EE21C

ASSESSMENT CRITERIA FOR
HISTORIC REINFORCED CONCRETE
HOUSING BUILDINGS IN EUROPE
Maria Bostenaru
Rui Pinho
IUSS Pavia / ROSE

EE21C 27 August-1 September 2005 Skopje & Ohrid
Overview
Problem and ist significance
Approach
Results
Discussion
Conclusions
Outlook

Problem and its significance
CA‘REDIVIVUS
Buildings of the Modern Movement
 housing constructions
 reinforced concrete structure
 raised during a short time span (10-20y) in the
interwar time
 such research is rare
Multitude of disciplinary points of view

Problem and its significance
Nr. Objective Interest groups
1 - advancing the science of earthquake engineering
- improving understanding of the impact of earthquakes on the physical, social,
economic and cultural environment
- developing comprehensive measures for preventing earthquake loss
Multidisciplinary
2 development of an algorithm for optimisation of retrofit measures -
3 development of a decentralised decision model, encompassing all actors involved
in the implementation strategy of a retrofit measures, from:
- geophysics (engineering seismology)
- (structural) engineering
- economy (investment efficiency)
- sociology (consideration of user issues)
Interdisciplinary
4 insights into applicability of retrofit methods, where instead of improving capacity
demand is reduced, more specifically active devices on frame braces.
Interdisciplinary
architecture
engineering
5 development of a framework for integral planning, meaning that economic and
engineering aspects are equally regarded from incipient phases of reconversion
projects, namely the building survey.
Interdisciplinary
architecture
engineering
economics
6 solving contradictions between the objectives of single actors in the retrofit
implementation strategy, not only through the choice, but also through
customisation of an adequate decision system.
Multidisciplinary
7 highlighting the comprehensibility of the measures analysed, through inclusion
into the integral planning scheme near the flow in the physical implementation of
the retrofit system also of a flow for the education of the population which has to
support the measures. This is especially important in the so-called second phase of
strategic implementation, when the application of the measure has to spread from
pilot or demonstrative projects to “routine” wide ones.
architecture
urbanism
sociology
8 Investigation of the possibilities to support changes by political and economic
environment, namely of existing programmes (results from the events on “Natural
Hazards Impact on Urban Areas and Infrastructure”), and their impact.
-

Nr. Objective Method Instruments
1 Improving understanding of the
impact of earthquakes
- public presentation
- reaction to feedback on findings and conclusions about
the architectural, structural, geophysical, social and
economic aspects of retrofitting historic concrete
buildings
- active participation and co-organisation of conferences
- publication in reviewed manner
- web dissemination of results to the measures proposed
2 development of an algorithm for
retrofit measures optimisation
parametrical study FEM
3 development of a decentralised
decision model
modularisation of a collaborative decision model taking
into account non-measurable criteria
Use of the pair wise comparison method. Investigation of
decision making on different levels (of the actors, of one
actor‟s criteria) and of the likelihood of interference with
multiobjective systems in the transition from urban to
building scale.
4 applicability of retrofit methods -
insights
documentation
training
Literature and internet based research
Lectures and assisted exercises.
5 development of a framework for
integral planning
Setting up an example retrofit design model project for
the integral planning and defining the steps, from the
“functional specifications” over alternative generation to
presentation of relevant aspects of all actors.
Exercise
6 solving contradictions between the
objectives of single actors
develop a basis system to administrate modules on
different levels of detail included in the urban strategical
planning
Investigation of the suitability of different computer tools
like spread sheets, GIS and multimedia programmed ones.
7 highlighting the comprehensibility
of the measures analysed
Several steps are foreseen in the „educational flow‟:
- determination of research directions
- determination of means for accessibilisation of
information
- investigation of consulting and participation means
- education
- creation of public ideas
- realisation of the connection between education and
research.
Finally the information circuit gets into a second phase.
- database for the presentation to the public, for navigation
between urban/building level and for feedback from the
programs.
8 support changes by political and
economic environment
Documentation and conference organisation activity “Natural Hazards Impact on Urban Areas and
Infrastructure” session, publication and eventual similar
events.

Approach
Documentation of the distribution and
regional characteristics
Integrated decision systems
Databases on residential buildings
 DOCOMOMO association
 World Housing Encyclopedia project
 Risk perception

Results:
questionaires analysed
registries from the „DOcumentation and
COnservation of the Modern MOvement“
Reports from the (earthquake prone)
World Housing Encyclopedia, of the
 IAEE
 EERI
Socio-economic questionaire in the
dissertation of Plapp (2004), GK450,
Universität Karlsruhe, Germany

DOCOMOMO registries:
entry categories
Summary Localisation Authors Typology Evaluation State Protection
building name Type evaluation of originality
postal address
ZIP code
former/ alternate
name
initial use
owner present use social evaluation URL project and
transformations
Institution
owner‟s status Type of protection
Grade of protection
materials/ techniques engineering technical evaluation evaluation of current
state
Restoration
nature of danger
beginning of
construction
contracting
authority
end of construction construction
year of design stylistic affiliation historical evaluation
Awards conception planned use aesthetic evaluation
URL of presentation
URL of
documentation
urban center
country
continent
regional context contextual evaluation
urban context

WHE database:
decision tree for retrofit measures
Retrofit goals TG = 100
Nr.Criterion ZG TG TG TG TG TG TG ZG Criterion Nr.
A. Architect 15 50 Engineer C.
1 Description 150 100 A1 Seismic
strenthening
technologies
100 100 50 100 Seismic
strengthening
technologies
C1 100 250 What has been the performance of
retrofitted buildings of this type in
subsequent earthquakes?
4
50 100 Seismic
strengthening
technologies
(together with other
actors)
C2 100 250 Description 5
TG A.100 100 TG C.
B.Inhabitant 20 15 Investor D.
62 Who performed
the construction:
a contractor, or
owner/user?
100 50 B1 Seismic
strengthening
technologies
100 100 50 95 Seismic
strengthening
technologies
D1 35 28 Has this strengthening been perfomed
in design practice? To what extent?
3 Was an architect
or engineer
involved?
100 50 30 24 Was the work done as a mitigation
effort on an undamaged building, or as
repair following earthquake damage?
7
30 24 Was the construction inspected in the
same manner as new construction?
8
50 100 D2 35 26 Description 9
32,5 24 Who performed the construction? 10
Seismic
strengthening
technologies
(together with other
actors)
32,5 24 Was an architect/engineer involved? 11
TG B.100 100 TG D.

Criterion measurement
spaces for WHE criteria
Measurement space Representation space(x-Axis)
Function space
increasing decreasing
Nr. Name [from] [to] [from] [to] [from] [to] [unit] [ZG]
(y-Axis) 0 4 4 0 0 4
1 Description 1 10 0 0 1 10 Text (score: building materials, expected
effectivity, construction complexity)
150,0
2 Who performed the construction: a
contractor, or owner/user?
1 3 0 0 1 3 Influence degree of the contractor 100,0
3 Was an architect or engineer involved? 1 3 0 0 1 3 Number of participating specialist actors 100,0
4 Performance of retrofitted buildings of
this type in subsequent earthquakes?
1 6 0 0 1 6 very poor till very good 250,0
5 Description 1 10 0 0 1 10 Text (as above) 250,0
6 Has this strengthening been perfomred in
design practice? To what extent?
1 6 0 0 1 6 Not at all till area-wide 27,6
7 Mitigation effort on an undamaged
building, or as post-damage repair?
1 4 0 0 1 4 post-damage repair – retrofit of pre-damaged
construction – preventive measure – replacement
23,7
8 Was the construction inspected in the
same manner as new construction?
0 0 1 0 0 1 yes/no 23,7
9 Description 1 4 0 0 1 4 Poor to richt based on house price/yearly income 26,3
10 Who performed the construction: a
contractor, or owner/user?
1 3 0 0 1 3 Influence degree of the contractor 24,4
11 Was an architect or engineer involved? 1 3 0 0 1 3 Number of participating speacialist actors 24,4

(x-axis) Measurement space Representation space
Function space Ex. Goal representation (Transformation curve)
[Nr.] increasing decreasing
Name [from] [to] [from] [to] [IS] [unit] [ZEG]* [ZG]= [GZEG]
(y-Axis) 0 4 4 0 Summs 1000 652
ARCHITECT
General information
1 Summary 1 10 0 0 6 Text (score) 0,556 18,8 10,4
2 Typical period of practice 0 475 0 0 50 Year 0,105 18,8 2,0
3 Regions where used 0 0 0 100 1 Number of regions 1,000 18,8 18,8
4 Urban/rural construction 1 2 2 4 2 Checklist 18,8 18,8
Architectural features
5 Openings 0 0 0 0,75 33 Opening area/wall area 1,000 13,1 13,1
6 Siting 0 0 0 4 2 Site points (flat/sloped, common wall) 1,000 13,1 13,1
7 Building configuration 0,8 1 0 0 0,8 Shape score 0,000 11,3 0,0
9 Building function 0 0 1 4 4 Checklist (single/multiple family,
commerical GF, mixed use)
1,000 9,9 9,9
10 Modification of buildings 0 0 0 5 1 Number (infill balconies, removed interior
walls or columns, extensions, new stairs)
1,000 9,2 9,2
11 Means of escape 0 2 0 0 2 Number 1,000 9,2 9,2
INVESTOR
Building materials and construction process
12 Description of building materials 3 500 0 0 150 Strength (N/mm²) 0,296 7,5 2,2
13 Eventuality of construction with
specualative intentions
0 0 0 1 1 Yes/No 1,000 7,5 7,5
14 Construction process 1 5 0 0 4 Who builds with what machines 0,750 7,5 5,6
15 Design/construction expertise 0 4 0 0 3 Level 0,750 7,5 5,6
16 Codes/standards 0 4 0 0 1 Yes/No; Year 0,250 7,5 1,9
17 Role of engineers and architects 0 7 0 0 7 in how many project phases 1,000 7,5 7,5
18 Building permits/development
rules
1 4 0 0 4 requested/not 1,000 7,5 7,5
19 Phasing of construction 0 1 0 0 1 stepwise/not 1,000 7,5 7,5
20 Building maintenance 0 3 0 0 2 who? (investor, owner, tenant, none) 0,667 7,5 5,0
21 Typical problems 1 10 0 0 4 Text (score) 0,333 7,5 2,5
Construction economics and insurance
22 Unit construction cost 2 1500 0 0 800 EUR/m² 0,533 31,3 16,6
23 Labor requirements 1 106 0 0 24 Weeks 0,219 31,3 6,8
24 Insurance 0 0 0 0 62,5
ENGINEER
Structural features
25 Lateral load system 1 4 0 0 2 Text (key elements) 0,333 18,8 6,3
26 Gravity load bearing structure 1 4 0 0 3 Text (key elements) 0,667 18,8 12,5
27 Type of structural system 1 32 0 0 15 Score (based on the associated vulnerability
class)
0,452 18,8 8,5
28 Type of foundation 1 7 8 14 5 Score (depending on their continuity) 0,667 18,8 12,5
29 Type of floor/roof system 1 16 0 0 14 Score (depending on the rigidity and the
stability of the beared elements)
0,867 18,8 16,3
30 Plan dimensions 0,5 0,8 0,8 0,5 0,5 m min/m max 0,000 18,8 0,0
31 Number of stories 0 0 1 4 7 Number 1,000 18,8 18,8
32 Story height 0 0 2,7 6 3 M 1,000 18,8 18,8
33 Typical span 0 0 1,8 6 4,5 M 1,000 25,0 25,0
34 Typical wall density 2,5 20 0 0 7,5 % 0,286 25,0 7,1
Earthquake damage patterns
35 Earthquake damage patterns 0 0 0 4 4 Pre-damaging earthquakes 1,000 150,0 150,0
Evaluation of seismic performance and seismic vulnerability
36 Structural and architectural
features
0 13 0 0 5 Simplified evaluation of seismic resistance 0,385 52,5 20,2
37 Seismic features 0 4 0 0 1 Problems and Opportunities 0,250 52,5 13,1
38 Seismic vulnerability rating 1 6 0 0 3 A (very low) - F (excellent) 0,400 45,0 18,0
INHABITANT
Socio-economic issues
39 Patterns of occupancy 0 0 1 4 1 families/residential unit 1,000 24,4 24,4
40 Nr. of residential units pro
building
0 0 1 50 25 units/building 1,000 24,4 24,4
41 Average number of inhabitants 0 0 5 20 40 Simulataneously 1,000 26,3 26,3
42 Economic level of inhabitants 1 4 0 0 4 Poor-rich based on house-price/annual-
income
1,000 26,3 26,3
43 Sources of construction financing 1 9 0 0 7 Nominal 0,750 24,4 18,3
44 Ownership 0 0 1 7 3 participation degree, given from the
ownership
1,000 24,4 24,4

Project management
Step Goal Method Instrument Objec-
tive
1 a. Technical reports on steel braces
retrofit systems applicability in RC
housing buildings
b. Charts of support programmes
Documentation Literature and internet based
research
Investigation
4; 8
2 a data table of use for the decision
method in the next step
parametrical study FEM 2
3 support the choices at step 4 and 1
(public presentation/feedback)
Highlighting
comprehensibility
Database and urban/building
level navigation
7
4 algorithm based on case studies
(step 2) for experiments (step 6)
modularisation of the
decision model
pair wise comparison 3
5 report about pros and cons of
available systems for this purpose
A basis system to
administrate modules
Comparative employment of
computer tools for this problem
6
6 trial of educational feasibility (step
3), more practical examples
project example Exercise 5
7 dissemination of results Publication of results Participation to conferences,
reviewed publications, web
1

Discussion
Step Goal Method Instrument Measure
1 technical reports on implementation
programmes
documentation investigation
training.
4; 8
2 a data table of use for the decision
method in the next step
parametrical study FEM 2
3 support the choices at step 4 and step
1
highlighting
comprehensibility
database 7
4 algorithm based on case studies (step
2) for experiments (step 6)
modularisation of the
decision model
pair wise
comparison
3
5 report about available systems for this
purpose
a basis system to
administrate modules
computer tools 6
6 trial of educational feasibility (step 3) project example exercise 5
7 dissemination of results presentation publications 1
Nr. Measures package
1 improving understanding of the
impact of earthquakes
2 development of an algorithm for
optimisation of retrofit measures
3 development of a decentralised
decision model
4 insights into applicability of
retrofit methods
5 development of a framework for
integral planning
6 solving contradictions between
the objectives of single actors
7 highlighting the comprehend-
sibility of the measures analysed
8 support changes by political and
economic environment:

Conclusions
The criteria developed by the experts differ
of those in transdisciplinary manner by the
the first author
Points of view of other actors are included,
to an unbalanced amount, also in the
survey criteria of the works of professional
societies

Outlook
The registries / reports will be reviewed
from the point of view of uncertainities left
for the point of view of experts from the
other disciplines
An own questionaire will be developed:
 To assess the applicability for housing of steel
bracing systems

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