this dental administration incorporates routine dental examinations or registration, oral wellbeing guidance, scale and cleaning, extractions, fillings, X-beams, crevice sealants and root channel medicines and looks to address all ebb and flow dental concerns.
3. Topics
Historical Development
Dental Care Delivery
in the United States
around the world
Financing Dental Care
Legislative Initiatives
Education and Promotion
Target Populations
Lesson Plan
Program Planning
Program Evaluation
Oral Epidemiology
Research Methods
Biostatistics
Evaluation of Literature
and Products
Careers in the Government
Entreprenurial Initiatives
Board Review
5. Historical Development
Dental Hygiene as
Forerunner to the
Prevention Movement
Dr. Alfred Fones
Founder of Dental
Hygiene School and
First Author of Dental
Hygiene College
Textbook
9. Dental Care DeliveryDental Care Delivery
F E D E R A L
D e p a rtm e n ts o f th e
F e d e ra l G o v e rn m e n t
N O N G O V E R N M E N T
P riv a te P ra c tic e
In s titu tio n s , S c h o o ls
In s u ra n c e -B a s e d M o d e ls
S T A T E
D e p a rtm e n ts o f S ta te
S ta te P ris o n s
C o m m u n ity C lin ic s , S c h o o ls
V e h ic le s o f D e n ta l C a re
in th e U n ite d S ta te s
10. Dental Public Health
The oral health care and education,
with an emphasis on the utilization
of dental hygiene sciences,
delivered to a target population
11. Factors Affecting Dental Health
Access to Care
Restriction of dental
hygiene services
Shortage of Medicaid
providers
Financial Situations
Insurance
Medicaid
Transportation
12. Factors Affecting DentalFactors Affecting Dental
Health, ContinuedHealth, Continued
SES Relation toSES Relation to
Dental HealthDental Health
Dental HygieneDental Hygiene
SciencesSciences
Increase in theIncrease in the
GeriatricGeriatric
PopulationsPopulations
MalpracticeMalpractice
Insurance ChangesInsurance Changes
14. Department of Health andDepartment of Health and
Human ServicesHuman Services
• Public Health ServicePublic Health Service
Operating DivisionOperating Division
• Human ServicesHuman Services
Operating DivisionOperating Division
15. Public Health ServicePublic Health Service
Operating DivisionOperating Division
National Institutes ofNational Institutes of
HealthHealth
Food and DrugFood and Drug
AdministrationAdministration
Centers for DiseaseCenters for Disease
Control andControl and
PreventionPrevention
Agency for ToxicAgency for Toxic
Substances andSubstances and
Disease RegistryDisease Registry
Indian Health ServicesIndian Health Services
Health Resources andHealth Resources and
Services AdministrationServices Administration
Agency for Health CareAgency for Health Care
Policy and ResearchPolicy and Research
Substance Abuse andSubstance Abuse and
Mental Health ServicesMental Health Services
AdministrationAdministration
16. Human Services Operating
Division
Centers for Medicaid
and Medicare
– Medicaid
– Medicare
Administration for
Children and Families
Administration on Aging
17. Public Health Service
PHS works toward
improving and
advancing the
health of our
nation.
U.S. Surgeon
General
Dental Hygienists
work as Public
Health Officers.
18. Other Federal DepartmentsOther Federal Departments
Influencing Dental CareInfluencing Dental Care
AgricultureAgriculture
DefenseDefense
EducationEducation
JusticeJustice
LaborLabor
StateState
TreasuryTreasury
Veteran’s AffairsVeteran’s Affairs
United States PeaceUnited States Peace
Corps (which is anCorps (which is an
executive branchexecutive branch
agency)agency)
19. Individual State InfluenceIndividual State Influence
State DentalState Dental
DivisionsDivisions
MedicaidMedicaid
S-CHIPSS-CHIPS
PrisonsPrisons
Tribal ClinicsTribal Clinics
InstitutionsInstitutions
Community ClinicsCommunity Clinics
20. Dental Health Care PersonnelDental Health Care Personnel
NeedNeed
DemandDemand
UtilizationUtilization
SupplySupply
Dental HygieneDental Hygiene
ShortagesShortages
Dental HygienistDental Hygienist
to Dentistto Dentist
EmploymentEmployment
Ratio = 1:2Ratio = 1:2
22. Historical Funding of Dental Care
Patient’s Responsibility
The Advent of Dental
Insurance
Medicaid Coverage for
Dental Services
Today’s Dental
Financing
24. Fee-for-Service
A dental practice sets
a fee, and a patient
and/or third party pays
for the fee.
UCR: usual,
customary and
reasonable fee
Indemnity plans pay
fee-for-service.
Discounted coverage
available and sliding
scales for certain
patients in certain
clinics
25. Capitation MethodCapitation Method
Dental Managed CareDental Managed Care
A certain amount is paid to a dentalA certain amount is paid to a dental
practice for a certain number of patients.practice for a certain number of patients.
Payment is received whether treatment isPayment is received whether treatment is
provided or not.provided or not.
Many times employees will state that theyMany times employees will state that they
are not paid for “cleanings” provided;are not paid for “cleanings” provided;
however, this is not an accuratehowever, this is not an accurate
statement.statement.
26. Encounter and BarterEncounter and Barter
Encounters are for anEncounters are for an
arrangement paid forarrangement paid for
each visit.each visit.
Barter system is usedBarter system is used
when the dentalwhen the dental
provider negotiatesprovider negotiates
payment bypayment by
exchanging goodsexchanging goods
and services.and services.
27. Insurance PlansInsurance Plans
Dental Service CorporationsDental Service Corporations
Health Service CorporationsHealth Service Corporations
Preferred Providers OrganizationsPreferred Providers Organizations
Individual Practice AssociationsIndividual Practice Associations
Capitation ProgramsCapitation Programs
28. Dental BillingDental Billing
Claim FormClaim Form
ADA CDTADA CDT
Payment PlansPayment Plans
Dental Credit CardsDental Credit Cards
Explanation ofExplanation of
BenefitsBenefits
29. Government Role
• Research
• Disease Prevention
• Disease Control
• Program Planning and Operation
• Funding for the Education of
Dental Professionals
• Regulation
33. International Dental
Health Care
• Dental Diseases
• Historical Perspective
• Demographics and the Dental
Hygienist
• Global Education of the Dental
Hygienist
• The Role of the Dental Hygienist
• Access to Care in Other
Countries
34. International Dental
Health Care, Continued
• Dental Public Health
Programs and
Campaigns
• Oral Health Policies
• Lobbying Groups
• International Dental
Organizations
35. International OverviewInternational Overview
Related DentalRelated Dental
ProfessionalsProfessionals
Regulation of DentalRegulation of Dental
HygienistsHygienists
IndependentIndependent
PracticePractice
Portability ofPortability of
LicensureLicensure
Future of DentalFuture of Dental
HygieneHygiene
37. Issues in the United States
Preceptorship/Alternative Education
On-the-Job Training for Supragingival
Scaling
Restrictive Supervision Laws Affecting
Access to Care
Advanced Dental Hygiene Practitioner
39. Major Bodies of LawMajor Bodies of Law
Common LawCommon Law
Statutory LawStatutory Law
ConstitutionalConstitutional
LawLaw
AdministrativeAdministrative
LawLaw
40. Laws Pertaining to DentalLaws Pertaining to Dental
HygieneHygiene
• State Dental Hygiene
Practice Act,
sometimes referred to
as the statute
• Supervision Status
41. State Dental BoardState Dental Board
• Administrative LawAdministrative Law
• Governs Dental Hygienists and theGoverns Dental Hygienists and the
Practice of Dental HygienePractice of Dental Hygiene
• Rules and RegulationsRules and Regulations
• Self-RegulationSelf-Regulation
43. International OverviewInternational Overview
Related DentalRelated Dental
ProfessionalsProfessionals
Regulation of DentalRegulation of Dental
HygienistsHygienists
IndependentIndependent
PracticePractice
Portability ofPortability of
LicensureLicensure
Future of DentalFuture of Dental
HygieneHygiene
45. Health Education PrinciplesHealth Education Principles
Five DimensionalFive Dimensional
Health ModelHealth Model
– PhysicalPhysical
– MentalMental
– SocialSocial
– SpiritualSpiritual
– EmotionalEmotional
46. Dental Health EducationDental Health Education
Goal: to preventGoal: to prevent
dental diseasesdental diseases
utilizing appropriateutilizing appropriate
dental healthdental health
interventionsinterventions
47. Health Education PrinciplesHealth Education Principles
Health Education: the education of healthHealth Education: the education of health
behaviors that bring an individual to a state ofbehaviors that bring an individual to a state of
health awarenesshealth awareness
Health Promotion: the informing andHealth Promotion: the informing and
motivating of people to adopt healthmotivating of people to adopt health
behaviorsbehaviors
Health Behavior: an action that helps preventHealth Behavior: an action that helps prevent
illness and promotes health for a populationillness and promotes health for a population
48. Goals of Dental Health Education
Provide Effective Dental Health
Education.
Change Values Aimed at Improving
Health.
Healthy Behaviors
49. Stages of LearningStages of Learning
• Unawareness
• Awareness
• Self-Interest
• Involvement
• Action
• Habit
51. Theory of Reasoned ActionTheory of Reasoned Action
Attitude toward the behaviorAttitude toward the behavior
Subjective normsSubjective norms
Perceived behavioral controlPerceived behavioral control
IntentionIntention
BehaviorBehavior
64. Target PopulationsTarget Populations
A group of individuals withA group of individuals with
similarities of some sort whether it besimilarities of some sort whether it be
age, race, educational background,age, race, educational background,
life situations, and/or healthlife situations, and/or health
conditionsconditions
65. Specific Target PopulationsSpecific Target Populations
Family CaregiversFamily Caregivers
Health CareHealth Care
WorkersWorkers
Hospice WorkersHospice Workers
Persons withPersons with
MedicalMedical
Conditions/Conditions/
DiseasesDiseases
DevelopmentallyDevelopmentally
DisabledDisabled
Hearing ImpairedHearing Impaired
VisualVisual
ImpairmentsImpairments
SchoolSchool
TeachersTeachers
Social WorkersSocial Workers
AgesAges
PrenatalPrenatal
InfancyInfancy
ChildrenChildren
AdultsAdults
Older AdultsOlder Adults
66. Cultural DiversityCultural Diversity
The social, ethnic, and culturalThe social, ethnic, and cultural
elements that compose a person.elements that compose a person.
67. Barriers to Dental Hygiene and
Dental Care
Age Language Habit
Culture No Finances Lack of Faith
Education Misunderstanding Fear
Transportation Values Safety
Illiteracy Attitudes Denial of Disease
No providers Invulnerability Convenience
Social Issues Education Levels Provider Conflicts
71. Dental Public Health ProgramsDental Public Health Programs
► Healthy Smile ProgramHealthy Smile Program
► Inner City HealthInner City Health
Center Dental ProgramCenter Dental Program
► Soroptomist DentalSoroptomist Dental
ProjectProject
► Matthew 25Matthew 25
► Operation SmileOperation Smile
73. Dental Hygiene ProgramDental Hygiene Program
Planning Paradigm, ContinuedPlanning Paradigm, Continued
Dental Hygiene DiagnosisDental Hygiene Diagnosis
Prioritization of needsPrioritization of needs
Formulation of diagnosis to provide goals andFormulation of diagnosis to provide goals and
objectives for blueprintobjectives for blueprint
PlanningPlanning
Methods to measure goalsMethods to measure goals
BlueprintBlueprint
Address constraints and alternatives.Address constraints and alternatives.
74. Dental Hygiene ProgramDental Hygiene Program
Planning Paradigm, ContinuedPlanning Paradigm, Continued
ImplementationImplementation
Program will begin operation.Program will begin operation.
Revision and changes identified andRevision and changes identified and
employedemployed
EvaluationEvaluation
Measuring goalsMeasuring goals
Qualitative and quantitative evaluationQualitative and quantitative evaluation
Ongoing revisions employedOngoing revisions employed
78. Government’s EvaluationGovernment’s Evaluation
• Healthy People 2010Healthy People 2010
Objectives andObjectives and
EvaluationEvaluation
MechanismsMechanisms
• NOHSSNOHSS
• Call to ActionCall to Action
79. Oral Epidemiology
• Study of Oral Diseases
• Multifactorial Nature of Disease
• Terminology
• Epidemic Prevalence
• Endemic Incidence
• Pandemic Etiology
• Disease Rates Surveilance
• Mortality Risk Factors
• Morbidity Index
80. Oral Epidemiology ReportsOral Epidemiology Reports
Morbidity andMorbidity and
Mortality (MMWR)Mortality (MMWR)
Healthy PeopleHealthy People
ReportsReports
Surgeon General’sSurgeon General’s
ReportReport
Call to ActionCall to Action
Global Oral DataGlobal Oral Data
BankBank
81. Epidemiology of Oral DiseasesEpidemiology of Oral Diseases
Periodontal DiseasesPeriodontal Diseases
Tooth LossTooth Loss
Dental CariesDental Caries
Oral CancerOral Cancer
Cleft Lip/PalateCleft Lip/Palate
InjuryInjury
ToothachesToothaches
83. Significance of ResearchSignificance of Research
to Dental Hygieneto Dental Hygiene
Dental public health is basedDental public health is based
upon programs that haveupon programs that have
demonstrated effectiveness indemonstrated effectiveness in
achieving health for theachieving health for the
population.population.
84. Types of Research
Historical
Descriptive
Survey
Observational
Case Studies
Correlational
Epidemiological
Longitudinal
Cross-sectional
Retroactive
Experimental
(Prospective)
Quasi-experimental
85. Beginning Research
Research Question
Does Brand X toothpaste whiten teeth?
Positive Hypothesis
Brand X toothpaste does significantly
whiten teeth.
Null Hypothesis
There is no statistically significant
difference between Brand X and a placebo
when comparing the whitening of teeth.
86. Research DesignResearch Design
Formulating a hypothesisFormulating a hypothesis
Review of the literatureReview of the literature
Methods and materialsMethods and materials
Statistical evaluationStatistical evaluation
87. Experimental Approaches
• Two group pretest/post-test designs
• Time series
• Post-test only
• Solomon three and four group
• Factorial
• Placebos
• Control groups
89. Informed ConsentInformed Consent
Informed Consent is part ofInformed Consent is part of
examining the ethics of the researchexamining the ethics of the research
project as a whole.project as a whole.
97. Statistical Decision MakingStatistical Decision Making
►ProbabilityProbability
►Type I ErrorType I Error
►Type II ErrorType II Error
►Degrees of FreedomDegrees of Freedom
98. Inferential StatisticsInferential Statistics
Parametric Inferential StatisticsParametric Inferential Statistics
Student t-testStudent t-test
Analysis of VarianceAnalysis of Variance
Nonparametric Inferential StatisticsNonparametric Inferential Statistics
Chi Square TestChi Square Test
Other Nonparametric TestsOther Nonparametric Tests
100. Research ResultsResearch Results
Validity: Results of the study can beValidity: Results of the study can be
inferred to the general population.inferred to the general population.
Reliability: The study was conducted inReliability: The study was conducted in
a controlled manner and if repeateda controlled manner and if repeated
would lend the same results; thus, thewould lend the same results; thus, the
study is reproducible.study is reproducible.
102. Regulation of Dental CareRegulation of Dental Care
ProductsProducts
Food and DrugFood and Drug
AdministrationAdministration
American DentalAmerican Dental
Association Seal ofAssociation Seal of
AcceptanceAcceptance
106. Positions for the RDHPositions for the RDH
U.S. PHSU.S. PHS
VA HospitalsVA Hospitals
Federal PrisonsFederal Prisons
Military Base ClinicsMilitary Base Clinics
Other AgenciesOther Agencies
107. United States RDH PositionsUnited States RDH Positions
Commissioned OfficerCommissioned Officer
PositionsPositions
Civil Service PositionsCivil Service Positions
National Health ServiceNational Health Service
CorpsCorps
108. Other OptionsOther Options
Independent ContractorIndependent Contractor
Employee of Dental Staffing AgencyEmployee of Dental Staffing Agency
Student OpportunitiesStudent Opportunities
COSTEPCOSTEP
109. Strategies for Creating DentalStrategies for Creating Dental
Hygiene PositionsHygiene Positions
In Dental Public Health SettingsIn Dental Public Health Settings
111. Proposed Plan for ActionProposed Plan for Action
Dental Hygiene Program Planning ParadigmDental Hygiene Program Planning Paradigm
AssessmentAssessment
Dental Hygiene DiagnosisDental Hygiene Diagnosis
PlanningPlanning
ImplementationImplementation
EvaluationEvaluation
112. Practice Management Issues
Patient tracking
Appointment scheduling
Practice promotion
Collection of fees
113. Proposal Development andProposal Development and
PresentationPresentation
IntroductionIntroduction
Significance of PositionSignificance of Position
Blueprint of theBlueprint of the
Operational ProgramOperational Program
ConclusionConclusion
ContractsContracts
Teaching StrategiesTeaching Strategies
115. Community Health/Research
Principles
Promoting health and
preventing disease
within groups
Participating in
community programs
Analyzing scientific
information, utilizing
statistical concepts,
and applying research
results
116. Cosmic Smiles PediatricCosmic Smiles Pediatric
DentistryDentistry PracticePractice
for the Dental Hygienist:for the Dental Hygienist:
““The Dental Hygienist is the PremierThe Dental Hygienist is the Premier
Dental Public Health Provider. “Dental Public Health Provider. “