6. project management – application (3)

Project Management –
Application (3)
8/8/2017 1Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz/ Lecture 8
University of Jordan
Year 2016/2017
Second Summer Semester
Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz

We are going to discus Project management under those main three
headlines:
1. Description.
2. Application.
3. Implementation Procedure.
8/8/2017 Arch. Dania Abdel-Aziz/ Lecture 8 2

2. APPLICATION

Content
Time framework implementation processes.
1. Activity Definition.
2. Activity Sequencing.
3. Activity Duration Estimating.
4. Schedule Development.
5. Schedule Control.

TIME FRAME FOR IMPLEMENTATION

Time frame for implementation
• As mentioned before a project may
require less than 100 or more over
to 10,000,000 hours.
An example of a representative
construction project, implementation time

Time framework implementation processes
Time framework implementation include the follow processes:
1. Activity Definition.
2. Activity Sequencing.
3. Activity Duration Estimating.
4. Schedule Development.
5. Schedule Control

1. Activity Definition
Identifying the specific activities that must be performed to
produce the various project deliverables.
2. Activity Sequencing
Identifying and documenting interactivity dependencies.

3. Activity Duration Estimating
Estimating the number of work periods which will be needed to complete
individual activities.
4. Schedule Development
Analyzing activity sequences, activity durations, and Resource requirements
to create the project schedule.
5. Schedule Control
Controlling changes to the project schedule.

Identifying the specific activities that must be performed to
produce the various project deliverables.

Tool &
Technique
Information
needed
Results -
Profits
• Work breakdown
structure.
• Scope statement.
• Historical
information.
• Constraints.
• Assumptions.
• Decomposition.
• Templates.
• Activity list.
• Supporting
detail.
• Work
breakdown
structure
updates.

Example
Suppose that we wish to develop a plan for a road construction project
including two culverts.
ScopeStatement
Scope statement.

Is this road construction project a development for existing road?
Scope statement.

• Site view of Roads.
• Road length
• Destination
• Road width
• Road type
Scope statement.

Conduct a study including :
1.1 TYPES OF ROADS
1.2 STATUS OF MAIN HIGHWAYS
1.3 NATIONAL HIGHWAY DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
1.4 ROAD CONSTRUCTION
1.5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL
1.6 ROAD CONSTRUCTION EQUIPMENT
1.7 MATERIAL FOR ROAD PAVEMENT
Example:
Types Of Roads:
1.1.1. Generally private roads: Driveway
1.1.2. Lower capacity highways
1.1.3. Higher capacity highways, sometimes with medians
1.1.4. Limited access grade-separated highways
Historical information.

Develop WBS
Developing a WBS begins by:
Defining and developing lists of all activities needed to accomplish the
work of the project
Activities:
Work performed on the project that consumes project resources.
Including cost and time.
Work breakdown structure.

Develop WBS
The first draft of the WBS includes activities at the
highest level of the hierarchy or the
management level and typically includes the
major activities or summary activities required
to accomplish the deliverables identified in the
project scope of work.
Top-Level Activities in Move Planning
1. Structures
2. General
3. Roadway
Work breakdown structure.

Decomposition
The work breakdown structure is then decomposed—broken down into
smaller units. The 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 numbers are the first subdivision of the
work.
Decomposition

Decomposition
The work breakdown structure is then decomposed—broken down into
smaller units. The 1.1, 1.2, and 1.3 numbers are the first subdivision of the
work.
1. Structures
1.1. Structural Excavations
1.2. Concrete
1.3. Reinforcing
2. General
2.1. Move in
2.2. Supervise
2.3. Clean up
3. Roadway
3.1. Earthwork
3.2. Paving
Decomposition

Decomposition
Major Activity Decomposed into Smaller Activities
Decomposition

Estimation of Duration
After the project team has created the WBS, each activity is reviewed and
evaluated to determine:
1. The duration:(how long it will take to accomplish from beginning to
end).
2. What resources (time, materials, facilities, and equipment) are needed.
An estimate is an educated guess based on knowledge,
experience, and inference—the process of deriving
conclusions based on assumptions
Assumptions.

Good to know
The unit of time used to develop the activity duration is a function of the
level of detail needed by the user of the schedule. The larger and more
complex the project, the greater the need for detail, which usually
translates into shorter durations for activities.
Need for Greater
Detail
Days
Hours
Months
Weeks

Milestone
A milestone has no duration
or resources. It is simply
an indicator of an
important point in the
project.
Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) Milestones
Activity ID Activity Description
Advertise Date (Start Milestone)
Bid Date (Start Milestone)
Award Date (Start Milestone)
Start Design Work (Design/Build only) (Start Milestone)
Complete Design Work (Design/Build only) (Finish
Milestone)
Construction Start Date (Start Milestone)
Stage_ Complete (Finish Milestone)
Substantial Completion (Finish Milestone)
Completion (Finish Milestone)

Resource Allocation and Calendars
A common resource constraint is availability. To consider the availability of:
• Team members.
• Consultants.
• key pieces of equipment.
You can create a resource calendar for each that indicates which days are
available and which are days off for a group, an individual, or a project
asset such as a piece of important equipment.

A calendar for team members:
1. From the same company could be the company calendar that shows
working days, weekend days, and holidays.
2. Individual team members can have individual calendars that show their
vacation days or other days off, such as parental leave days.
Calendar

Nonworking days can be designated in a calendar.

If major pieces of equipment are only available for certain periods of time, they can
be given a resource calendar.
Resource calendars become important tools
when changes must be made to the schedule.

You can create your own team calendar through this link:
• Go to www.teamup.com

Tool &
Technique
Information
needed
Results -
Profits
• Activity list
• Product
description
• Dependencies
• Constraints
• Assumptions
• Diagramming
methods
• Graphic
Representations
• Network
templates
• Project network
diagram.
• Activity list
updates.

Activity List
Activity List.

Product description
Product description.
Activity Description

Project Logic
• The project logic is the development of the activity sequence or
determining the order in which the activities will be completed.
• The process for developing the project logic involves identifying the:
1. Predecessors—activities that come before.
2. Successors—the activities that come after.
Dependencies
Dependencies

Example : Precedence Definition for Site Preparation and
Foundation Work
Suppose that a site preparation and concrete slab foundation construction
project consists of nine different activities:
A. Site clearing (of brush and minor debris).
B. Removal of trees.
C. General excavation.
D. Grading general area.
E. Excavation for utility trenches.
F. Placing formwork and reinforcement for concrete.
G. Installing sewer lines.
H. Installing other utilities.
I. Pouring concrete.

Bare in Mind!
Lag and Lead Times
• Most activities in a network diagram have a finish-start relationship. If a
certain amount of time must go by before a successor activity can begin,
the required delay is called lag time.
• For example, concrete does not reach its full strength for several days
after it is poured. Lag time is required between the end of the pouring
process and the beginning of construction that puts stress on the
concrete.

• In some cases, the successor activity can overlap the end of its
predecessor activity and begin before the predecessor is finished. This is
called lead time.

The characteristics and identifiers of an activity are its attributes.
Each activity has an identifying code, a short description, predecessors,
and lead or lag times, as shown in a partial table of activities in "Table
of Attributes".
"Table of Attributes

Activity-on-Branch Representation
Activity-on-Node Representation
Network Diagrams

Network Diagrams
Project Network Diagram

Graphic Representations
Bar Charts
• The type of bar chart used to illustrate activity relationships in a project is
the Gantt chart.

Tool &
Technique
Information
needed
Results -
Profits
• Activity list
• Constraints
• Assumptions
• Resource
requirements
• Resource
capabilities
• Historical
information
• Expert
judgement
• Analogous
estimating
• Simulation
• Activity
duration
estimates
• Basis of
estimates
• Activity list
updates

Durations and Predecessors

A straightforward approach to the estimation of activity durations is to keep
historical records of particular activities and rely on the average durations
from this experience in making new duration estimates.
• Since the scope of activities are unlikely to be identical between different
projects, unit productivity rates are typically employed for this purpose.
For example, the duration of an activity Dij such as concrete formwork
assembly might be estimated as:
where Aij is the required formwork area to assemble (in square meters), Pij is
the average productivity of a standard crew in this task (measured in square
meters per hour), and Nij is the number of crews assigned to the task.

Maximum Productivity Estimates for Masonry Work
Some possible maximum productivity values that might be employed in this
estimation
Masonry unit size Condition(s) Maximum productivity achievable
12 inch Labor is nonunion 300 units/day/mason
4 inch Weather is "warm and dry"
or high-strength mortar is used
480 units/day/mason
4 inch Weather is "warm and dry"
or high-strength mortar is used
430 units/day/mason
4 inch Weather is not "warm and dry"
or high-strength mortar is not used
370 units/day/mason
4 inch Weather is not "warm and dry"
or high-strength mortar is not used
320 units/day/mason

• At the next higher level, adjustments to these maximum productivities are
made to account for special site conditions and crew compositions.
Impact Condition(s)
Adjustment magnitude
(% of maximum)
Elevation Solid masonry building with
work on exterior uses
nonunion labor
12%
Temperature Temperature is below 45o F 15%
Temperature Temperature is above 45o F 10%
Brick texture bricks are baked high
Weather is cold or moist
10%

In making adjustments for the resources required by a particular activity.
• In particular, resources such as labor requirements will vary in proportion
to the work productivity, Pij, used to estimate activity durations in
Equation.
• Mathematically, a typical estimating equation would be:
where Rk
ij are the resources of type k required by activity ij, Dij is the duration of
activity ij, Nij is the number of standard crews allocated to activity ij, and Uk
ij is the
amount of resource type k used per standard crew

Tool &
Technique
Information
needed
Results -
Profits
• Project network
diagram
• Activity duration
estimates
• Resource
requirements
• Calendars
• Constraints
• Assumptions
• Mathematical
analysis
• Duration
compression
• Simulation
• Resource
leveling
• Project
management
software
• Project
schedule
• Supporting
detail
• Schedule
management
plan
• Resource
requirement
updates

Production Rates For Roadway Items
Note:
Production Rates are based on 8-hour working day
per crew
LF = Linear foot, CY= Cubic Yard, SY= square yard

5. Schedule Control
Tool &
Technique
Information
needed
Results -
Profits
• Project schedule
• Performance
reports
• Change requests
• Schedule
management Plan
• Performance
measurement
• Additional
planning
• Project
management
software
• Schedule
updates
• Corrective
action
• Lessons learned

5. Schedule Control

Number of Days Lost per Month for Weather Sensitive Activities (Contract Time
Determination only)
5. Schedule Control

Group Hard Copy Electronic Group Hard Copy
Electronic
Group Hard Copy
Electronic
Project Manager X X
Construction Management X X
Quality Management Services X
Traffic Engineering X
Structural Design & Geotechnical Engineering
Copies are available upon
request
from the PM
Geometric Design – Pavements
Landscape
Utilities
Right of Way
5. Schedule Control
Final Submission
Construction progress schedules are prepared and submitted by the Designer with the
final design submission. Distribution of the construction progress schedules is as
follows:

Conditions for implementation
In order to implement project management technique in any organization,
the companies have, first, to adopt the project management philosophy
and understand its tremendous benefits and profits that can be obtained.
The main conditions can be focused in:
• Sufficient cost allocation (cash flow).
• Sufficient infrastructure (existing or new required).
• Project manager appointment.
• Staff acquisition and team development.

Thank you 

6. project management – application (3)

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