Overview of various Renewable Energy Technologies

2. PRESENTATION ON
RENEWABLE ENERGY
RESOURCES & TECHNOLOGIES
Ramesh Chivukula
General Manager Engineering &
Tendering
CHENNAI, 06.09.2010

3. RENEWABLE ENERGY
Most Renewable Energy sources comes
either directly or indirectly from Solar
Energy.
Constantly replenished & will never run
out.
Energy of the future
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4. RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPES
Sunlight
Photosynthesis:
6CO2 + H2O + Sunlight = C6 H12 O6 + 6O2
Biomass
Biomass - Organic Matter from Photosynthesis
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5. RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPES
Solar Energy
Wind Energy
Energy of the future
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6. RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPES
Hydro Energy
Geo-Thermal
Energy of the future
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7. RENEWABLE ENERGY TYPES
Tidal Energy
Ocean Energy
In - Direct Energy from Sun
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8. Biomass Technologies
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9. WHAT IS BIOMASS
Biomass is all plant and animal matter on the
Earth’s surface. Harvesting biomass such as
crops, trees or dung and using it to generate
energy that is either heat, electricity or motion, is
Biomass Energy or in short Bioenergy.
The British Biogen Definition
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10. WHAT IS BIOMASS
Biomass: As defined by the Energy Security Act (PL 96-
294) of 1980, "any organic matter which is available on a
renewable basis, including agricultural crops and
agricultural wastes and residues, wood and wood wastes
and residues, animal wastes, municipal wastes, and
aquatic plants."
Biomass Energy: Energy produced by the conversion of
biomass directly to heat or to a liquid or gas that can be
converted to energy.
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11. BIOMASS ENERGY CYCLE
• When Biomass is burnt , the carbon (found in the gases as
CO2) is recycled back into the next generation of growing
plants .This results in ZERO net production of Green house
gases.
• It is for this reason this is called a closed cycle.
Closed Non Polluting Cycle
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12. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
Carbon net emissions
0.035
0.030
0.025
kg Carbon/ MJ
0.020
0.015
0.010
0.005
0.000
Coal Diesels Natural Gas Woody
Distillates Bio-gas Biomass
Less pollution than conventional fuels
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13. MANY SOLUTIONS WITH
BIO-FUELS
Biomass sources
Cotton husks, sunflower husks, rice husks,...
Bagasse, olives residues, palm oil residues,...
Wood and wood residues,
Wood-chips, sawdust and wood processing
industry wastes...
Peat, compost,…
Agricultural residues, crushed tomatoes,
straw,...
Animal manure...
A high diversity of Biomass fuels
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14. ENERGY PRODUCTION WITH
BIOMASS
Wood Chips Rice Husk Straw
Cotton Stalk Sunflower Husk
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15. CHARCTERISTIC OF BIOMASS
FUELS
POOR FLOW CHARACTERISTICS
HETEROGENOUS NATURE OF FUEL
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16. LARGE FUEL STORAGE
AREA
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17. TYPICAL BIOMASS FUEL
ENERGY
Biomass Fuel kcal/kg Biomass Fuel kcal/kg
Bagasse 2272 Coir dust 4180
Rice Husk 3150 Saw dust 3396
Mustard Husk 4200 Wood Chips 4490
Sunflower Husk 4155 Palm Empty fruit bunch 3400
Cotton stalk 3978 Palm fibre 2800
Mustard stalk 3900 Corn cobs 3727
Chilly stalk 3850 Groundnut shell 3620
Paddy stalk 3500 Palm shell 4390
Cane Trash 2880 Coconut shell 3900
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18. BIOMASS FUEL
CHARACTERISTICS
FUEL RICE HUSK WOOD CHIPS COTTON STALK
Ultimate Analysis (% by volume)
Carbon 36.70 46.70 39.26
Hydrogen 03.00 05.49 05.23
Oxygen 31.20 37.45 37.82
Moisture 10.00 05.00 10.00
sulfur 00.00 00.18 00.00
Nitrogen 01.10 01.18 01.68
Ash 18.00 04.00 06.01
GCV (kcal/kg) 3150 4490 3978
Proximate Analysis
Fixed Carbon 20.00 28.00 10.00
Volatile Matter 52.00 63.00 73.99
Moisture 10.00 05.00 10.00
Ash 8.00 04.00 06.01
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19. BIOMASS ASH
CHARACTERISTICS
FUEL RICE HUSK WOOD CHIPS COTTON STALK
SiO2 91.42 60.48 12.10
Fe2O3 00.14 16.01 01.00
TiO2 00.02 00.15 00.20
P2O5 00.00 00.00 05.12
Al2O3 00.78 05.48 03.03
CaO 03.21 13.97 49.84
MgO 00.01 00.17 10.11
SO3 00.70 03.30 05.00
Na2O 00.21 00.27 04.00
K2O 03.51 00.17 09.60
Cl 00.00 00.00 00.00
Nature Highly erosive Medium fouling High fouling
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20. PERCENTAGE OF CROP
RESIDUE TO MAIN PRODUCT
Crop Particular % of main Product to Residue
Main Product % Residue %
Bajra 50 50
Cashew 25 75
Coconut 20 80
Cotton 25 75
Groundnut 75 25
Sorghum 33 67
Tapioca 58 42
Pulses 60 40
Paddy straw 34 66
Paddy husk 77 23
Sugarcane Trash 87 13
Source : TNAU, Coimbatore.
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21. ALTERNATIVE ROUTES FOR
BIOMASS POWER GENERATION
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22. BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES -
SUMMARY
Type Mean Process
Combustion /
Steam Steam Plant
Incineration
Solid biomass
Gas engines
Gasification Biogas
Gas turbines
Gaseous biomass
Gas engines
Liquid biomass Diesel engines
Combustion / Incineration - Preferred route for plants greater than
1 MW size
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23. BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES
Combustion / Incineration System
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24. BIOMASS POWER PLANT BASIC
CONCEPT
Combustion System
Ash
Ash
Handling
Wood Flue gas
Biomass Flue gas
Boiler
Boiler
Handling Cleaning
Air/Water Power
Cooling water
Generator
Generator
system Steam Turbine
Steam Turbine
Water Heat
Water Process Steam
Process Steam
Treatment Extraction
Extraction
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HM 2002 / Michler - 24

25. BIOMASS POWER PLANT BASIC
CONFIGURATION
Combustion System
STEAM STEAM TURBINE
GENERATOR
EXPORT
POWER
POWER FOR
BIOMASS
BOILER
INHOUSE POWER
AUXILIARY
STEAM
HEAT
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26. BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES
Gasification System
Heating in Low Oxygen Environment
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27. BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES
Anaerobic Digestion
Using Bacteria in Enclosed Unit Without Oxygen
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28. BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES
Pyrolysis
Liquid fuels can be produced from biomass thro’ the
process of pyrolysis when biomass is heated to high
temperature in the absence of O2. The biomass turns
into a liquid called pyrolysis oil which can be used like
petroleum.
Aimed at Storage or other applications like Auto
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29. BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES
Pyrolysis
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30. BIOMASS TECHNOLOGIES
Poultry Litter
This litter consists of mixture of wood shavings and / or
straw or other bedding material and poultry droppings
and is an excellent fuel for electricity generation with
nearly half the calorific value of coal.
Reduces pollution from existing disposal methods
Approx 2.5 Lakhs birds dropping = 1 MWe
Extension of Biomass technology
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31. Overall Biomass Steam Power Plant
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32. Overall Scheme for Biomass
Power Plant
Biomass Power - Green Energy
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33. LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL
BIOMASS POWER PLANT
7.5 MW Satyamaharishi Biomass power plant built by AREVA in
Andhra Pradesh, India.
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34. LAYOUT OF A TYPICAL
BIOMASS POWER PLANT
10 MW Rukmani Biomass power plant built by AREVA in Chhattisgarh,
India.
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35. TYPICAL BIOMASS POWER
PLANT
10 MW Pratyusha Biomass power plant built by AREVA in Tirunelveli
district, Tamil Nadu, India
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36. TYPICAL BIOMASS POWER
PLANT
2x9.9 MW Bua Sommai Biomass power plant built by AREVA in
Thailand.
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37. STUDIES TO BE CONDUCTED
FOR BIOMASS PLANTS
Fuel survey (Biomass assessment study)
Fuel collection and transport logistics
Rapid Environment study
On site emergency plan
Pre Feasibility / Feasibility Report (Bankable)
Water survey and water analysis
Ash utilization
Fuel / Ash analysis and boiler design
Power evacuation system study
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38. BENEFITS OF BIOMASS
POWER PLANT
BENEFITS FOR THE STATE AND THE NATION
Bio-mass Power Helps In Bridging The Gap Between Demand And
Supply.
Eco. Friendly Power From Bio-mass.
Prevents Addition Of Green House Gases To The Atmosphere.
Power Generation Is From A Renewable Source & Dependency On
Fossil Fuels Comes Down.
Consolidation Of Efforts Towards Rural Electrification.
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39. BENEFITS OF BIOMASS
POWER PLANT
Cheap and reliable power for the local population.
Enormous employment potential for the locals.
Potential source for Heat & Power for process application.
Revenue from excess power.
CDM benefits.
Economic development of the area in the vicinity.
Effective utilization of waste land.
The model can be replicated easily in many places.
Utilization of waste biomass including Rice Husk, Coconut husk,
Industrial waste wood, Forestry waste, etc
Tap unutilized Biomass power.
Ash from Power Plant can be used for brick making.
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40. PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED
WITH BIOMASS UTILIZATION
Labour Intensive And Dispersed In Large Areas
Specific Energy Content Is Lower
Localized Price Senstivity
High Moisture Content
Automatic Feed Control Is Required Because Of Its Non Free-flow Nature
Bio-mass Handling & Collection; Large Network Required
Light Ash - An Atmospheric Pollutant
Dust And Other Health Harzards
Transportation: Biomass Occupies A Large Volume Due To Low Bulk Density
(30 - 180 Kg/M3)
Seasonal Availability
Large Storage Space Is Required Due To Low Bulk Density & Seaonsal
Production
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41. Wind Technologies
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42. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW
Wind has been used by people for
over 3000 years for grinding grain
and pumping water.
Windmills were an important part of
life for many communities beginning
around 1200 BC.
Wind was first used for electricity
generation in the late 19th century.
Approximate Eras:
Prehistoric – Maritime (Greek,
Viking)
Medieval – Persian, Greek, England
20th Century – Great Plains
First Energy Shortage -- 1974
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43. PREHISTORIC & HISTORIC
APPLICATION
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44. TODAY’S UTILITY GRID WITH
WIND FARM
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45. WHY WIND POWER
Decrease energy related air emissions.
Comply with Kyoto.
Extends life of fossil fuels.
Enhances national security.
Revenue for states.
Diversification protects against price increases.
Provides insurance against Conventional Fossil-based price risk.
Wind for now is one of the renewable energy resource/technology of choice.
“Free” resource.
A “clean” resource due to:
Replacement of a “dirty” energy source (coal) and,
No emissions associated with its use.
Can be utilized on underutilized land or on lands currently in commodity crop production
(“harvest” on the surface and “harvest” above the surface).
Will primarily be used for electricity generation for immediate end-use or as a “driver” for
hydrogen production.
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46. WIND ENERGY BENEFITS
No air emissions.
No fuel to mine, transport, or store.
No cooling water.
No water pollution.
No wastes.
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47. WIND ENERGY SYSTEMS
PROVIDE
Electricity for
Central-grids
Isolated-grids
Remote power supplies
Water pumping
They also…
Support for weak grids
Reduced exposure to energy
price volatility
Reduced transmission and
distribution losses
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48. UTILISATION OF WIND
ENERGY
Off-Grid
Small turbines (50 W to 10 kW)
Battery charging
Water pumping
Isolated-Grid
Turbines typically 10 to 200 kW
Reduce generation costs in remote areas:
wind-diesel hybrid system
High or low penetration
Central-Grid
Turbines typically 200 kW to 3 MW
Windfarms of multiple turbines
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49. WIND TURBINE DESCRIPTION
Basic Components
Rotor
Gearbox
Tower
Foundation
Controls
Generator
Types
Horizontal axis
• Most common
• Controls or design turn rotor
into wind
Vertical axis
• Less common
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50. EVOLUTION OF WIND TURBINE
TECHNOLOGY
Past
Source: IEEE Power & Energy Magazine
Present
Future
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51. SIZE EVOLUTION OF WIND TURBINE
TECHNOLOGY
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52. EVOLUTION OF COMMERCIAL US
WIND TECHNOLOGY
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53. TYPICAL SIZES & APPLICATIONS
Small (≤10 kW) Intermediate
• Homes (10-250 kW)
• Farms
• Remote Applications • Village Power
(e.g. water pumping,
• Hybrid Systems
telecom sites, • Distributed Power
icemaking)
Large (660 kW - 2+MW)
• Central Station Wind Farms
• Distributed Power
• Community Wind
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54. LARGE WIND TURBINES
Large Turbines (600-2000 kW)
Installed in “Windfarm” arrays totaling 1 -
100 MW
$1,300/kW
Designed for low cost of energy (COE)
Requires 6 m/s (13 mph) average wind
speed
Value of Energy: $0.02 - $0.06 per kWh
Small Turbines (0.3-100 kW)
Installed in “rural residential” on-grid and
off-grid applications
$2,500-$8,000/kW
Designed for reliability / low maintenance
Requires 4 m/s (9 mph) average wind speed
Value of energy: $0.06 - $0.26 per kWh
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55. SMALL WIND TURBINES
Blades: Fiber-reinforced plastics, fixed
pitch, either twisted/tapered, or straight
(pultruded)
Generator: Direct-drive permanent magnet
alternator, no brushes, 3-phase AC, 10 kW
variable-speed operation
Designed for:
Simplicity, reliability 50 kW
Few moving parts
Little regular maintenance required
400 W
900 W
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56. STATE-OF-THE-ART OF WIND
ENERGY TECHNOLOGY
Rotor diameters
Tip speed
Rotor mass
Hub height
Pitch vs. Stall control
Variable speed
Power electronics
Gearbox vs. Direct transmission
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57. HUB HEIGHT
There is trade-off between the benefits of extra energy from taller
towers and the extra cost of these tower.
Off shore wind shear is low then lower towers are suitable in this
application since the extra benefits of taller towers diminish.
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58. ROTOR MASS
Rotos mass impacts on the cost of the turbine: tower, foundation,
bearings, shaft, etc.
There is trade off between the rotor mass and the cost of the material
of the blades
Blades are made of glass polyester, glass epoxy or carbon fibre
reinforcement
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59. PITCH Vs STALL CONTROL
The two principal means of limiting rotor power in high operational wind
speeds - stall regulation and pitch regulation
Stall: As wind speed increases, providing the rotor speed is held
constant, flow angles over the blade sections steepen. The blades
become increasingly stalled and this limits power to acceptable levels
without any additional active control.
Pitch: The main alternative to stall regulated operation is pitch
regulation. This involves turning the blades about their long axis
(pitching the blades) to regulate the power extracted by the rotor.
In contrast to stall regulation, pitch regulation requires changes to rotor
geometry.
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60. VARIABLE SPEED Vs FIXED
SPEED
Operation at variable speed offer increased “grid frindliness”
The electrical energy is generated at variable frequency (related to the
speed of teh rotor) and then converted to the frequency of the grid
It can be used with both syncronous and induction generators
Variable speed reduces loads on the transmission system
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61. GEARBOX VS. DIRECT
TRANSMISSION
Gear boxes have been the weakest link in the wind turbine technology
They historically noisy, although now that problem has been abated in
the most part
Direct transmission to multipolar generators is pormising longer lifetime
of wind turbines
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62. BLADE COMPOSITION
Wood
Strong, light weight,
cheap, abundant, flexible
Popular on do-it yourself
turbines
Solid plank
Laminates
Veneers
Composites
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63. BLADE COMPOSITION
Steel
Heavy & expensive
Aluminum
Lighter-weight and easy to work
with
Expensive
Subject to metal fatigue
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64. BLADE COMPOSITION
Lightweight, strong, inexpensive,
good fatigue characteristics
Variety of manufacturing
processes
Cloth over frame
Pultrusion
Filament winding to produce
spars
Most modern large turbines use
fiberglass
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65. HUBS
The hub holds the rotor together
and transmits motion to nacelle
Three important aspects
How blades are attached
Nearly all have cantilevered
hubs (supported only at
hub)
Struts & Stays haven’t
proved worthwhile
Fixed or Variable Pitch
Flexible or Rigid Attachment
Most are rigid
Some two bladed designs
use teetering hubs
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66. DRIVE TRAINS
Direct Drive
Drive Trains transfer power
from rotor to the generator
Direct Drive (no
transmission)
Quieter & more reliable
Most small turbines
Multi-drive
Mechanical Transmission
Can have parallel or
planetary shafts
Prone to failure due to
very high stresses
Most large turbines
(except in Germany)
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67. ROTOR CONTROLS
“The rotor is the single most critical element of any
Micro Turbines wind turbine. How a wind turbine controls the forces
acting on the rotor, particularly in high winds, is of the
May not have any controls utmost importance to the long-term, reliable function
of any wind turbine.
Blade flutter
Small Turbines
Furling (upwind) – rotor
moves to reduce frontal
area facing wind
Coning (downwind) – rotor
blades come to a sharper
cone
Passive pitch governors –
blades pitch out of wind
Medium Turbines
Aerodynamic Stall
Mechanical Brakes
Aerodynamic Brakes
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68. TOWERS
Monopole (Nearly all large
turbines)
Tubular Steel or Concrete
Lattice (many Medium
turbines)
20 ft. sections
Guyed
Lattice or monopole
• 3 guys minimum
Tilt-up
• 4 guys
Tilt-up monopole
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69. ORIENTATION
Turbines can be categorized into two overarching classes based on the
orientation of the rotor
Vertical Axis Horizontal Axis
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70. VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINES
(VAWT)
Advantages: Disadvantages:
Omni directional Rotors generally near ground where
wind poorer
Accepts wind from any angle
Components can be mounted at ground Centrifugal force stresses blades
level Poor self-starting capabilities
Ease of service Requires support at top of turbine rotor
Lighter weight towers Requires entire rotor to be removed to
Can theoretically use less materials to replace bearings
capture the same amount of wind Overall poor performance and
reliability
Have never been commercially
successful
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71. LIFT Vs DRAG VAWT’S
Lift Device
Low solidity, aerofoil
blades
More efficient than drag
device
Drag Device
High solidity, cup shapes
are pushed by the wind
At best can capture only
15% of wind energy
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72. VERTICAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
VAWT’S HAVE NOT BEEN COMMERCIALLY SUCCESSFUL, YET…
Every few years a new
company comes along
promising a revolutionary
breakthrough in wind
turbine design that is low
cost, outperforms anything Mag-Wind
else on the market, and WindStor
overcomes all of the
previous problems with
VAWT’s. They can also
usually be installed on a
roof or in a city where wind Wind Wandler
is poor.
WindTree
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73. HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND TURBINE
Rotors are usually Up-
wind of tower
Some machines have
down-wind rotors, but
only commercially
available ones are small
turbines
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74. HORIZONTAL AXIS WIND
TURBINE SCHEMATIC
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75. INSTALLED CAPACITY IN INDIA (MW)
3000
2483
2500
2000 1340
1870
1628
1500 900 970 1025 1167
733
1000
351
115
500 32 41 54
0
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04
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76. WIND POWER DENSITY
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77. WIND POWER DENSITY AND
CLASSES
50 m Height Wind
Installable power
Class Wind speed Wind power power MW Density
m/s W/m2
1 < 5.6 < 200 ------
2A 5.6 – 6.0 200 – 250 32,647
2B 6.0 – 6.4 250 – 300 10,819
3 6.4 – 7.0 300 – 400 4683
4 7.0 – 7.5 400 – 500 396
5 7.5 – 8.0 500 – 600 17
6 8.0 – 8.8 600 – 800 --
7 8.8 – 11.9 800 – 2000 --
Total 48,561
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78. ADVANATAGEOUS OF WIND
FARM
Profitable wind resources are limited to distinct
geographic areas.
Increases total wind energy production.
Economic point of view: The concentration of repair and
Maintenance of equipment and spar parts reduces cost.
Dedicated maintenance personnel can be employed.
Resulting in reduced labour costs/turbine and financial
saving to WT owner.
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79. WIND RESOURCE IN INDIA
Winds in India influenced by
Strong South-West Summer Monsoon (April-September)
Weaker North-East Winter Monsoon
1150 wind monitoring stations in 25 States/UT’s established. 50 are in
operation.
States with high potential
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Karnataka
Kerala
M.P.
Maharashtra
Rajasthan
Tamil Nadu
211 sites with annual average wind power density >200 Watts/m2
Potential in India : 48,560 MW
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80. WIND RESOURCE ASSESSMENT IN
INDIA
Potential sites for wind power projects having mean wind power
density above 200W/m2 at 50M level identified in 11 States and two
Union Territories.
State-wise Details are as follows:
1 Tamilnadu - 41 sites
2 Gujarat - 38 sites
3 Orissa - 6 sites
4 Maharastra - 28 sites
5 Andhra Pradesh - 32 sites
6 Rajasthan - 7 sites
7 Karnataka - 25 sites
8 Kerala - 16 sites
9 Madhya Pradesh - 7 sites
10 West Bengal - 1 site
11 Uttaranchal - 1 site
12 Lakshadweep - 8 sites
13 A&N Islands - 1 site
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.80

81. GLOBAL CUMULATIVE INSTALLED
CAPACITY
24.3%/yr
27% in 2007
30.4 %/yr
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA Energy
Outlook 2006
27.4%/yr
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.81

82. GLOBAL ANNUAL INSTALLED
CAPACITY
30.3% in
2007
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA Energy
Outlook 2006
26.3%/yr
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.82

83. GLOBAL PRODUCTION
Source: GWEC,
2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook
2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.83

84. % OF GLOBAL ELECTRICITY
Source: GWEC,
2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook
2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.84

85. ANNUAL INSTALLED CAPACITY
BY REGION 2007 (2006)
43.7% (50.1)
28.1% (21.3)
26.1% (24.2)
0.1% (1.9)
0.8% (1.3) 0.8% (0.7%)
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.85

86. CLIMATE IMPERATIVE
1.5 billion tonnes/yr by 2020
Source: GWEC, 2007 and
IEA Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.86

87. CLIMATE IMPERATIVE
9.5 billion tonnes cumulative
reductions by 2020
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.87

88. GLOBAL WIND POWER GROWTH
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.88

89. GLOBAL WIND POWER INSTALLED
CAPACITY
Source: GWEC, 2007
and IEA Energy Outlook
2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.89

90. STATUS OF THE GLOBAL WIND
POWER INDUSTRY
Employs around 200,000 people
Has an annual revenue of more than € 18 billion (US$ 23 billion)
Has been growing at an annual rate of more than 28 % for the last 10
years
Meets the electricity needs of more than 25 million households
Is concentrated in Europe, which accounts for 65 % of total capacity and
most of the major turbine manufacturers
Over 100,000 wind turbines installed today in 70 countries
Over 74,000 MW of installed capacity
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.90

91. WIND ENERGY MARKET
FORECAST
Source: GWEC, 2007 and
IEA Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.91

92. EXTENDED FORECAST 2030-
2050
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.92

93. EXTENDED FORECAST 2030-
2050
Source: GWEC,
2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook
2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.93

94. EXTENDED FORECAST 2030-
2050
Source: GWEC, 2007
and IEA Energy
Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.94

95. EXTENDED FORECAST REGIONAL
BREAKDOWN
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.95

96. EXTENDED FORECAST REGIONAL
BREAKDOWN
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.96

97. EXTENDED FORECAST REGIONAL
BREAKDOWN
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.97

98. EXTENDED FORECAST: COSTS
AND CAPACITIES
Source: GWEC,
2007 and IEA
Energy Outlook
2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.98

99. EXTENDED FORECAST: INVESTMENT
AND EMPLOYMENT
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.99

100. EXTENDED FORECAST: CARBON
EMISSIONS SAVINGS
Source: GWEC, 2007 and IEA Energy Outlook 2006
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.100

101. OFFSHORE WIND
1980s Oil prices went down,
market dried up
1990s Denmark experiments
with offshore wind
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.101

102. WORLD WIDE OFFSHORE
WIND PRODUCTION
Countries 5
Projects 16
Turbines 299
Capacity 552 MW
Annual
1.950.000.000 kWh
Production
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.102

103. OFFSHORE WIND CURRENT
PROJECTS
International projects expanding Other countries
fast United Kingdom
Denmark – 18% of all energy Belgium
Wants to have 50% by 2030 Spain
Germany closing down nuclear Poland
plants
France
36 projects in the works Ireland
60,000 MW planned Sweden
Canada
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.103

104. OFFSHORE WIND PLATFORM
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.104

105. WHY OFFSHORE WIND?
Higher winds
Probably same cost
Can be close to Lake urban areas
Less noise
Wind steadier over water
Less visual impact
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.105

106. ADVANTAGES OF WIND POWER
Wind turbines provide electricity on and off grid world- wide.
Land can be used for other purposes, such as agriculture
Individuals, businesses, and co-operatives sometimes own and
operate single turbines.
Electricity generation expensive due to cost of transporting diesel
fuel to remote areas.
Wind turbines reduce consumption of diesel fuel.
Electricity for small loads in windy off-grid areas.
Batteries in stand-alone systems provide electricity during calm
periods.
Water pumping: water reservoir is storage.
Can be used in combination with fossil fuel gensets and/or
photovoltaic arrays in a “hybrid” system.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.106

107. ENERGY PRODUCTION AND
THE ENVIRONMENT
Energy use in power plants accounts for:
67% of air emissions of SO2 the primary cause of acid rain. SO2
causes acidification of lakes and damages forests and other
habitats.
25% of NOx which causes smog and respiratory ailments.
33% of Hg (mercury), a persistent, bio-accumulative toxin which
increases in concentration as it moves up the food chain, e.g. from
fish to birds, causing serious deformities and nerve disorders.
SOURCES: Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS)
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.107

108. WIND ENERGY
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
Visual impact
Noise
Flickering (shadows and electromagnetic fields)
Birds collision
Land use and sea use (for off-shore applications)
GHG emissions
Other social and political impacts
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.108

109. LIFETIME ENVIRONMENTAL
IMPACT
Manufacturing wind turbines and building wind plants does
not create large emissions of carbon dioxide.
When these operations are included, wind energy's CO2
emissions are quite small:
about 1% of coal, or
about 2% of natural gas
(per unit of electricity
generated).
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.109

110. Concentrated Solar Power
Technologies
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.110

111. Solar Energy
Solar energy is the radiant light and heat from the sun that has been
harnessed by humans since ancient times. It is one of the cleanest,
most viable form of renewable energy.
Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar
or active solar.
Active solar techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors.
Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with
favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
Solar power provides electrical power generation by means of heat
engines or photovoltaics.
solar applications includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable
water via distillation and disinfection, day lighting, hot water, thermal energy for cooking,
and high temperature process heat for industrial purposes.
The sun's light (and all light) contains energy. Usually, when light hits an object the energy
turns into heat, like the warmth you feel while sitting in the sun. But when light hits certain
materials the energy turns into an electrical current instead, which we can then harness for
power.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.111

112. Solar Energy
The Earth receives 174 petawatts
(PW) of incoming solar radiation
(insolation) at the upper
atmosphere.
Approximately 30% is reflected
back to space while the rest is
absorbed by clouds, oceans and
land masses. The spectrum of
solar light at the Earth's surface is
mostly spread across the visible
and near infrared ranges with a
small part in the near – ultraviolet.
The total solar energy absorbed by
Earth's atmosphere, oceans and
land masses is approximately
3,850,000 exajoules (EJ) per year.
The amount of solar energy
reaching the surface of the planet
is so vast that in one year it is
about twice as much as will ever
be obtained from all of the Earth's
non-renewable resources of coal,
oil, natural gas, and mined
uranium combined. SOLAR ENERGY
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.112

113. Suitability of Solar Power
Generation
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.113

114. Concentrated Solar Power
Solar energy Concentrating solar power (CSP) systems use lenses or
mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a
small beam. The concentrated light is then used as a heat source for
a conventional power plant or is concentrated onto photovoltaic
surfaces.
Concentrating solar power systems are divided into:
• Concentrating Solar Thermal (CST)
• Concentrating Photovoltaics (CPV)
• Concentrating Photovoltaics and Thermal (CPT)
Can be integrated into conventional thermal power plants.
Serve different markets like bulk power, remote power, heat, water.
Provide firm capacity (thermal storage, fossil backup).
Have the lowest costs for solar electricity.
Have an energy pay-back time of only 6-12 months.
Use the largest renewable resources available free of cost.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.114

115. Concentrated Solar Thermal
Technologies
Concentrating solar thermal (CST) is used to produce renewable heat
or electricity (generally, in the latter case, through steam). CST
systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large
area of sunlight into a small beam. The concentrated light is then
used as heat or as a heat source for a conventional power plant
(solar thermoelectricity).
A wide range of concentrating solar technologies exist, Each
concentration method is capable of producing high temperatures and
correspondingly high thermodynamic efficiencies, but they vary in
the way that they track the Sun and focus light, these include:
Parabolic trough
Concentrating Linear Fresnel Reflector
Solar Chimney
Solar Power Tower
Due to new innovations in the technology, concentrating solar
thermal is being more and more cost-effective.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.115

116. Concentrated Solar Thermal
Technologies
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.116

117. Concentrated Parabolic Trough
Parabolic trough are used to track the sun & concentrate sunlight on to the
thermally efficient receiver tubes located along the focal line of the trough.
The reflector follows the Sun during the daylight hours by tracking along a
single axis. A working fluid (eg. Synthetic oil, molten salt) is heated to 150-
350° as it flows through the receiver and is then used as a heat source for a
C
power generation system.
The Solar Energy Generating System (SEGS) plants in California, Acciona's
Nevada Solar One near Boulder City, Nevada, and Plataforma Solar de
Almeria’s SSPS-DCS plant in Spain are representative of this technology.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.117

118. Concentrated Parabolic Trough
Characteristics
Large thermal storage could be built to increase Large thermal
storage could be built to increase number of operating hours
in a day.
Rankine cycle configuration is used for power generation.
Could be hybridized with power generation from fossil fuels.
Other alternatives for heat transfer fluid, such as water to
produce DIRECT STEAM, and molten salts to produce higher
temperatures are being tried out to increase the potential of
the technology further.
The parabolic trough technology is commercially available.
Its main components are:
Parabolic Trough solar Collectors (parabolic reflectors, metal support
structure and support structure and receiver tubes).
Tracking system (Drive, sensors and controls).
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.118

119. Concentrated Parabolic Trough
Components
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.119

120. Concentrated Parabolic Trough
Components
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.120

121. Concentrated Parabolic Trough
Collector Principle
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.121

122. Parabolic Trough Advantages
Parabolic mirrors concentrate the solar energy onto solar
thermal receivers containing a heat transfer fluid.
Tracking facility provides optimal absorption of sun’s energy.
The heat transfer fluid is circulated and heated through the
receivers, and the heat is released to a series of heat
exchangers to generate super-heated steam.
The steam powers a turbine/generator to produce electricity
delivered to a utility’s electric grid.
With a Thermal Storage tank or a back-up of alternative fuels,
a solar plant can operate beyond daylight hours.
O&M of a parabolic trough power plant is similar to a
conventional steam power plant, it requires the same staffing
& labour skills to operate & maintain them 24 hrs.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.122

123. Concentrated Solar Tower
Solar Tower is the second largest technology in CSP. It uses a
circular array of heliostats (2 axis tracking system mirror) is used to
concentrate sunlight to a central receiver mounted on top of a tower.
It consisting of a central receiver tower, which is surrounded by a
mirror field that concentrates the irradiation on the tip of the tower. In
the receiver a heat transfer medium is used to transfer the energy to
a heat exchanger in order to produce steam.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.123

124. Concentrated Sterling dish
Sterling dish Concentrator consists of a reflecting parabolic
dish which concentrate sunlight onto one spot. The working
fluid in the receiver is heated by the concentrated rays to 250-
°
700°C and then used by a Stirling engine to generate power (5-
50 kW range)..
Parabolic dish systems provide the highest solar-to-electric
efficiency among CSP technologies, and their modular nature
provides scalability.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.124

125. Concentrated Fresnel
Reflectors (CLFR)
Concentrating Linear Fresnel Reflectors are CSP-plants which use many thin
mirror strips instead of parabolic mirrors to concentrate sunlight onto two
tubes with working fluid.
This has the advantage that flat mirrors can be used which are much cheaper
than parabolic mirrors, and that more reflectors can be placed in the same
amount of space, allowing more of the available sunlight to be used.
They can come in large plants or more compact plants.
Fresnel reflectors are not as efficient as parabolic mirrors but are much
cheaper to build.
In a typical hybrid installation Linear Fresnel Reflectors preheats water for the
coal fired power plant (285oC: 70bar steam)
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.125

126. Concentrated Solar Chimney
With the solar chimney, the sun heats air beneath gigantic, green-house-like glass roofs.
The air then rises in a tower and drives the turbines.
A solar chimney power plant has a high chimney (tower), with a height of up to 1000
metres, surrounded by a large collector roof, up to 130 metres in diameter, that consists
of glass or resistive plastic supported on a framework. Towards its centre, the roof
curves upwards to join the chimney, creating a funnel.
The sun heats up the ground and the air underneath the collector roof, and the heated air
follows the upward incline of the roof until it reaches the chimney.
The heated air flows at high speed through the chimney and drives wind generators at its
bottom.
The efficiency of the solar chimney power plant is below 2%, and depends mainly on the
height of the tower, so these power plants can only be constructed on land which is very
cheap or free.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.126

127. Concentrated Solar
Technologies - Comparison
Parabolic Trough Central Receiver Parabolic Dish
Grid-connected plants, high Stand-alone applications or
Grid-connected plants,
temperature process heat small off-grid power systems
Applications process heat (Highest solar unit
(Highest solar unit size built to (Highest solar unit size built to
size built to date: 80 MWe).
date: 10 MWe). date: 25 kWe).
Commercially available – over
10 billion kWh operational
experience; operating
temperature potential up to
500° (400° commercially
C C
proven). Good mid-term prospects for Very high conversion
high conversion efficiencies, efficiencies– peak solar to
Commercially proven annual electric conversion of about
performance of 14% solar to net with solar collection; operating
Advantages electrical output. temperature potential up to 30%.
1000° (565° proven at 10 MW
C C Modularity.
Commercially proven scale).
investment and operating costs. Hybrid operation possible.
Storage at high temperatures Operational experience of first
Modularity. Hybrid operation possible. prototypes.
Best land use.
Lowest materials demand.
Hybrid concept proven.
Storage capability.
The use of oil based heat
transfer media restricts Reliability needs to be
operating temperatures to Projected annual performance improved.
Disadvantages values, investment and
400° resulting in moderate
C, Projected cost goals of mass
steam qualities. operating costs still need to be
proved in commercial operation. production still need to be
Land availability, water achieved.
demand.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.127

128. Concentrated Solar Trough
Collector Functional Diagram
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.128

129. Concentrated Solar Trough
with Direct Steam Generation
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.129

130. Concentrated Solar Trough
with Direct Steam Generation
Has the potential to reduce the overall cost.
Does not face limitations of the thermal oil systems.
No realistic storage option exists presently.
Initial studies indicate about 10% reduction in the solar
portion of levelized cost of energy.
Faces serious challenges for safety and maintenance as large
solar field is pressurized.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.130

131. Solar Thermal Power Plant –
A Typical Project Case
A 100 MWe Solar Thermal Power Plant with thermal storage
will require about 400 M€ of investment and requires:
4 km2 of Land.
25000 tons of steel.
12000 tons of glass.
30000 tons of storage medium.
20000 m3 of concrete.
It produces 1000 jobs during construction & 100 jobs during
its operation.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.131

132. Advantages of Concentrated
Solar Thermal Power Plant
Centralized power generation in systems up to 200 MWel.
No qualitative change in the grid structure.
Reliable, plannable, stable grids.
Can be combined with fossil fuel heating.
In the mid-term competitive with medium-load fossil fuel plants.
Independent of fuel prices, low operating costs.
Already competitive for peak loads.
High-voltage DC transmission permits cost-effective conduction of electricity
over long distances.
Proven technology.
Great proportion of added value is local.
Good ecological balance.
Lower land use than other renewable energies.
Sea water desalination as added benefit.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.132

133. Solar Thermal Power Plant –
Today’s Scenario
Solar Thermal Power Plant (STPP) technologies are important to share the
clean energy needed in the future.
Today STPP are a well proven & demonstrated technology.
Since 1985 parabolic trough type STPP in California has generated >10 Billion kWh of solar-
thermal electricity & has fed to the grid.
At present, STPP with a total capacity exceeding 500 MW are being built world wide, further 11
GW being in the project development stage.
STPP are already among the most cost-effective renewable power
technologies.
In combination with thermal energy storage, solar thermal power plants can
provide dispatchable electricity.
With further technological improvements & mass production, STPP can
become competitive with fossil-fuel plants.
Solar Thermal Power has best Market Perspectives among Renewables:
Solar Energy has the most abundant technically usable renewable resource.
Only solar thermal power can cover the commercial demand for bulk electricity in the ten to
hundreds of Megawatt range with relatively low land demand.
Predictable and dispatchable power in commercial power plant scale (50-200 MW).
No shortage of raw materials
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.133

134. Solar Photovoltaic
Technologies
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.134

135. Solar Photovoltaic
Photovoltaic’s are best known as a method for generating electric power by using solar
cells to convert energy from the sun directly into electricity.
The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light knocking electrons into a higher state of
energy to create electricity.
“Photovoltaic” is a marriage of two words: “photo”, meaning light, and “voltaic”, meaning
electricity.
Many of these plants are integrated with agriculture and some use innovative tracking
systems that follow the sun's daily path across the sky to generate more electricity than
conventional fixed-mounted systems. There are no fuel costs or emissions during
operation of the Photovoltaic Power Stations.
When more power is required than a single cell can deliver, cells are electrically
connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A single module is
enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power plant the modules
must be arranged in multiples as arrays.
A Single PhotoVoltaic Cell An Array of Solar Photovoltaic Panels
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.135

136. Solar Photovoltaic
The European PhotoVoltaic Industry Association (EPIA / Greenpeace)
Advanced Scenario shows that by the year 2030, PV systems could be
generating approximately 1864 GW of electricity around the world.
This means that, enough solar power would be produced globally in twenty-five years time to
satisfy the electricity needs of almost 14% of the world’s population.
By early 2006, the average cost per installed watt for a residential sized
system was about USD 7.50 to USD 9.50, including panels, inverters, mounts,
and electrical items.
The most important issue with solar panels is capital cost (installation and
materials).
Due to economies of scale solar panels get less costly as people use and buy
more, as manufacturers increase production to meet demand, the cost and
price is expected to drop in the years to come.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.136

137. Solar Thermal Vs Photovoltaic
Solar Thermal PhotoVoltaic (PV)
Annual system efficiency of the parabolic trough Annual system efficiency decreases at higher irradiation
system increases significantly with the annual values due to the negative influence of correlated higher
irradiation sum. ambient temperature.
Unique integrability into conventional thermal
PV module efficiency is almost constant over large
plants. Can be integrated as "a solar burner" in
irradiance ranges and decreases with higher
parallel to a fossil burner into conventional
temperatures.
thermal cycles.
More suitable for smaller installations (integrated into
Not cost-effective for small installations.
buildings).
Annual electricity generation for a typical
Annual electricity generation for a typical installation is
installation is 3400 kWh/kW/year for systems with
1250-1750 kWh/year depending on the location and
7.5 hours of Thermal Storage and 2040 kWh/year
slope of the panels.
for systems without storage.
Installation cost depends on the capacity of the
installation. For a 50MW Power plant installation
cost is about 4500 Euro/kW (in case that Thermal Current typical installation cost is about 5000 Euro/kW.
Storage for 7.5 hours is added, installation cost is
about 6000 Euro/kW).
In all regions with an annual global irradiation
above 1100 kWh/m² the costs of solar thermal
electricity are lower than the costs of photovoltaic
systems.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.137

138. Solar Thermal Vs Photovoltaic
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.138

139. CO2 Emissions Comparison
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.139

140. Solar Thermal Power – Future
Opportunities
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.140

141. CSP Technology to Lead the
Future
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.141

142. Solar Thermal Power Plant –
Today’s Scenario
Examples of specific large solar thermal projects currently planned around
the world include:
Algeria: 140 MW ISCC plant with 35 MW solar capacity.
Australia: 35 MW CLFR-based array to pre-heat steam at a coal-fired 2,000 MW plant.
Egypt: 127 MW ISCC plant with 29 MW solar capacity.
Greece: 50 MW solar capacity using steam cycle.
India: 140 MW ISCC plant with 35 MW solar capacity.
Israel: 100 MW solar hybrid operation.
Italy: 40 MW solar capacity using steam cycle.
Mexico: 300 MW ISCC plant with 29 MW solar capacity.
Morocco: 230 MW ISCC plant with 35 MW solar capacity.
Spain: 2 x 50 MW solar capacity using steam cycle and storage.
USA: 50 MW Solar Electric Generating Systems.
USA: 1 MW parabolic trough using ORC engine
The five most promising countries in terms of governmental targets or
potentials according to the scenario, each with more than 1,000 MW of solar
thermal projects expected by 2020, are Spain, United States, Mexico, Australia
and South Africa.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.142

143. Concentrated Solar Thermal Power
– A Promise for Tomorrow
Concentrated Parabolic trough power plants have been providing a reliable
power supply to 2,00,000 households in Kramer Junction, California for the
last 15 years.
RE TECHNOLOGY – Presenter/ref. - 09 February 2011 - p.143