE SUPPORTING
PV DEPLOYMENT »
VERONICA BERMUDEZ
EDF R&D / DPT. EFESE/ SOLAR
TECHNOLOGIES
REPOWERING EUROPE- 18 mai 2016

| 2
OUTLINE
Photovoltaic market
Photovoltaic market. Competivity?

| 3
SOLAR MARKET BRIEFLY
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Supply - crystalline silicon Supply - thin-film silicon
Supply - thin film non-silicon Demand - conservative
Demand - optimistic
Tier 1 module capacity 50.3GW
Cell and module manufacturing capacity - at least 85GW
Source: Bloomberg New Energy
Finance
Despite industry consolidation, the
whole PV value chain is in
oversupply and is expected to
remain so until 2017

| 4
 We observe 3 trypes of main photovoltaic applications, that can be (or not) grid
connected.
DISTRIBUTION OF PV MARKET
 Grid connected (but also self
consuming
 Residential and commercial
 Most of installation
Buildings
 Non- grid connected
 Isolated solutions, telcom
antennaes, …
 A few % of installations.
Isolated areas
 Grid connected
 Strong development where the
land is available (e.g. USA,
China, under transformation
lands)
 ~36 % of installations
Utility-scale
Residential ≤10 kW
Small Commercial 10.1-100 kW
Medium Commercial 101 kW-1 MW
Large Commercial 1.01 MW-5 MW
Utility-Scale >5 MW
Cumulative Demand by Segment 2015-2019
© 2015 IHSSource: IHS

| 5
TARGETS TO REDUCE COSTS OF PV
1. Reducing technology costs
2. Reducing grid integration costs
3. Accelerating deployment.
1. Reducing the levelized cost of
electricity (LCOE) from solar PV
2. Enhancing system reliability
3. Enlarging the range of
applications of PV
4. Establishing a recycling system.
DOE: Sunshot (2020) target
Utility-scale PV system US1$/WDC
Commercial-scale PV system US1.25$/WDC
Residential-scale PV system US1.5$/WDC
LCOE (utility-scale system) US0.06$/WDC
NEDO target year
LCOE commercial-scale JPY14/kWh 2020
Module % and lifetime 22%, 25 yrs
LCOE utility-scale JPY7/kWh 2030
Module % and lifetime 25%, 30yrs
Technologies to support PV deployment

| 6
BUT, WHAT REALLY COST MEANS?. LCOE
Source: Bloomberg New Energy Finance

| 7
Negative prices appear in the German bourse
In Spain, prices are limited to 0
In California, the regulator has modified minimum prices from –30
$/MWh to –300 $/MWh.
SPOT PRICE OF ELECTRICITY
Costs of
“fuel”
CO2 cost
Production
means
availability
Hydraulic
Wind
Solar
Temperature
Daily, weekly,
saison cycles
Aleas Aleas
Interconnection
net busy
Charge loadProduction load
“Spot”
Price

| 8
DISPATCHABILITY: BUT NOT ONLY
1. Storage of tens of seconds or a few minutes, to remove fluctuations due to
cloud cover, if this is important for the electricity sales agreement or the grid
connection agreement.
2. To provide ancillary services such as frequency response or reserve, if a
market or a mandatory requirement exists.
3. Storage of a few hours, in order to time-shift production to times of the day
when the price is higher. Electricity systems with a high penetration of PV
already show a strong impact on spot prices.

| 9
Tomorrow : application of new technologies,
diffuses or centralized, on board or static

| 10
…but also within the same sector:
• Installations : specialised
equipments (Hospitals, Swimming
pools, …)
• Electrical heating and/or
climatization
• Yearly occupancy: holydays
• Building age
• PV production capacity [kWh/m²]
• Available roof surface
The self-production/ self-consumption
ratio varies as a fonction of the analysed
sector :
• Office
• Cultural buildings
• Educational buildings
• Health related buildings
• Sport centers
• Hotels / restaurants
Tier Sector : load profiled are very different from on building to another
SELF-CONSUMING PV IN THE TIER RESIDENTIAL
SECTOR

| 11
Cultural building: day/night out of phase
Offices : Conso/production are syncronised
Self-consuming ratio= 46 %
Self-production ratio= 38 %
Adding more PV modules will not cover the
consumed power excess.
Under consumation during WE.
PV SELF-CONSUMPTION IN TIERS SECTOR

| 12
Educational building: impact of school holydays
Offices : Climatization impact Offices : electrix heating impact
PV SELF-CONSUMPTION IN TIERS SECTOR

| 13
Source : EDF R&D
For a residential installation- without storage system, nor uses controller - the most we can
expect to consume is 40% of our slef-produced electricity.
The use of the grid will be necessary.
PuissancePVproduitekW
Lundi Mardi Mercredi Jeudi Vendredi Samedi Dimanche
There are technical solutions that
allow maximizing the ratio self-
consumption/self-production :
- Smart electrical control of
buildings
- Adding adapted storage
solution.
SELF-CONSUMPTION PV IN THE RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

| 14
PV SELF-CONSUMPTION
STRONG IMPORTANCE
 For client: all kWh produced are not self-consumed:
 The promised « grid parity » is only theoretical if 100% of the production is not
consumed…

| 15
Principle : Storage excess non consomed PV power in batteries.
Multiple technological solutions in the market with limited performances, in particular in the
load/unload strategies and the fitting wit loag management.
SONNENBATTERIE
SUNNY HOME
MANAGER
STORELIO
POWERROUTER
BOSCH V5
HYBRID
SMART ENERGY
SELF-CONSUMPTION PV « OPTIMISED »
ADDING A STORAGE UNIT (BATTERIE,….)

| 16
CONCLUSIONS
 The increasing contribution of PV to the global and regional power mix has caused
a number of fundamental challenges, which can largely be addressed by the
addition of energy storage.
 PV electricity is produced only during the day; energy is often needed during the night.
The ability to store energy during the day for use at night is beneficial.
 PV is an intermittent and unpredictable generation source. Storage allows fluctuations in
supply to be reduced.
 Off-grid PV is not connected to the grid and therefore the only way to use electricity at
night is through storage.
 The development of storage for PV is essential to increase the ability of PV
systems to replace existing energy sources.
 Although introducing storage to grid-connected applications is a new development in the
PV market, storage has been used in off-grid PV systems for some time.
 New products targeted at the PV industry, technology advances, and the availability of
less expensive storage solutions, will lead to the increased use of energy storage in the
PV industry.
 More storage solutions are becoming commercially available. They range from
intelligent management systems which are coupled with a battery to large-scale turn-
key solutions aimed at grid-scale applications.

Impact of storage on PV attractiveness
Mariska de Wild-Scholten
Repowering Europe, 'Photovoltaics: centre-stage in the power system',
18 May 2016, Brussels

Outline
How does storage affect the environmental balance of PV?
Life Cycle Assessment
 Greenhouse gas emissions
 Toxicity
 Depletion
2

Mismatch of generation & consumption
of electricity
3
Martin Braun 2009 EPVSEC24 4BO.11.2

Why storage @ home?
4
Storage to
increase self-
sufficiency
Storage to
increase self-
consumption
High grid electricity price?

Storage System
5
 Module with battery cells ............... this presentation
 Energy management system
 Inverter
 Etcetera

Which battery type?
6http://www.estquality.com/technology
Li-ion = dominating
battery type for PV
home applications

Battery technology comparison
7
Aquion Energy
Li-ion = dominating
battery type for PV
home applications

Calculation of carbon footprint
of stored electricity in life time of battery
Global Warming Potential (GWP) of stored electricity
g CO2-eq/kWh
GWP (g CO2-eq) / kg battery .............................step 1
x Battery weight (kg)
/ usable capacity of battery (kWh) ....................step 2
/ number of charge cycles .................................step 3
8

Global Warming Potential (GWP) of battery
with LMO: Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4)
9ecoinvent 2.2, calculated with IPCC2013 GWP100a method
GWP = 5.89 kg CO2-eq/kg battery cell
using IPCC2007 GWP100a

with LMO: Lithium Manganese Oxide (LiMn2O4)
10ecoinvent 2.2, calculated with IPCC2013 GWP100a method
GWP = 5.39 kg CO2-eq/kg battery
Single cell, lithium-ion battery, lithium manganese oxide/graphite,
at plant/CN U
Unit Value % IPCC2013 GWP100a %
kg CO2-eq/kg
1.050 100.0% 5.390 100.0%
Transport, freight, rail/RER U tkm 0.167 6.63E-03 0.1%
Transport, lorry >16t, fleet average/RER U tkm 0.028 3.73E-03 0.1%
Chemical plant, organics/RER/I U p 0.000 4.97E-02 0.9%
Electricity, medium voltage, at grid/CN U kWh 0.106 1.28E-01 2.4%
Heat, natural gas, at industrial furnace >100kW/RER U MJ 0.065 4.73E-03 0.1%
Inert atmosphere: Nitrogen, liquid, at plant/RER U kg 0.010 4.37E-03 0.1%
Electrolyte salt: LiPF6 Lithium hexafluorophosphate, at plant/CN U kg 0.019 1.8% 4.75E-01 8.8%
Electrolyte solvent: Ethylene carbonate Ethylene carbonate, at plant/CN U kg 0.160 15.2% 2.35E-01 4.4%
Separator: Coated polyethylene film Separator, lithium-ion battery, at plant/CN U kg 0.054 5.1% 3.23E-01 6.0%
Cathode: LiMn2O4 Cathode, lithium-ion battery, lithium manganese oxide, at plant/CN Ukg 0.327 31.1% 2.68E+00 49.7%
Anode: Graphite Anode, lithium-ion battery, graphite, at plant/CN U kg 0.401 38.2% 1.04E+00 19.3%
Electrode tab: Al Aluminium, production mix, wrought alloy, at plant/RER U kg 0.016 1.6% 1.80E-01 3.3%
Package: Polyethylene Polyethylene, LDPE, granulate, at plant/RER U kg 0.073 7.0% 1.60E-01 3.0%
Processing:
Processing of input materials: Extrusion, plastic film/RER U kg 0.073 3.87E-02 0.7%
Sheet rolling, aluminium/RER U kg 0.016 1.00E-02 0.2%
Emissions to air:
Heat, waste MJ 0.380
Waste to treatment:
Ecoinvent assumption 5% Disposal, Li-ions batteries, mixed technology/GLO U kg 0.053 4.91E-02 0.9%

with LFP: Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
11
Hiremath (March 2014) Master Thesis Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany
GWP = 11.2 kg CO2-eq/kg

Number of cycles depend on depth of discharge
12Saft

Carbon footprint of stored electricity
Lowest value from my preliminary analysis:
12 g CO2-eq/kWh stored electricity
How much kWh storage needed / kWh generated?
13

Carbon footprint - gram CO2-eq/kWh
hydropower / UCTE
0
10
20
30
40
50
mono-Si multi-Si a-Si μm-Si CdTe CIGS
2011 2011 2008-2011 2013
estimate
2010-2011 2011
14.8% 14.1% 7.0% 10.0% 11.9% 11.7%
33-45 MWp 120 MWp 963 MWp 20-66 MWp
Carbonfootprint
(gCO2-eq/kWh)
poly-Si: hydropower
wafer/cell/module: UCTE electricity
glass-based modules
%: total area module efficiencies
ecoinvent 2.2 database
25 August 2013
mariska@smartgreenscans.nl
on-roof installation in Southern Europe
1700 kWh/m2.yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules
inverter
mounting + cabling
frame
laminate
cell
ingot/crystal + wafer
Si feedstock
China electricity mix
14
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
mono-Si mono-Si multi-Si multi-Si
2011 2011 2011 2011
14.8% 14.8% 14.1% 14.1%
hydro/UCTE China/China hydro/UCTE China/China
Carbonfootprint
(gCO2-eq/kWh)
poly-Si: hydropower/CN
wafer/cell/module: UCTE /CNelectricity
glass-based modules
%: total area module efficiencies
ecoinvent 2.2 database
25 August 2013
mariska@smartgreenscans.nl
on-roof installation in Southern Europe
1700 kWh/m2.yr irradiation on optimally-inclined modules
inverter
mounting + cabling
frame
laminate
cell
ingot/crystal + wafer
Si feedstock
CN CN
mono multi
 Status of inventory data 2011
World average carbon footprint ≈ 55 g CO2-eq/kWh

Many uncertainties
 GWP value based on 2010 or older inventory data of
the battery
 Reliable manufacturer data missing
 Number of charging cycles depend on depth of
discharge
 Only battery calculated, not a complete storage
system
 How much storage is needed / kWh electricity
generated from PV?
15

Toxicity
 N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) solvent in electrolyte
 Alternative: Water based is not possible because some
electrodes are moisture sensitive
 Alternative: Electrovaya SuperPolymer® 2.0
 Polyvinylidene fluoride-based binders in electrolyte
 Replace with chlorine
16

Critical Raw Materials: cobalt
17
Cobalt in LiCoO2 cathodeLithium

Depletion of materials
 Cobalt in LiCoO2 electrode
 replace Co with Mn, Fe, Ti
 LiFePO4
 Lithium Titanate (Li4Ti5O12)
 Lithium
 replacement with Na, Ka, Mg, Ca...
 recycling
18

Cradle to cradle battery
Aquion Energy
19
NaSO4 solution
(AHI™)

Recommendations
To get a reliable evaluation of the environmental impact
of current storage systems it is recommended that
LCA studies are performed
 with data collected by manufacturers of Battery
Storage Systems,
 in EU / National projects.
20

References / Funding
References:
 D. Larcher, J-M. Tarascon (2014) Towards greener and more sustainable
batteries for electrical energy storage, Nature Chemistry 7: 19-29
 PV Magazine Storage Special July 2015 with Market Survey of Batteries
Funding: none
21

Thank you for your attention!
mariska@smartgreenscans.nl La Duna, Casas Bioclimáticas ITER, Tenerife

STORAGE MARKET DEVELOPMENT
AND PRICE ROADMAP
Repowering Europe May 2016 | Marion PERRIN

| 2
• Need for electricity storage: applications
• Market evolution
• Present prices
• Storage learning curve / Price roadmap
• European storage?
AGENDA
LITEN Days 2015 | Marion PERRIN

| 3
STORAGE STILL THE LAST FLEXIBILITY OPTION?

| 4
Need for storage:
scenario ADEME 100% renewables FR 2050

| 5
Need for storage:
scenario Germany 100% renewables 2050

| 6
Concordant / non concordant conclusions
NO NEED OF STORAGE FOR THE ELECTRICAL SYSTEM IN THE SHORT TERM
• Long term storage (e.g. power to gas) only needed with RE
shares higher than 70 to 80%
FR
• First need is weekly storage
• From 40% share on, need of
intraday storage
• At 80% RE, 8GW weekly, 7GW
short term storage needed
• The focus is put on
« distribution grid support »
(hundreds of kW/kWh)
• water heaters represent a 13 to
20 TWh intra-day flexibility
DE
• First need is on short term
storage (frequency regulation)
• At 80% RE, 5GW weekly, 7GW
short term storage needed
• Focus is put on larger scale
storage (MW) for frequency
regulation and on residential
storage for PV self-
consumption

| 7
• Present prices
• Storage learning curve
AGENDA

| 10
What is the optimal management ?
Use profile
Performances
begining of life
Performances
during operation
MULTIPLE TECHNOLOGIES FOR PV STORAGE ?
Which technology to select for my application ?

| 11
What about the residential PV + battery market?

| 13
• ”IMS Research predicts that energy storage sales will jump from only $200
million in 2012 to a massive $19 billion as early as 2017.”
• California Public Utility Commission (CPUC) in its Sept. 3 2013 proposed
decision on energy storage…mandated 1.3 GW of energy storage into the
grid by 2020.
ENERGY STORAGE MARKET FORECAST

| 14
• Present prices
AGENDA

| 15
• NMC « low-cost » : less than 1.5€ for one 18650 (2x3.6=7.2Wh) =>
200€/kWh
• NCA : 2.8€ (3.1x3.65=11.3Wh) => 250€/kWh
• LFP base 26650 : less than 3€ (3x3.2= 9.6Wh) => 300€/kWh
• LTO no price for volumes, pas de prix sur les volumes, sampling of
18650 at 3.4€ (1x1.8=1.8Wh) => 1900€/kWh
End of 2015 on small cells
LI-ION COST AT CELL LEVEL 18650 - 26650

| 16
Retail price of residential PV storage system

| 17
• Present prices
AGENDA

| 18
LEARNING CURVE OF LI-ION
15% cost decrease for each doubling of the installed capacity 100€/kWh once 1TWh reached
Possible in 2030 provided market growth of 31% per year
Source Winfried Hoffmann 2014

| 19
How cheap can Li-ion become?

| 20
• Present prices
AGENDA

| 21
Where do Li-ion batteries come from?

| 22
GOOD NEWS FOR PV STORAGE?

| 23
Conclusions
Storage is one of the flexibility
options for grid integration of
renewables
Expected growth of the market until
2025 according to Avicenne
+ 4% for lead-acid
+ 10 % for Li-ion in vehicles
+ 11% for Li-ion in “energy storage”
=> 2 major technologies with lead-
acid still dominating in 2025

siemens.com
18 May, 2016
The virtual battery: energy management in
buildings and neighbourhoods

Siemens focuses on electrification, automation and digitalization –
and is actively supporting Smart City/Neighbourhood development
Digital transformation
Digitalization
Globalization
Automation
Urbanization
Demographic change
Climate change
Electrification
Power and
Gas
Wind Power
and
Renewables
Mobility Digital
Factory
Process
Industries and
Drives
Healthcare
Enablers
• Sensors
• Computing power
• Storage capacities
• Data analytics
• Networking ability
TODAY
Energy
Management
Building
Technologies

Digital Grid
Ahead of the challenge, ahead of the change

The energy systems
are changing dramatically

From monopoly power …… to deregulated markets.

From downstream power delivery …

From downstream power delivery …… to smart distribution and bidirectional power flows.

From top-down topologies …… to autonomous local structures.

From predictable long-term value streams …

From predictable long-term value streams …… to versatile, value-based transactions.

Germany: Energiewende 2.0 –
Future energy systems: Decoupling of generation and consumption
Past
Production follows consumption
Today
Consumption vs. production
Future
Production decoupled from consumption
500 MW
0 MW
-500 MW
250 MW
-250 MW
80% share
of renewable
energy in
2035+
‒ 2035+: Installed capacity of renewable energy systems:
>220 GW
‒ Electrical energy produced: 446 TWh
‒ Electricity generation is occasionally 2.4 times higher
than maximum consumption!
‒ Excess energy in northern states of Germany
‒ More than 7,000 MW for over 3,000 hours per year
‒ Grid stability is the highest priority
Reducing uncertainties is a major challenge for
research and development!

Digitalization enables you to turn challenges into opportunities
Digital services Vertical software
Digitally enhanced electrification and
automation
Challenges Digitalization with Siemens
delivers answers
ALERT!
Balancing
Peak avoidance
Resilience
Business models
CO2 and cost avoidance
Loss prevention
Distributed optimization
Customer focus

Siemens Digital Grid masterplan architecture
for a smooth transition to agility in energy
CIM – Common Information Model (IEC 61970)
Enterprise IT
IVR GIS
Network
planning
Asset
management
WMS/mobile Weather Forecasting Web portals CIS/CRM Billing
Enterprise Service Bus
Cloud enabled applications Public cloud
Smart communication
Gridcybersecurity
Managed/cloudservices
OT-ITintegration,consulting
Smart
transmission
Smart
distribution
Smart
consumption
and microgrids
Smart
distributed energy
systems
Smart
markets
$ €₹
Business applicationsGrid control applicationsGrid planning and simulation
CIM CIM

Siemens.com/answers
Intelligent Compact Substations for a Smarter Grid -
The modular concept out of one hand

Web of Systems for distributed autonomous control –
Example: The Intelligent Secondary Substation in a Smart Grid
+ Minimized engineering effort
Plug-and-Play capabilities, remote software update
and feature enhancements, asset monitoring
+ Reliable system operation
at lower cost
Supervised autonomous local control enables
reliable and stable smart grid operation while
making use of internet connections to an operation
center which are highly cost efficient but have
lower quality of service
Internet
Dramatic change of power flow
in substations
2003
today
SensorsStep-Trafo Feeders
Smart Networked Device
Controller
Intelligent Secondary
Substation
Control
Center

The modular energy
storage system for a
reliable power supply
SIESTORAGE

Energy storage technologies and application areas
Electrical storage
Mechanical storage
Electrochemical storage
Chemical storage
Source: Study by DNK/WEC “Energie für Deutschland 2011“, Bloomberg – Energy Storage technologies Q2 2011
CAES – Compressed Air Energy Storage
1 kW 10 kW 100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 100 MW 1,000 MW
Dual film capacitor
Superconductor
coil
MinutesSecondsHoursDays/months
Li-ion
NaS
batteries
Redox flow batteries
H2 / methane storage (stationary)
Diabatic
adiabatic CAES
Water pumped
storage
TechnologyFlywheel energy storage
SIESTORAGE
Time in use
• Know-how in different battery
technologies and chemistries
• Designed for the use of
various battery suppliers
• Technical data depending on
supplier
• Maximum savings through
optimized plant operation

Energy Storage for very different purposes
SIESTORAGE
Decentralized generation
MinutesSecondsHoursDaysWeeks
Distribution grid Transmission grid
Reserve capacity
Variable generation
(PV, Wind)
Consumer / Prosumer Conventional power plants
Application Segmentation
• Response to emergencies
• Residential/
commercial selfsupply
• Industrial peak shaving • On-grid + grid upgrade
deferral
• Remote areas/ off-grid
• Avoid curtailment
• Rules for grid integration
• Energy arbitrage
(time shifting)
• Increase flexibility
/ load optimization
• Ensure stability
• Load optimization
• Ensure power
system stability
1 kW Power100 kW 1 MW 10 MW 20 MW
Reserves
Time shifting
Firming
System
stability

Siemens.com/answers
Smart buildings: the answer to the increasing complexity of
tomorrow’s energy systems

Building Technologies
Sustainable, innovative technology by Siemens, anno 2014 : the future of building management
80%
operating costs
40% energy
30% maintenance
10% other costs
Of this
20%
building costs
Did you know
that 80% of the
total
costs of building
arise during
operation?

Building Technologies - The future of building management
Convergence and integration of autonomous systems in one communication platform
Totally
integrated
Buildings are smart and fully integrated Convergence and
integration
Thanks to interfaces, the technical
infrastructure solutions converge with
superior business systems, thus
increasing the benefits of the complete
infrastructure for:
 more transparency
 more flexibility
 reduced operating costs
Technical infrastructures
IT networks
Heating,
ventilation,
air conditioning
Lighting,
shading
Fire safety Security
Integration
ITconvergence

Smart Buildings manage optimally local consumption, generation and
storage, by providing detailed monitoring
Energy Portfolio
Management
Replace one energy source by a more
cost-competitive alternative
Co-Generation
Use CHP, PV or other Power Supply
for Co-generation
Shifting/Balancing
Shift consumption to low tariff to reduce
peak load
Shaping
Reduce consumption
24h
Base load
Demand
0h
Consumption
to grid
Demand
Consumption
to grid
Supply
24h0h
Building Energy Management System (BEMS)

Grid and Building have entered the development phase
of becoming "smart"
Evolution of grid and building
Central Generation
• Central generation plants
• Central T&D concept
Building Control
• HVAC Control
• Pneumatic technology
Decentral Generation
• Political trend (e.g. EEG)
• First pilots for wind and PV plants
Building Automation
• Building Management System
• Integration of other technical
subsystems, e.g. PV
Smart Grid Pilots
• Virtual Power Plant in Europe
• Demand Response market in US
• First Microgrid pilots
• First smart metering roll-outs
Building Performance
• Energy Efficiency
• Total Building Solutions
• Remote building and energy
management
• First demand response
applications (Sitecontrols)
Smart Grid
• Efficient integration of renewable and
distributed generation by VPPs
• Trend towards decentralized grid
structures
• Large smart meter installed base
• Distribution automation; full know-ledge
of grid status down to LV-level
Smart Building in Smart Grid
• Intelligent energy consumption
• Energy supply-side management
• Local energy generation
• Energy storage
• Interface to smart grid
Traditional
Prosumer
Smart
1
2
3
1990 2000 2015-20202012
SmartCities/
SmartNeighbourhoods

Distributed Energy Systems
Aspern (Vienna), Austria

Smart data to business example:
Smart City Research Aspern, Vienna
One of the biggest Smart
City Projects in Europe
Apartments for
20.000 inhabitants and
20.000 work places until 2030
Size: 240 Hectare
Manifold utilization generates
economic impulse and
provides quality of life, ideal
“living lab”
New, multifunctional city district
including apartments, offices,
business and research quarters
and a school campus.
Seestadt Wien Aspern
addresses the
Megatrends urbanization
and climate change
Future oriented concept
including technologies,
products and solution for an
energy efficient city district

Digitalization
changes everything

Nikos Hatziargyriou,
HEDNO, BoD Chairman & CEO
Chair of ETP SmartGrids
REPOWERING EUROPE
Photovoltaics: centre-stage in the power system
Brussels, 18 May 2016
Challenges and opportunities in the
integration of PV in the electricity
distribution networks

Evolution of EUROPEAN solar PV
CUMULATIVE installed capacity 2000-2014
Source: www.solarpowereurope.org

EUROPEAN cumulative solar PV market scenarios
Source: www.solarpowereurope.org

95% of PV capacity is installed at LV (60%) and MV (35%)
Source: EPIA, 2012
Source: ENEL, 2013
Italy: Energy Flows at TSO-DSO boundary

Use of Network is decreased, but not the need for
investments
Power flows between transmission and distribution network in Italy, 2010-2012
Source: Enel Distribuzione
Distribution networks
are designed for peak
power, which is
needed few hours per
year

Impact of VRES on distribution networks (1/2)
March 2013 - Working days
Southern regions
March 2010 - Working days
Southern regions
Hour (h) Hour (h)
Steep ramps
in the evening
Apparent reduction
in the morningLoad covered by
wind and PV

Impact of VRES on distribution networks (2/2)
Hour (h) Hour (h)
March 2013 - Sundays & holidays
Southern regions
March 2010 - Sundays & holidays
Southern regions
Reverse power flow (from MV to HV)
Load covered by
wind and PV

 Congestion - Thermal ratings (transformers, feeders etc) especially on:
 Low load – max generation situations - unavailability of network elements (Ν-1
criterion)
 Voltage regulation
 Overvoltage (e.g. minL – maxG situation or/combined with high penetration in LV
network) - Undervoltage (e.g. large DER after OLTC/VR) - increased switching
operation of OLTC/VR
 Short circuit
 DER contribution to fault level - compliance with design fault level etc
 Reverse power flows – impact on:
 Capability of transformers, automatic voltage control systems (e.g. OLTC), voltage
regulation, voltage rise etc
 Power quality
 Rapid voltage change, flicker, DC current injection , harmonics, etc
 Islanding – Protection
 Personnel/consumers/facilities safety, mis-coordination among protection
equipment and reduced sensitivity operation zone
Technical Challenges

Requirements for DER capabilities in
Network Codes
• Expanded operation limits for voltage and frequency in normal operation
• Continuous operation under low voltage (LVRT or FRT)
• Voltage support during faults (injection of reactive current)
• Frequency support:
o Static (droop type, ΔP=kΔf – mainly for overfrequency)
o Dynamic (inertial support, ΔP=kROCOF)
• Contribution to Voltage Regulation:
o Reactive power control /power factor (cosφ=f(U) ή cosφ=f(P))
o Active voltage regulation
• Monitoring και power control of DER stations:
o Active power curtailment
o Limits of rate of change of power production
o Provision of spinning reserve
Transmission Services Distribution Services

• Control of DER
 Reactive power control (P-Q, V-Q etc), active power curtailment
• Future concepts
 Centralised or decentralised storage for peak saving
 Coordinated (centralised or decentralised) voltage control
 Usage of SCADA software or other (smart grids, web-interfaces e.g.)
Requirements for DER Stations in
Network Codes

12
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1
1,2
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
PVgeneratio(p.u.)
Time (h)
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1
1,1
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
Load(p.u.)
Time (h)
Daily PV generation and load curves
Source: EC, FP7 Sustainable Project
Coordinated Voltage Control
Study Case in Rhodes

13
Conventional practice
Advanced voltage control
Improvement of node voltages (daily variation) by gradual application of
control means
3rd Node
Centralized control
(Optimization: minimize voltage
deviations from nominal)

 
24
2
1
1 1
*
N
it ref
t i
J w V V
 
 
  
 
 
Standard practice (typical voltage
regulation)
Advanced controller:
14
Improvement in voltage variations
Improvement of node voltages (daily variation) by applying advanced controller
(Objective: minimize voltage deviations - All available control variables exploited)

The ETP SmartGrids Vision
http://www.smartgrids.eu

55%
2015
Asset
Utilisation
BaU
Integration of
Innovative Flexible
Technologies
2020 2030+
35%
25%
17
Can we afford silo & non
smart?
Megagrid
Microgrids
Smart
Network
Technologies
Demand
Response
Storage Flexible DG
Paradigm shift: from redundancy in
assets to intelligence
Value of flexible
technologies > €30bn/y
Smart Distribution

Challenges for 2020
• Paradigm shift towards smart grid
– From redundancy in assets to smart integration of all
available resources – fundamental review of
standards
• From Silo to Whole-Systems approach
– Enable interaction across sectors and energy
vectors
• From Centralised to Distributed Control
– Consumer choices driven development

They support us:
Reuniwatt –
Forecasting Use Cases
Marion Lafuma – Marketing Manager
18/05/2016 1

Reuniwatt’s creation
■ Founded in 2010 by Nicolas SCHMUTZ
■ Reunion Island is a “laboratory” to develop Renewable Energy
Sources
– First territory in the world to achieve 30% of RES in the electricity mix
■ Core activity is solar forecasting
25/04/2016 3

Reuniwatt’s Key Numbers
Over
15 years of
experience
International
Energy
Agency
Task46
member
Top 20
abstract at
EU PVSEC
2015
4 million
forecasts
everyday
More than
50’000
hours of
R&D

Solar Forecasting
18/05/2016 5

The intermittence of solar power
25/04/2016 6
solar power

The benefits of solar forecasting
25/04/2016 7

Soleka – Reuniwatt’s Solar Power
Forecasting tool
Cloud cover image
acquisition from
ground cameras,
ground projection
of the shadows
Satellite image
processing to
compute the
movements of the
clouds
Solar irradiance
forecasts using
Numerical
Weather
Prediction
models
Statistical post-
processing
methods,
valuation of
ground
measurements
In order to give the most accurate forecasts at diverse time horizons
(from minutes to several days ahead) and spatial scales (from a single
power plant to a whole country), Soleka blends and analyses different
data sources:

Forecasting Use Cases
18/05/2016 9

Forecasting for TSOs
■ A decision tool for a massive and secure injection of PV into the grid
18/05/2016 10
To ensure grid’s security and reliability,
the system operator must be able to
maintain the balance at every moment.
3
Determine Operation reserve
requirements
Better day-ahead flexible resources
commitment
Secure load monitoring
Take into account distributed
production
2
1
4

Forecasting for energy trading
■ A certain competitive knowledge advantage for energy traders
who integrate them in their daily transactions
18/05/2016 11
3
Bidding strategies with revenue
maximization
Portfolio management
Risk mitigation
Imbalance charges and penalties
reduction
2
1
4

Forecasting for storage optimisation
18/05/2016 12
3
Increase the amount of
energy injected into the grid
Increase the batteries’
lifetime by avoiding their
cycling
Release of previously stored
energy when clouds pass
over the installation
2
1
946kW photovoltaic power plant coupled to a 1,200kWh
lithium-ion storage solution located on the rooftop of a
commercial centre in Reunion Island

Forecasting for hybrid systems
(PV+diesel off-grid projects)
18/05/2016 13
Cut the spinning reserve when the weather allows it: Turn off and
restart the generators according to the clouds’ movements
Long-term fuel savings
2
1

They support us
Find more information on our website
www.reuniwatt.com
18/05/2016 14

© 2015 SAP SE or an SAP affiliate company. All rights reserved. 1Customer
Market Access
MAHER CHEBBO, PhD Energy
General Manager Energy
European, Middle East and Africa
SAP
Maher.chebbo@sap.com
Chairman ETP SmartGrids Damand & Digital group
President of ESMIG (European Smart Energy Association)

3Exchange
Platforms
1Market
Trends
2Market
Structure
4Way
forward

European Energy targets 2020, 2030, COP21, Energy Union
• Security of Supply
• Internal Markets
• Environment
20/20/20
1995 Energy Policy
Framework
• GHG - 40%
• Renewables +27%
• Energy Efficiency +27%
2030 framework for climate
and energy policies
European Council October 2014 • Strategic Framework for
the Energy Union
• Communication on the
Road to Paris COP21
Energy Union
2015 New Commission
Program
Increasing targets for Energy Efficiency and Renewables and CO2 horizon 2030 and beyond
Energy is becoming a cross-border union topic

5 active end-users trends within SmartGrids
Self-generation
Electrification
Flexibility
Market
participation
Grid divorce
User investment in own or community-owned electricity generation stimulated by commercial
attractiveness versus grid-delivered electricity (government support schemes, economies of scale).
Based mainly on commercial, non-regulated market products/services.
User investment in replacing primary energy by electricity for basic needs such as heating and mobility.
User participation to power system optimization by offering Controllable load or generation.
Based mainly on commercial services for regulated market.
User participation to electricity markets by offering generation or negative-generation (load).
User investment in becoming as independent as possiblefrom grid-delivered electricity.
×

Customer Centric Smart Energy : A challenging Equation
These factors have been considered but not as ONE Equation or ONE Model.
2016 … 2020 SET Plan should put it all together in ONE integrated Strategic Energy Technology Plan
CUSTOMER
CENTRIC
ENERGY
POLICIES
SOCIO-
ECONOMICS
DIGITALIZATION
ENERGY
VALUE CHAIN

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