1. Chapter 6A
Transforming Data Into
Information

2. Outline:
 How Computers Represent Data
How Computers Process Data
Components affecting Speed
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3. How Computers Represent Data
 Number systems
◦ A manner of counting
◦ Number systems have
 Decimal number(0,1,2,………9)
 Binary number(0.1)
 Decimal number system
◦ Used by humans to count
◦ Contains ten distinct digits
◦ Digits combine to make larger numbers
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4. How Computers Represent Data
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5. How Computers Represent Data
 Binary number system
◦ Used by computers to count
◦ Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
◦ 0 and 1 combine to make numbers
◦ Example:
◦ 0110 0001 = a
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6. How Computers Represent Data
 Bits and bytes
◦ Binary numbers are made of bits
◦ Bit represents a switch
◦ A byte is 8 bits
◦ Byte represents one character.
◦ A=1 Byte and so on…
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7. How Computers Represent Data
 Text codes
 Converts letters into binary.
 Standard codes necessary for data transfer
◦ ASCII
 American English symbols
◦ Extended ASCII
 Graphics and other symbols
◦ Unicode
• provide enough characters to cover all the world’s
languages.
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8. How Computers Represent Data
Examples from the
ASCII Text Code
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9. How Computers Represent Data
 Why is it important to have a standard
text code?
 This standard code system would enable any
programmer or program to use the same
combinations of numbers to represent the
same individual pieces of data.
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10. How Computers Process Data
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11. How Computers Process Data
1. The CPU
◦ Central Processing Unit
◦ Brain of the computer
◦ Two part:
4.Control unit
 Controls resources in computer
 Contains the list of all commands a CPU understands.
5.Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
Arithmetic operations
t Logical operations
 Simple math operations
 Require Registers to store math operations
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12. How Computers Process Data
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13. How Computers Process Data
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14. How Computers Process Data
 Machine cycles
 The CPU follows a set of steps-called a machine
cycle to process data
2.Instruction cycle
 CPU gets the instruction
3.Execution cycle
 CPU performs the instruction
◦ Billions of cycles per second
◦ Pipelining processes more data
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15. How Computers Process Data
2. Memory
◦ Stores open programs and data
◦ Small chips on the motherboard
◦ More memory makes a computer faster
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16. How Computers Process Data
3. Nonvolatile memory
◦ Holds data when power is off
◦ Read Only Memory (ROM)
 Store the routines that enable a computer to boot
up
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17. How Computers Process Data
4. Flash memory
• Data is stored using physical
◦ Special form of nonvolatile memory
◦ Camera cards, USB
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18. How Computers Process Data
5. Volatile memory
◦ Requires power to hold data
◦ Random Access Memory (RAM)
◦ Data in RAM has an address
◦ CPU reads data using the address
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19. Components affecting Speed
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20. Affecting Processing Speed
1. Registers
◦ Number of bits processor can handle
◦ Larger indicates more powerful computer
◦ Increase by purchasing new CPU
2. Virtual RAM
◦ Computer is out of actual RAM
◦ File that emulates RAM
◦ Computer swaps data to virtual RAM
 Least recently used data is moved
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21. Affecting Processing Speed
1. The computer’s internal clock
◦ Every tick causes a cycle
◦ Speeds measured in Hertz (Hz)
2. The bus
◦ Electronic pathway between components
◦ System bus connects CPU and RAM
◦ Bus width is measured in bits
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22. Affecting Processing Speed
 External bus standards
1. Peripheral Control Interface(PCI)
2. Accelerated Graphics Port(AGP)
3. Universal Serial Bus(USB)
4. PC Card
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23. Affecting Processing Speed
 Peripheral control interface (PCI)
◦ Connects modems and sound cards
 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)
◦ Connects video card to motherboard
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24. Affecting Processing Speed
 Universal Serial Bus (USB)
◦ Connects external devices
◦ Hot swappable
◦ Cameras, printers, and scanners
 PC Card
◦ Used on laptops
◦ Hot swappable
◦ Devices are the size of a credit card
◦
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25. Affecting Processing Speed
1. Cache memory
◦ Very fast memory
◦ Holds common or recently used data
◦ Speeds up computer processing
◦ Most computers have several caches
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26. Chapter 6B
Modern CPUs

27. Outline:
 A Look Inside The Processor
 Microcomputer Processors
Comparing Processors
Extending The Processors Power
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28. A Look Inside The Processor
 Architecture
◦ Determines
 Location of CPU parts
 Bit size
 Number of registers
 Pipelines
◦ Main difference between CPUs
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29. Microcomputer Processors
1. Intel
◦ Leading manufacturer of processors
◦ Current processors
 Centrino
 Itanium
 Pentium IV
 Xeon
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30. Microcomputer Processors
1. Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
◦ Main competitor to Intel
◦ Current processors
 Sempron
 Athlon FX 64
 Athlon XP
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31. Microcomputer Processors
1. Freescale
◦ Currently focuses on the Linux market
2. IBM
◦ Historically manufactured mainframes

32. Comparing Processors
 Speed of processor
 Size of cache
 Number of registers
 Bit size
 Speed of Front side bus

33. Advanced Processor Topics
 Parallel Processing
◦ Multiple processors in a system

34. Extending The Processors Power
 Standard computer ports
◦ Keyboard and mouse ports
◦ USB ports
◦ Parallel
◦ Network
◦ Modem
◦ Audio
◦ Serial
◦ Video
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35. Standard computer ports
◦ Keyboard and mouse ports
◦ USB ports

36. Standard computer ports
◦ Parallel
◦ Serial

37. Standard computer ports
 Video
 Audio

38. Standard computer ports
◦ Network & Modem Port

39. Standard Computer Ports
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40. Extending The Processors Power
 Serial and parallel ports
◦ Connect to printers or modems
◦ Parallel ports move bits simultaneously
◦ Serial ports move one bit
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41. Serial Communications
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42. Parallel Communications
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43. Extending The Processors Power
 Specialized Expansion Ports:
 USB
◦ Universal Serial Bus
◦ Most popular external bus
◦ Supports up to 127 devices
◦ Hot swappable
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44. Extending the Processors Power
 FireWire
◦ Cameras and video equipment
◦ Hot swappable
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45. Extending the Processors Power
 Expansion slots and boards
◦ Slots allow the addition of new devices
◦ Computer must be off before inserting
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46. Extending the Processors Power
 PC Cards
◦ Expansion bus for laptops
◦ Hot swappable
◦ Small card size
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47. Extending the Processors Power
 Plug and play
◦ New hardware detected automatically
◦ Prompts to install drivers
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48. Chapter 6
End of Chapter