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© Project SOUND
Captivating Containers:
more container gardening with
California native plants
C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake
CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve
Madrona Marsh Preserve
November 7 & 12, 2015
Every garden needs an accent or two…
 May be living (plants) or
hardscape elements
 What accents do:
 Draw the eye to them – they
are a focal point in the
design
 Help balance a design
 Add interest
 Contrast with other elements
of the design
 Accent plants: are usually
striking because of their
shape, texture, color (foliage
or flower/fruit) or size
© Project SOUND
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/CE7vZ9cZWDE/maxresdefault.jpg
http://www.viette.com/v.php?pg=489
2015: Sustainable Gardening is
Life-friendly gardening
© Project SOUND
Native plants make sense
as garden accents
http://www.anniesannuals.com/plants/view/?id=695
 Provide a sense of place
 Good fit for conditions
 Provide habitat
 Human uses: food, fiber, scents,
etc.
But, how can we actually use them as
garden accents?
Containers are
used increasingly
as accents
 The containers themselves can
be decorative accents
 More attractive containers are
available all the time
 Allow you to feature plants at
their best times
 Containers are versatile:
 Small gardens
 Patios/porches
 As dividers
© Project SOUND
http://www.artisticbonsaicircle.co.uk/acc022cd.htm
http://imageion.com/2015/breathtaking-garden-decoration-ideas/
Native plants in pots: good and bad
 Good news
 Many lovely natives will grow in pots
 Can grow native even if you have
very little soil (porches)
 Habitat value (including for humans)
 Challenges
 Some natives are ‘seasonal’
 Some have unusual requirements
 Some – particularly those with deep
taproots – may be difficult to grow
in pots
 Some shrubs, which need a long dry
period, are also difficult to maintain
© Project SOUND
Let’s consider some practical ways you can use
native plant containers to their full potential
© Project SOUND
http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MeiSjkSlG-s/TcdTDIwrg7I/AAAAAAAADGU/ioAGkO_J1_o/s1600/222.JPG
Seasonal color pot as an accent – is it
possible with native plants?
© Project SOUND
http://www.bulbsareeasy.com/cms/bulbs_for_containers/ http://www.container-gardening-for-you.com/container-
garden-design-yellow-tulips.html
Lets assume you’re starting with a blank
slate… and an inspiring photo
© Project SOUND
http://www.houzz.com/discussions/513711/california-ranch-home-gets-improved-curb-appeal-and-new-entry
http://www.deep-roots.net/Landscape.htm
Choosing the right
container – first decide
who’s the star
© Project SOUND
http://www.shopterrain.com/article/best-beach-plantings
http://flowerspotdesign.blogspot.com/2015/01/how-to-plant-flowers-in-pot.html
For accent containers, either the
plants, the pot, or both can be
the focal point
http://gardensbeds.tk/garden-containers/
© Project SOUND
http://www.smugcreekgardens.com/containergardening.html
http://www.backyardnature.com/cgi-bin/gt/tpl.h,content=231
rose
http://www.gardenguides.com/container-gardening-tips/
http://ucyclyd.com/2015/stunning-small-garden-design-ideas/
Containers Plants
Both
Both
You choose a set of simple, terra cotta
pots, appropriate for your home
© Project SOUND
http://www.houzz.com/discussions/513711/california-ranch-home-gets-improved-curb-appeal-and-new-entry
How can I provide seasonal color all year long?
One easy solution: the ‘Cache pot’ solution
(double potting)
© Project SOUND
http://www.fabdwell.com/home/mid-century-modern-planters-
addressing-beauty-function/
http://www.calendariodojardim.com.br/anterior
es/Dica0412.html
http://www.canberraorchids.org/tips.html
Pot stand made from a cheap plastic pot
Allows you to
switch out plants for
seasonal color
http://www.crateandbarrel.com/
bronze-26.5-tall-tapered-
planter/s595512?si=2205077&
aff=cj
8” wide/11” deep insert
Seasonal color pot using double-potted
native plants  Advantages
 Allows you to use attractive pots
that might not be other-wise
suitable (metal)
 Can feature plants at their most
attractive season
 Can be easy to switch plants; don’t
have to move heavy pots around
 Can grow seasonal accents even on
patios, decks, porches
 Can use plants with different
requirements
 Disadvantages
 Take more time, planning
 Need place to store inner pots in
the off season
© Project SOUND
http://coolshire.com/using-planters-for-container-gardening-and-
urban-gardening/
Double potting also helps keep plant
roots cooler
Good choices for bulb native pots
 native Alliums (onions)
 native Brodiaea species (Harvest lilies)
 native Camassia (Camas)
 native Dichelostemas (Wild hyacynths)
© Project SOUND
Camassia
Tritelia
Brodiaea
Allium
Planting native bulbs for accent pots
 A few tricks we’ve learned
 Use either regular clay pots or
plastic (if letting dry over summer)
 Don’t worry too much about the
potting soil
 Plant bulbs at 2X their longest
length – they will position
themselves
 Use as many bulbs as you can to
create a spectacular pot
 If bulbs are rare/expensive:
 Combine with annual
wildflowers first few years
 Let propagate both
vegetatively and by seed
© Project SOUND
http://frustratedgardener.com/2012/10/13/planting-autumn-bulbs-in-
containers/
 Store container – as is – in cool dry
place after blooming
 Repot every few years in fall; other
years just add layer of potting soil
 Note bloom times in your Garden
Notebook – will help you plan for
seasonal color
Tricks for annual
color plants
 Plant at the right time of year (usually
with first rains)
 Sow thickly – they won’t mind
 Keep them watered – dry out in winter
Santana winds
 Collect seeds or let re-seed
 Serial-sow later blooming species
© Project SOUND
Planning for year-round accent pots
 Winter/spring
 Spring bulbs (all except Brodiaeae &
some Alliums)
 Spring annual wildflowers
 Later spring/summer
 Brodiaeae & some Alliums
 Later annual wildflowers: Clarkias;
Collinsia; Gilia capitata (may serial sow)
 Perennials:
 Red Buckwheat
 Conejo Buckwheat
 Summer/Fall
 California fuschia (Epilobium species)
 Non-native flowering plants
 Water-loving ferns, perennials
 Warm-season grasses © Project SOUND
Perennials expand your
container palette
 Yarrow
 Smaller buckwheats (Red
and Conejo)
 CA sea thrift (Armeria)
 CA fuschia (Epilobium)
 Monkeyflowers (Diplacus
& Mimulus species)
 Many more
© Project SOUND
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/418694096580931757/
The ‘cache pot’ solution : many looks,
many advantages
© Project SOUND
http://www.maison-deco.com/jardin/deco-jardin/30-cache-pot-pour-
mettre-en-valeur-vos-plantes http://stinside.canalblog.com/archives/2011/12/14/22940091.html
http://www.ikea.com/fr/fr/catalog/products/90233613/
Can be used with any
style of architecture
Let’s consider another option for
optimizing seasonal color with natives
© Project SOUND
What would the pros do with seasonally
attractive plants?
 Solution 2: The ‘Staging Solution’
 Move most attractive plants to
the forefront at their peak
 Move less attractive plants to
places where they are less
noticeable (or switch with
seasonal replacements)
 Have some (larger, background
plants) that always look good, and
never need to be moved
© Project SOUND
© Project SOUND
Lot’s of people like the look of succulents in
containers – they look good in many situations
 Can tailor the container to the
plant:
 Size and material
 Aesthetics
 Can grow plants with very
different needs right next to
one another [non-native
succulents & Dudleyas]
 Can ‘stage’ plants according to
their seasonal attractiveness
© Project SOUND
Advantages of planting individual plants
(succulents) in pots
https://www.anniesannuals.com/plants/view/?id=3944
Dudleya palmeri Dudleya edulis
Many native succulents grow well in containers
 Dudleyas (Live-forevers)
 Dudleya britonii
 D. caespitosa
 D. farinosa
 D. hasseii
 D. palmeri
 D. pulverulenta
 D. traskiae
 Lewisia
 Sedums
 Sedum laxum ssp eastwoodiae
 Sedum niveum
 Sedum spathulifolium
 Sedum stenopetalum
© Project SOUND
© Project SOUND
*Bitterroot – Lewisia cotyledon
©2004 Mike Ireland
Growing native succulents: in containers
 Choose an unglazed terra cotta planter (best)
 Use a good Dudleya/succulent/cactus mix
Mix 1
 1 part peat
 1 part commercial potting soil (something basic)
 3 parts porous rock, such as pumice, lava, or a mixture of the two
Mix 2
 2 parts potting soil
 1 part perlite or pumice
 1 part lava rock, gravel or very coarse builder’s (sharp) sand (or
combination)
 ¼ recommended amount of time-release fertilizer (Osmacote)
 Use a gravel mulch
 Place in proper light condition (often part-shade)
© Project SOUND
Pleasing designs
with multiple pots
 Have plenty of green foliage
 Limit the colors and shapes of
pots: choose a theme
 Have enough variability in either
the flowers or foliage to provide
accents
© Project SOUND
http://otonanogucci.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/small-balcony-garden-ideas-10.jpg
http://img.kwikdeko.com/2013/03/balcony-garden-19.jpg
© Project SOUND
*Mojave woodyaster – Xylorhiza tortifolia
©2010 Malia Volke
 Southwestern Utah south to western
Arizona and southeastern California
 Mojave and Sonoran Deserts
 AKA: Machaeranthera tortifolia
© Project SOUND
*Mojave woodyaster – Xylorhiza tortifolia
Gerald and Buff Corsi © California Academy of Sciences
Gary A. Monroe, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?XYTO2
© Project SOUND
Mojave aster: a woody desert sub-shrub
 Size:
 1-3 ft tall
 2-3 ft wide
 Growth form:
 Mounded sub-shrub; woody base
 Many slender branches
 Drought deciduous
 Foliage:
 Leaves linear, gray-green, hairy and
glandular
 Leave margins toothed, spiny
 Attractive shape and color
 Nice scent – used as a ‘perfume’ and
‘clothing scent’
 Roots: tap root??
©2009 Christopher L. Christie
http://www.raisingbutterflies.org/xylorhiza-tortifolia/single-gallery/3824320
© Project SOUND
Sweet aster flowers
 Blooms: with rains/irrigation;
main season in spring (Mar-May)
but may bloom in Oct. also.
 Flowers:
 Very showy in bloom
 Pretty little aster heads to 2”
across
 Ray flowers lavender to white
 Disk flowers yellow
 Attracts wide range of insect
pollinators
 Seeds: small, wind-distributed
sunflower seeds
©2014 Richard Spellenberg
©1992 Gary A. Monroe
You may need to grow this one from seed
 Seed more readily available
that plants
 Pretty easy to grow plants in
Sunflower family
 Start in fall/early winter
 Start in 3-4” recycled
nursery pots in part shade
 Barely cover seeds
 Keep medium moist
 Let seedlings grow to about
2-3 inches
 Carefully transplant to
larger nursery containers to
grow up
© Project SOUND
http://www.hazmac.biz/040329/040329XylorhizaTortifolia.html
Use fresh seeds – small seeds
lose their viability faster than do
large seeds
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements  Soils:
 Texture: well-drained
 pH: any local – 7.0-8.0
 Light:
 Full sun to part-shade
(afternoon shade fine)
 Water:
 Winter: good winter rains
 Summer: occasional to none –
Water Zones 1-2 to 2 with
well-drained soils. Fine with
hot. Dry conditions once est.
 Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
 Other: inorganic mulch; will self-
sow if happy
©2014 Richard Spellenberg
© Project SOUND
Mojave aster: pleasant
seasonal accent
 Pretty accent in desert-themed or
rock gardens
 Good for hot, dry places
 Nice addition to pollinator and scent
gardens
 An attractive pot plant©2011 Kendra Olcott
Mark W. Skinner, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database ©1992 Gary A. Monroe
© Project SOUND
Flowering perennials & sub-shrubs add interest
and seasonal color; succulents add green
You might want to use both seasonally
dormant and evergreen shrubs to allow
for ‘staging’
© Project SOUND
Gary A. Monroe, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
© Project SOUND
*Desert Sage – Salvia dorii
©2004 James M. Andre
 Western U.S. from WA to CA & AZ. Eastern
Sierras, Tehachapi Mtns, Mojave Desert;
 Sandy, rocky or limestone soil on dry open
slopes, on flats or foothills
 Pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, chaparral, and cool
desert shrub plant communities.
© Project SOUND
*Desert Sage – Salvia dorii
©2008 Vernon Smith
©2013 Jean Pawek
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?SADO4
© Project SOUND
Salvia dorii: a mounded sage
 Size:
 2-3 ft tall
 3-4 ft wide
 Growth form:
 Mounded sub-shrub; usually
wider than tall
 Many-branched; neat
appearance
 Foliage:
 Gray-green
 Leaves small, hairy
 Aromatic of sage
http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SADO4
© Project SOUND
Sage flowers deluxe
 Blooms: late spring/early
summer; usually May-June in W.
L.A. county’
 Flowers:
 On a distinctive flowering stalk
 Typical sage/mint shape
 Purple to blue colored
 Surrounded by magenta bracts
 Truly lovely, showy
 Attract many pollinators: native
bees, hummingbirds,
butterflies, moths – excellent
pollinator habitat plants!©2004 James M. Andre
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements  Soils:
 Texture: well-drained - plant on
mound or use cactus mix in pots
 pH: any local; alkali fine
 Light:
 Full sun
 Water:
 Winter: rains will suffice in
most years
 Summer: occasional summer
water (Water Zone 1-2); taper
to none in fall
 Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
 Other: prune like other sages after
blooming or in fall.
©2008 Vernon Smith
©2013 Jean Pawek
© Project SOUND
Showy shrub for water-
wise gardens
 As an accent in desert-themed
gardens or rock gardens
 As low hedge
 In pollinator & butterfly gardens
 As an aromatic pot plant
Image by Mary Winter
http://www.birdandhike.com/Veg/Species/Shrubs/Salvia_dor/_Sal_dor.htm
https://www.nargs.org/forum/salvia-dorrii-great-western-shrub
© Project SOUND
* Apache Plume – Fallugia paradoxa
© Project SOUND
Flowers and seeds are
very showy
 Blooms: in spring – April-June in
our area
 Flowers:
 Give a good clue that this plant
is in the Rose family
 2 inch pure white flowers like a
wild rose – ooh la la
 Like a rose, attracts many
insects (butterflies, bees, etc.)
 Seeds:
 Have fluffy tails – very showy
on the plant
 Fade from pink to gold as they
mature
© 2010 James M. Andre
© Project SOUND
Gardeners are discovering
Apache Plume
© 2002 Gary A. Monroe
© 2003 Charles E. Jones
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/fallugia-paradoxa
http://www.nazflora.org/Fallugia_paradoxa.htm
 As an accent plant in desert-
themed gardens for beauty &
habitat value
 As a foundation shrub
 In informal hedges/hedgerows
 In very hot, dry situations (parking
lots; roadways)
Limitations to the ‘Staging solution’
 Some containers are too large to
allow them to be moved easily
 Less variety possible than if ‘cache
potting’
 Plants must be managed more –
takes time, ‘fiddling’
 Plants must be chosen carefully for
suitability:
 Growing conditions
 Size
 Aesthetics
 Role in overall design
 More appropriate for some
architectural styles than others© Project SOUNDhttp://otonanogucci.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/small-balcony-
garden-ideas-10.jpg
Some situations call for containers that
look dramatic all year long…
© Project SOUND
http://www.aridaccents.com/uploads/1/3/1/7/13173938/2771947_orig.jpg
…and some plants are lovely all year long
© Project SOUND
http://www.succulentsandmore.com/2011/10/succulent-gardens-
extravaganza-part-1.html
Dudleya brittonii
Agave species like Agave shawii
Designer Solution 3 - the
‘architectural pot’
approach.
 Container & plants are permanent
architectural elements
© Project SOUNDhttp://downtownaustinblog.org/2013/09/05/patio-perfect-how-to-make-the-most-of-your-
downtown-austin-condos-outdoor-space/
http://www.oakhavenrealty.com/10914-planter-pots-entry-rustic-with-
container-plants-copper-roof-deck-grass-lawn-metal-roof-porch-potted-
plants/
Some native plants are naturally dramatic…
© Project SOUND
http://www.aridaccents.com/uploads/1/3/1/7/13173938/2771947_orig.jpg
http://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/dudleyas-for-the-garden/
© Project SOUND
*Coastal Agave – Agave shawii
© 2005 Vince Scheidt
© Project SOUND
* Banana Yucca – Yucca baccata
© Project SOUND
Banana Yucca: dramatic accent
 Size:
 2-6 ft tall (flower stalk taller)
 2-10 ft wide (spreads slowly)
 Growth form:
 Evergreen perennial ‘sub-shrub’ –
typical Yucca form
 Many strap-like leaves in basal
rosette
 Foliage:
 Leaves 1-3 ft long – depends on
water
 Sharp spines on tips
 Roots: forms offsets (‘pups’) along
rhizomes; long-lived
http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Agavaceae/Yucca_baccata.html
© Project SOUND
* Bigelow’s Beargrass/Nolina – Nolina bigelovii
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nolina_bigelovii
© Project SOUND
Nolina: nice accent
 Nice accent plant in any dry
garden
 Right at home in desert gardens,
rock gardens, hot places
 Leaves used green or bleached in
basketry; young flowers stalks
can be baked and eaten
http://www.delange.org/BeargrassBig/BeargrassBig.htm
http://gallery.cvetq.info/displayimage.php?album=267&pos=4
Architectural native plants: more variety
than you might think
© Project SOUND
Pete Veilleux - East Bay Wilds Native
Plant Nursery
© Project SOUND
Arctostaphylos bakeri
pete@eastbaywilds.com
Manzanitas for containers
 Arctostaphylos bakeri
 Arctostaphylos densiflora
'Howard McMinn'
 Arctostaphylos edmundsii ‘Bert
Johnson’
 Arctostaphylos nummularia
(including ‘Pennies from
Heaven’)
 Arctostaphylos pajaroensis
'Myrtle Wolf‘& ‘Warren
Roberts’
 A. uva-ursi
© Project SOUND
Arctostaphylos edmundsii ‘Bert Johnson’
http://www.calfloranursery.com/plants/arctostaphylos-edmundsii-bert-johnson
How big a pot?  Good rule of thumb: big
enough for 2-3 year’s growth
(learn enough about the
plant’s growth to judge)
 Go big - the smallest (for
small plants) should be 2.5
gallon
 Bigger can be better:
 Allows room for plants to
grow
 Easier to maintain correct
soil moisture
 Easier to maintain
temperature
© Project SOUND
http://housetohome.media.ipcdigital.co.uk/96/000011849/e80f_orh550w550/R
ed-Mud-Hut-planter.jpg
What’s the deal with CA natives in tall pots?
© Project SOUND
 Advantages of tall, square
pots
 Good for small areas like
patios, balconies
 Easier to keep roots cool (in
shady location)
 More soil – square pot holds
50% more soil than round
 Easier to water properly
 Allows native plants with
deep roots to develop more
normal root systems
Advice on size: tailor size and shape to
plant’s root system
© Project SOUND
© Project SOUND
There are many native
architectural plants
http://rareexotics.com/store/index.php/cat_191
http://www.thedangergarden.com/2011/03/poncirus-trifoliata-or-
flying-dragon.html?m=1
Remember: you’re trying to
create a dramatic accent for a
specific space
Visit the container garden at Rancho
Santa Ana Botanic Garden
© Project SOUND
Some S. CA families with architectural shrubs
 The Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)
 The Rose family (Rosaceae)
 Roses
 Prunus species
 Heteromeles
 The Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae)
© Project SOUND
http://encinitasnatives.blogspot.com/2014/09/baja-plants.html
© Project SOUND
Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)
 Large - > 6000 species worldwide
 Occur mainly in the tropics
 Most are herbaceous plants - some
tropical shrubs and trees
 A number of plants of the Spurge
family are of considerable economic
importance. Prominent plants include
Manioc, the Castor bean, and the Para
rubber tree. Many are grown as
ornamental plants, such as Poinsettia
(Euphorbia pulcherrima).
 Local species: Chamaesyce; Croton;
Euphorbia, Acalypha
 There is a greater variety in the
genus Euphorbia than any other group
of succulents in the world.
© Project SOUND
Cliff (California) Spurge – Euphorbia misera
© 2005 TRNERR P. Roullard t
© Project SOUND
Cliff (California) Spurge – Euphorbia misera
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Euphorbia+misera
 Primarily a Mexican species
 Limited distribution:
 in Orange, Riverside, and San Diego
counties;
 on San Clemente and Santa Catalina
islands in Los Angeles County;
 on the mainland and Isla Guadalupe in
Baja California, Mexico.
 Grows on sandy coastal bluffs, south
facing slopes of coastal scrub,
coastal bluff scrub and Mojavean
desert scrub (rocky)
Gary A. Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
© Project SOUND
Cliff spurge is an interesting little shrub
 Size:
 2-4 ft tall & wide
 Growth form:
 Shrub or sub-shrub
 Unusual stem-succulent plant;
looks like a miniature tree
 Many-branched with grayish
bark
 Foliage:
 Leaves bright green fading to
dull green, rounded
 Drought-deciduous
 Looks like a succulent
http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/cliffspurge.html
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements
 Soils:
 Texture: sand or sandy best
(but doing ok in Madrona
Garden clays – so far)
 pH: best 6.0 to 7.0
 Light:
 Full sun to part shade (in
hot gardens)
 Water:
 Winter: no flooding?
 Summer: wide range of
tolerance (Zone 1 to 2-3);
best as 2 w/ occasional
spray
 Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
 Other: likes seaside conditions
© Project SOUND
Flowers are fantastic
 Blooms: usually Jan-June in our
area
 Flowers:
 What appears to be a single
flower is in reality a cyathium, a
cup-shaped involucre in which
there is a single female flower
with one pistil surrounded by male
flowers consisting of one stamen
each.
 Small but really showy close up –
place where you can appreciate
 Nectar attracts bees,
butterflies, hummingbirds
 Seeds: wrinkled seeds in round
capsule
© 2006 Steve Matson
Gary A. Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
© Project SOUND
Garden uses for Cliff Spurge
 As a specimen shrub – very unusual
 As an attractive pot plant; popular for
bonsai
 In a Baja plant garden or rock garden
 Suitable for xeriscaping
 Small scale makes it good choice for
small areas
http://www.sfloridacactus.org/pictures.html
http://www.desertmuseum.org/programs/succulents_gallery5.html
Keys to successful ‘Architectural pots’
 Choose pots appropriate for
architectural style
 Limit the container palette: all the same
or similar size, shape or color
 Choose plants that look good year round
 Choose plants that are large and/or
dramatic in some way – ‘plant divas’
 Manage the plants: always look good
© Project SOUND
http://www.crateandbarrel.com/zinc-tall-square-
planter/s391046?si=2205077&aff=cj
http://gardenergardens.com/big-plant-pots/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/85638830388182705/
Repetition: an easy
design element
© Project SOUND
http://www.realsimple.com/home-
organizing/gardening/outdoor/easy-container-
gardens-0
http://housingstorm.com/potted-plants-growing-
activity.html/outdoor-potted-plants
http://www.thisnext.com/item/0F836FB4/FF4C16B1/Bubble-Plant-Pot
http://www.plantcontainers.com/
© Project SOUND
* California Copperleaf – Acalypha californica
http://www.inaturalist.org/photos/310547
© Project SOUND
* California Copperleaf – Acalypha californica
 Peninsular Range of San Diego County and
the western Colorado (Sonoran) Desert.
 Rocky slopes and along washes to about
4000 ft.
 Chaparral, Southern Oak Woodland
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3618,3619,3620
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College ©2012 Gary A. Monroe
The Copperleaves: genus Acalypha
 Family: Euphorbiaceae
 One of the largest euphorb
genera: approximately 450 to
462 species
 60% of species native to the
Americas and about 30% in
Africa
 Species primarily tropical or sub-
tropical
 Some species grown as house or
garden plants; some, indeed, have
copper leaves
 Many used in traditional medicine
(for wide range of ailments)
© Project SOUND
http://posture.doonks.com/Acalypha.html
http://www.gardenality.com/Plants/1461/Perennial-Plants/Copper-Leaf-Acalypha.html
© Project SOUND
California copperleaf: an attractive shrub
 Size:
 3-4 ft tall
 3-4 ft wide
 Growth form:
 Mounded sub-shrub with many
slender branches
 New bark red; older is gray
 Evergreen
 Foliage:
 Leaves small, simple with wavy
edges
 Very neat appearance
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
©2012 Gary A. Monroe
© Project SOUND
Flowers are dramatic
 Blooms: off & on with
rains/irrigation; main bloom
seasons in spring and fall
 Flowers:
 Separate male, female
flowers along spikes
 Female flowers have long,
slender, red/pink styles,
leafy bracts
 Male flowers darker, with
white pollen visible
 Very pretty in bloom!
 Seeds: small, dark, pitted
http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/plants/Euphorbiaceae/Acalypha%20californica.htm
Medicinal qualities of CA copperleaf
 Foliage extracts used as anti-cancer
drug by Pima Indians (AZ) and
Mexican native peoples
 One recent study: ‘Because of the
antiproliferative activity observed,
our results provide a rational basis
for the use of extracts of A.
californica in treating various types
of cancer in traditional medicine from
Mexico. The extracts induce
apoptosis via activation of caspases.’
© Project SOUND
© 2003 Michael Charters
© Project SOUND
Easy garden plant
 Soils:
 Texture: adaptable; clays OK
 pH: any local (6.0-8.0)
 Light:
 Full sun to part-shade
(afternoon shade best in hot
gardens, pots)
 Water:
 Winter: needs good rains
 Summer: very adaptable; Water
Zones 1-2 to 2-3; looks best 2
to 2-3
 Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils
 Other: nice natural shape; wear
gloves when handling – sap may
cause rash
©2012 Gary A. Monroe
http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/dws/r/Euphorbiaceae_Acalypha_cali
fornica_26523.html
© Project SOUND
Nice green shrub
 Useful as small, evergreen shrub
or accent plant
 Sometimes used as low hedge
 Looks great with local native
plants or in desert-themed garden
 Attractive in planters or large
containers
http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/10--acalypha-californica
http://snowbirdpix.com/sonoran_desert_plant_page.php?id=1603
Native shrubs with dense
foliage can be trimmed formally
© Project SOUND
© 2003 Michael Charters
http://www.anthropologie.com/anthro/category/pots++planters/home-garden-
pots.jsp?cm_sp=TOPNAV-_-HOME-_-GARDEN-POTS#/
Accents don’t need to be floral
© Project SOUND
They just need to provide interest and contrast
with surrounding plants & hardscape
http://lostinthelandscape.com/2012/06/
© Project SOUND
http://www.thelovelyplants.com/category/grass/
Grasses & grass-like plants add a
sculptural element…
http://www.fanrto.com/ideas_for_balcony_design_ornament
al_grasses_as_a_decorative_element/
© Project SOUND
Leafy (Mendocino/ Dwarf) Reedgrass -
Calamagrostis foliosa
J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
© Project SOUND
Leafy Reedgrass - Calamagrostis foliosa
Pacific Reedgrass - Calamagrostis nutkaensis
 Both are CA natives:
 Leafy: North Coast, Outer
North Coast Ranges
 Pacific: Central Coast, San
Francisco Bay Area, North
Coast to AK
 Leafy: Uncommon on bluffs,
cliffs, coastal scrub, forest
 Pacific: Wet areas, beaches,
dunes, coastal woodland
< 1000 ft
Leafy Reedgrass
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8886,8890
Pacific Reedgrass
© Project SOUND
Pacific Reedgrass – in N. California
http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2005/12/calamagrostis_nutkaensis.php
Can be treated as either a ground cover or a specimen grass
© Project SOUND
Choose the Reedgrass that
best fits your garden needs
 Leafy (C. foliosa):
 1-2 ft tall; flower stalks are taller
 Dense gray-green foliage; purple
tinge in winter
 Finer texture, scale than Pacific
Reedgrass
 Rare in nature: CA state rare list
 Excellent in dry streambed, swale
 Pacific (C. nutkaensis):
 3-4 ft tall; 3 ft wide – flower stalks
are taller
 Striking as accent plant or as
background in "grass gardens".
 More common
 Good as a large accent or
foundation plant
http://www.yerbabuenanursery.com/online_album/0595.htm
http://www.mostlynatives.com/notes/calamagrostisnutkaensis.htm
© Project SOUND
Reedgrasses: versatile
like Rye grasses
 Light: full sun to heavy shade
 Water: green (and probably look
best) with some summer water
but quite drought tolerant
 Foliage: somewhat coarse, but
always has some color
 Flowers showy: like Pampas Grass
 Good for meadows, erosion
control, banks/slopes
 Good in coastal settings, as it
tolerates wind and salt spray.
http://www.edgehill.net/2002-09-22-salt-point/pages/39-2P1010242_.htm
http://community.webshots.com/album/390986754KTdYzf
© Project SOUND
http://i67.photobucket.com/albums/h319/achnatherum/
Grassses/P7210001b.jpg
http://www.greatgardenplantsblog.com/category/ornamental-grasses/
http://www.gardendesign.com/ornamental-grasses/
http://www.fanrto.com/ideas_for_balcony_design_ornament
al_grasses_as_a_decorative_element/
Grasses & grass-like plants can provide
stunning, evergreen accents
© Project SOUND
http://www.imamuseum.org/blog/2010/09/03/contain
ed-joy/
Note how the choice of pot helps
determine the style of these
accents
© Project SOUND
Fiber Optic Grass – Isolepis cernuus
USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
http://rlsnyder.us/blog/category/shopping-for-new-plants/
© Project SOUND
Fiber Optic Grass – Isolepis cernuus
http://www.fws.gov/humboldtbay/plantguide/sedges/sci_cer_2.html
© 2002 Margo Bors
 Coastal West from British Columbia to
Texas, Baja and S. America
 Wet, freshwater to brackish places on
beaches, dunes, marine bluffs, sandy
areas, mostly coastal
 ?? LA River native
© Project SOUND
Fiber optic grass: grass-like sedge
 Size:
 to 1 ft tall; ‘Dwarf’ is < 6 inches
 1-3 ft wide
 Growth form:
 Mounded, grass-like plant
 Evergreen; looks good year-round
 Spreads slowly via short rhizomes
 Foliage:
 Leaves/stems slender, grass-like
 Bright green color – fresh, almost
tropical
 Note: All parts of plant toxic if
eaten
© Project SOUND
Flowers add to the charm
 Blooms: late spring through fall in S.
CA. Good for summer interest
 Flowers:
 Typical, understated flowers of
the sedges – wind pollinated
 At tips of stems – like Spikerush
 Pale in flower, becoming darker
 Young flowers look like glowing tip
of fiber optic cable – hence
common name.
 Seeds: eaten by birds
 Vegetative reproduction: slow
http://www.answers.com/topic/dudleya
http://www.fws.gov/humboldtbay/plantguide/sedges/sci_cer_2.html
http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?strLetter=S&plant_id=1490&page=4
© Project SOUND
Likes its water!
 Soils:
 Texture: very adaptable
 pH: any local
 Light:
 Full sun if in/near water
 Part-sun to fairly shady otherwise
 Water:
 Winter: very moist soil; shallow
flooding
 Summer: moist soils; regular water
or plant around a pond/pool
 Fertilizer: occasional ½ strength
fertilizer if grown in container
 Other: wear gloves when handling;
may cause rash
© Jamie Fenneman (Photo ID #4101)
Cut back yearly for best
appearance
© Project SOUND
Plant for moist areas
 Pond or pool side; even in
containers slightly submerges
 Bog/wetland gardens
 Very attractive pot plant – super
shape, color
 Any other place with moist soilshttp://www.mwgs.org/index.php?rte=pltviewd&pid=56&cid=6#
http://www.deborahsilver.com/blog/tag/fiber-optic-grass/
http://artisticgardener.net/grasses/scirpuscer.htm
Grasses & grass-like plants: architectural alternatives
for succulents
© Project SOUND
http://www.thegardenglove.com/using-
architectural-plants-in-the-garden/
Several shapes appropriate for ‘Architectural Pots’
Another use of containers: barrier/screen
© Project SOUND
http://www.succulentsandmore.com/2013/06/vista-garden.html
https://www.pinterest.com/ks1phx/gardens
-oranamental-grass/
Architectural containers can provide green
barriers in challenging situations
© Project SOUND
https://www.pinterest.com/fdsminnesota/int
erior-planters/
http://rockspringdesign.com/blog/?p=1015
http://www.myurbangardendecoguide.com/pots-and-planters/
http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/showi
mage/176884/
Containers for barriers/screen: more
good choices all the time
May not be cheap, but they’re an
investment (like a piece of garden
sculpture)
Grasses aren’t the only plants
being used for barriers/screens
© Project SOUND
http://www.thedangergarden.com/2012/05/back-from-quick-trip-to-southern.html
Huntington Gardens
http://agrowingobsession.co
m/?p=67011
http://community.homedepot.com/howto/DiscussionDet
ail/Bamboo-zled-9065000000006im
Consider Narrowleaf
willow as a bamboo
alternative
http://garden.freluxe.com/decorative-garden-containers/
Upright forms
© Project SOUND
https://www.pinterest.com/marcelushka/plantas/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/452400725043313417/
Look great with modern,
sculptural pots and planters
https://www.pinterest.com/lovemyart2/outdoor-gardens/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/5372
65430518475793/
Large potted ‘grasses’ make striking accent
plants – or be used as barriers/screens
 Carex spissa
 Equisetum spp. – Horsetails
 Juncus patens
 Leymus condensatus
 Muhlenbergia rigens - Deergrass
 Schoenoplectus spp. -Tules
 Typha species – Cattails
© Project SOUND
https://www.gardenia.net/garden/a-contemporary-provencal-courtyard-
suzman-design-associates
© Project SOUND
*San Diego sedge – Carex spissa
 Central & S. Coast of CA & Baja; AZ
 Streambanks below 2000‘
 In coastal sage scrub, chaparral, foothill
woodland communities
© Project SOUND
*San Diego sedge – Carex spissa
http://www.landscaperesource.com/plants/grasses-
grasslike/carex-spissa.htm
http://herbaria4.herb.berkeley.edu/eflora_display.php?t
id=17845
© Project SOUND
Characteristics of San Diego sedge
 Size:
 2-5+ ft tall
 3-6 ft wide, slowly spreading via
rhizomes
 Growth form:
 Perennial with upright to mounding
habit; mature clumps are dense
 Warm season bunching/ spreading
sedge
 Evergreen (or nearly so); slow to
establish
 Foliage:
 Leaves pale green to blue-green
 Long, narrow and grass-like
 larval food source for Umber
Skipper (Poanes melane)
© Project SOUND
Showy flowers for a sedge
 Blooms: late spring to early fall
 Flowers:
 Wind-pollinated, so no showy
petals
 Small flowers along a stout
blooming stalk
 The flowers are actually large
for a sedge – note the dangling
stamens
 Seeds: birds love them!
 Vegetative reproduction: slowly
spreading via rhixomes
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements
 Soils:
 Texture: any
 pH: any local
 Light:
 Full sun to full shade; useful
ornamental ‘grass’ for shady
areas.
 Water:
 Winter: good rains or irrigation
 Summer: wide range; moist soils
will keep green, but can take
fairly dry conditions
 Fertilizer: none or ½ strength in
containers
 Other: cut back after flowering; or
mow every few years to rejuvenate
© Project SOUND
Garden uses for San
Diego sedge
 Bog gardens, rain gardens and
infiltration swales
 As a large ornamental ‘grass’ in moist,
shady areas
 Around ponds, pools
 As an attractive large pot plant
http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plan
ts/plantimage.asp?plant_id=350
Growing native grasses in containers
 Advantages
 Allow you to grow grasses with
special requirement
 Contains them; keeps from
spreading
 Useful and distinctive accent
features
 Allows you to grow several
different grasses & feature
each
 May allow you to grow grasses
with unusual light conditions:
shade; bright sun
© Project SOUND
http://maree-clarkson.blogspot.com/2013/12/ornamental-grasses-in-garden.html
Grasses & grass-like plants add a sculptural
element…
 Mounded
 Some Carex (praegracilis; tumulticola)
 Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis)
 Deergrass (Muhlenbergia rigens)
© Project SOUND
http://gardengallery.ca/ornamental-grasses-2
 Upright-arching
 Purple three-awn (Aristida)
 Native Needlegrasses
(Achnatherum)(Stipa/
Nassella)
 Arching
 Fiber-optic grass
 Reedgrasses (Calamagrostis)
 Fescues (Festuca)
 Alkali sacaton (Sporobolus)
 Upright
 Cyperus
 Spike-rush (Eleocharis)
 Equisetum
 Many rushes (Juncus)
 Tules (Schoenoplectus)
 Cattails (Typha)
Upright forms
© Project SOUND
http://www.gapphotos.com/imagedetails.asp?imageno=479104
Achnatherum
http://www.goerie.com/exciting-plant-
choices-for-containers
http://hiddenhillsgarden.com/blog/?p=1626
https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/
images/43777
Purple threeawn
Aristida purpurea
Open grasses provide a billowy seasonal
accent
© Project SOUND
http://hoffmannursery.com/home/the-plants/muhlenbergia-pag/
Alkali sacaton - Sporobolus airoides
Arching forms can stand alone
© Project SOUND
https://www.seedman.com/ornamentalgrass.htm
http://www.dutchbulbs.co.uk/plant-0001416-ke-1/festuca-glauca-elijah-blue/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/85638830388182705/
In summary: many native plants can be
used as striking architectural accents
© Project SOUND
Cheekwood Botanical Garden & Museum of Art
Nashville, Tennessee,
Which brings us to the last designer
solution: mixed containers
© Project SOUND
http://www.gardendesign.com/pictures/grasses-as-container-plants_176/#3694
The ‘evergreen pot’ solution: striking (but
not necessarily easy)
 Combining several plants in the same
container to provide year-round interest
 Practical considerations:
 Pot size & shape – managing several plants
in the same container
 Careful plant choice is essential:
 Must all have the same soil, light, nutrient
and water requirements
 Must ‘play nice together’
 Must all have appropriate size and growth
rates
 Must all look nice (at least OK) year-round
© Project SOUND
http://www.greengardeningstl.com/articles/page/8/
And there also are aesthetic considerations
 Whether to feature pot, plants or both
 Pot must enhance the appearance of a
group of plants – can be challenging
 Plants must look good together and
provide enough contrast to be
interesting year-round:
 Size, shape
 Foliage color, texture
 Flowers, fruits, seeds
© Project SOUND
https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/
images/43777
Grasses and grass-like plants are often
included ‘evergreen pots’
© Project SOUND
http://www.greengardeningstl.com/articles/page/8/
http://www.drsnellnursery.com/post.php?id=64&ye
ar-round-container-gardens
Grass-like plants add
structure and serve as
background to showy,
often seasonal, plants
http://containercrazyct.com/tag/container-
garden-workshop/
Designing an
‘evergreen container’
 For a pleasing blend of plants,
remember “accent, filler, and
spiller.”
 Choose an upright accent plant in the
center, plant filler around it, and
include spiller cascading over the
edge.
 Can be done with any plants that
share the same garden requirements.
 Be creative: use succulents,
perennials, annuals, even vegetables
and herbs.
© Project SOUND
Upright-arching ‘grasses’ make good accent
plants in ‘evergreen pots’
© Project SOUND
http://www.romencegardens.com/index.cfm/fusea
ction/plants.printDetail/plant_id/446/index.htm
https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/juncus/quartz-creek-soft-rush-juncus-effusus
They are dramatic in their own right – and also provide a good
background for other plants
Mounded forms make good filler plants
© Project SOUND
http://anativegarden.com/blog/container-gardening/
https://www.pinterest.com/pin/188729040608802953/
http://gardenclub.homedepot.com/planting-ornamental-grasses-
in-containers/
Hint for creating ‘evergreen pots’ with CA
natives: choose plants that take moist soils
© Project SOUND
Photo by Laura Camp at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden
• It’s difficult to keep ‘dry summer’ plants appropriately watered in
summer. Best to plant them individually.
• Plants that like moist soils are much easier to manage – they are
better-suited for mixed ‘evergreen pots’
Mimulus 'Ruby Silver' (Hybrid
Monkeyflower),
Summer shade
 Pots get hotter and drier
than surrounding soil
 Consider:
 Using light-colored pots
 Using the ‘cache pot’
solution
 Moving potted plants to a
shadier location in summer
© Project SOUND
Green oasis in a container: doesn’t need
to be a pond garden
 Some rushes, sedges and other
native wetland plants need moist
soil – but not standing water
 Advantages over pond garden:
 Wider range of plants
 Requires less water
 Less problems with mosquitos,
raccoons and other ‘pond pests’
 Provides excellent habitat for
wide range of birds, insects
 Provides useful plants: basketry,
medicinals, edibles
© Project SOUND
Building a mixed moist container
 Choose the container
 Size
 Shape, color
 Material
 Choose the plants
 Something evergreen
 Something for spring color
 Something for summer
interest/color
© Project SOUND
http://yacineaziz.com/inspired-plant-pots-convention-london-shabby-chic-entry-
decorating-ideas-black-door-black-front-door-door-knocker-front-door-wreath-
house-number-lantern-wall/
Native plants can often be
used to create the desired look
Natives work well for this container
© Project SOUND
Yerba mansa
Equisetum
Flowering accents for spring/summer color
© Project SOUND
Seep Monkeyflower
Scarlet Monkeyflower
Yerba mansa
© Project SOUND
CA Sea Thrift – Armeria maritima ssp. californica
© 2007 Neal Kramer
© Project SOUND
CA Sea Thrift – Armeria maritima ssp. californica
© 2011 Chris Winchell Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-
bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5645,5646,0,5647
 Possibly S. Coast; definitely Santa
Rosa Isl., San Luis Obispo Co (Cambria;
Santa Lucia Mtns near San Simeon).
 Ocean bluffs, ridges, coastal strand,
sand, exposed grasslands, < 1000 ft
elevation.
The Plumbagos – Family Plumbaginaceae
 Cosmopolitan – Tropics to Arctic
 Of in coastal areas including salt
marshes.
 Flowers have a 5-lobed calyx (whose
tube is often ribbed) and a 5-lobed
corolla, although the corolla lobes may
be separate almost to their base.
 The flowers of some members of
Plumbaginaceae have a paper-like
texture to the calyx and/or corolla
 The popular cultivated flowers Statice,
Cape plumbago and Armeria (Sea
thrifts) belong to this family.
© Project SOUND
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbaginaceae
© Project SOUND
CA sea thrift: small, flowering perennial
 Size:
 < 1 ft tall
 1-2 ft wide
 Growth form:
 Herbaceous perennial from
a woody root
 Dense, mounded tuft;
spread slowly
 Foliage:
 Leaves medium green, linear
and grass-like, in basal
rosette
 Roots:
 Woody tap root© 2011 Chris Winchell
© 2007 Neal Kramer
© Project SOUND
Flowers are adorable
 Blooms: mid-spring to mid-
summer
 Flowers:
 Tiny pink flowers in dense
clusters (like pom poms)
 Flowers above the foliage
 Very attractive
 Attracts native bees,
butterflies
 Vegetative reproduction:
produces new plantlets
© 2007 Neal Kramer
© 2004, Ben Legler
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements  Soils:
 Texture: best in clays
 pH: any local
 Light:
 Full sun only on immediate
coast; part-sun or filtered
sun elsewhere
 Water:
 Winter: needs good rains
 Summer: regular water
(Water Zone 2-3 or 3)
 Fertilizer: none; ½ strength in
containers
 Other: deadhead to prolong
bloom season. May be short-
lived (2-3 years) in our climate.
© 2008 John Dittes
© Project SOUND
Garden uses for
 As a groundcover in most areas
 As a border for mixed beds
 As an attractive pot plant
 In N. coastal prairie plantings
© 2004, Ben Legler
http://www.calfloranursery.com/plants/armeria-
maritima-ssp-californica
http://www.cnps.org/cnps/grownative/tips
/lawn_alternatives.php
http://www.imagejuicy.com/images/plants/a/armeria/10/
http://www.sacvalleycnps.org/gardening/pla
ntinfo.html
Local ‘wetland groundcovers’ make good
trailers
© Project SOUND
https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/
images/43777
Salty susan
Lippia/Fog fruit
© Project SOUND
*Harlequin lotus – Hosackia gracilis
© 2008, G. D. Carr
 AKA: Lotus formosissimus
 Central & N. Coastal ranges to British Columbia;
habitat becoming rare in wild
 Moist soil, from near sea level to lower elevations
in the mountains
 Mixed Evergreen Forest, Northern Coastal
Scrub, Closed-cone Pine Forest, wetland-riparian
© Project SOUND
*Harlequin lotus – Hosackia gracilis
http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-
bin/get_cpn.pl?Hosackia+gracilis
©2004 Aaron Schusteff
http://seedsofsuccess.smugmug.com/Bureau-of-Land-
Management/OR931/i-vPcSF6S
© Project SOUND
Harlequin lotus: herbaceous ground cover
 Size:
 < 1 ft tall
 1-2+ ft wide, spreading
 Growth form:
 Herbaceous perennial
groundcover
 Winter dormant in native range
 Foliage:
 Medium green, compound ‘pea’
leaves
 Oval leaflets typical of Lotus
 Roots: tap root
Gerald and Buff Corsi © California Academy of Sciences
http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Lotus-formosissimus/
© Project SOUND
Flowers are fantastic
 Blooms: in spring - usually Mar-
May in western L.A. County
 Flowers:
 Probably the prettiest of the
native CA lotuses
 Flowers typical pea shape; bee
pollenated
 Banner bright yellow; ‘keel’ pink
or purple – very colorful
 Seeds: speckled, bean-like in pea
pod
 Vegetative reproduction: via both
rhizomes and stolons; forms mat-
like cluster
© 2008, G. D. Carr
© Project SOUND
Plant Requirements  Soils:
 Texture: adaptable
 pH: any local
 Light: sun (immediate coast),
part-sun or fairly shady;
 Water:
 Winter: good winter rains
 Summer: adaptable, but looks
best (stays green) with
regular summer water
 Fertilizer: none; ½ strength
fertilizer if grown in container.
 Other: cut back brown stems, if
desired, when dormant.
© Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
© Project SOUND
Great groundcover
for moist places
 Bog gardens, rain gardens or
around ponds and pools
 Groundcover for other moist
areas – under trees
 As an attractive pot plant; drapes
beautifullyhttp://www.baynatives.com/plants/Lotus-formosissimus/
https://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/7187337125
http://seedsofsuccess.smugmug.com/Bureau-of-Land-Management/OR931/i-vPcSF6S
Four ways the pros manage
native plants in pots
 Use stationary pots, but switch out the
plants seasonally (the ‘cache pot’ solution)
 Move pots around to accent the seasonal
characteristics: the ‘pot staging’ solution
 Choose plants that have year-round
beauty (foliage color; shape; etc.): the
‘architectural pot’ approach
 Combine several plants to provide year-
round interest: the ‘evergreen pot’
solution
© Project SOUND
http://i67.photobucket.com/albums/h319/achn
atherum/Grassses/P7210001b.jpg
© Project SOUND
http://coldcalculation.blogspot.com/2007/10/seed-germination-progress-report.html
https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/
images/43777
Use native plants or combine
with compatible non-natives
for year-round beauty
Useful on-line resources
 http://anativegarden.com/blog/container-gardening/
 Theodore Payne ‘Containers’ list:
http://theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Contai
ners
 Pete Veilleux Containers list : http://harveymilk.com/wp-
content/uploads/2011/02/Good-California-Plants-for-
Containers.pdf
 Project SOUND/MNBY List:
© Project SOUND
CSUDH/Project SOUND Plant Sale
 Friday 11/13 – noon to 4:30
 Saturday 11/14 – noon to 3:00
 For details: Native Plants at
CSUDH blog
© Project SOUND
Pruning workshops
© Project SOUND
Next month: Heucheras
© Project SOUND

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Container gardens 2015 - notes

  • 1. © Project SOUND Captivating Containers: more container gardening with California native plants C.M. Vadheim and T. Drake CSUDH & Madrona Marsh Preserve Madrona Marsh Preserve November 7 & 12, 2015
  • 2. Every garden needs an accent or two…  May be living (plants) or hardscape elements  What accents do:  Draw the eye to them – they are a focal point in the design  Help balance a design  Add interest  Contrast with other elements of the design  Accent plants: are usually striking because of their shape, texture, color (foliage or flower/fruit) or size © Project SOUND http://i.ytimg.com/vi/CE7vZ9cZWDE/maxresdefault.jpg http://www.viette.com/v.php?pg=489
  • 3. 2015: Sustainable Gardening is Life-friendly gardening © Project SOUND Native plants make sense as garden accents http://www.anniesannuals.com/plants/view/?id=695  Provide a sense of place  Good fit for conditions  Provide habitat  Human uses: food, fiber, scents, etc. But, how can we actually use them as garden accents?
  • 4. Containers are used increasingly as accents  The containers themselves can be decorative accents  More attractive containers are available all the time  Allow you to feature plants at their best times  Containers are versatile:  Small gardens  Patios/porches  As dividers © Project SOUND http://www.artisticbonsaicircle.co.uk/acc022cd.htm http://imageion.com/2015/breathtaking-garden-decoration-ideas/
  • 5. Native plants in pots: good and bad  Good news  Many lovely natives will grow in pots  Can grow native even if you have very little soil (porches)  Habitat value (including for humans)  Challenges  Some natives are ‘seasonal’  Some have unusual requirements  Some – particularly those with deep taproots – may be difficult to grow in pots  Some shrubs, which need a long dry period, are also difficult to maintain © Project SOUND
  • 6. Let’s consider some practical ways you can use native plant containers to their full potential © Project SOUND http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MeiSjkSlG-s/TcdTDIwrg7I/AAAAAAAADGU/ioAGkO_J1_o/s1600/222.JPG
  • 7. Seasonal color pot as an accent – is it possible with native plants? © Project SOUND http://www.bulbsareeasy.com/cms/bulbs_for_containers/ http://www.container-gardening-for-you.com/container- garden-design-yellow-tulips.html
  • 8. Lets assume you’re starting with a blank slate… and an inspiring photo © Project SOUND http://www.houzz.com/discussions/513711/california-ranch-home-gets-improved-curb-appeal-and-new-entry http://www.deep-roots.net/Landscape.htm
  • 9. Choosing the right container – first decide who’s the star © Project SOUND http://www.shopterrain.com/article/best-beach-plantings http://flowerspotdesign.blogspot.com/2015/01/how-to-plant-flowers-in-pot.html For accent containers, either the plants, the pot, or both can be the focal point http://gardensbeds.tk/garden-containers/
  • 11. You choose a set of simple, terra cotta pots, appropriate for your home © Project SOUND http://www.houzz.com/discussions/513711/california-ranch-home-gets-improved-curb-appeal-and-new-entry How can I provide seasonal color all year long?
  • 12. One easy solution: the ‘Cache pot’ solution (double potting) © Project SOUND http://www.fabdwell.com/home/mid-century-modern-planters- addressing-beauty-function/ http://www.calendariodojardim.com.br/anterior es/Dica0412.html http://www.canberraorchids.org/tips.html Pot stand made from a cheap plastic pot Allows you to switch out plants for seasonal color http://www.crateandbarrel.com/ bronze-26.5-tall-tapered- planter/s595512?si=2205077& aff=cj 8” wide/11” deep insert
  • 13. Seasonal color pot using double-potted native plants  Advantages  Allows you to use attractive pots that might not be other-wise suitable (metal)  Can feature plants at their most attractive season  Can be easy to switch plants; don’t have to move heavy pots around  Can grow seasonal accents even on patios, decks, porches  Can use plants with different requirements  Disadvantages  Take more time, planning  Need place to store inner pots in the off season © Project SOUND http://coolshire.com/using-planters-for-container-gardening-and- urban-gardening/ Double potting also helps keep plant roots cooler
  • 14. Good choices for bulb native pots  native Alliums (onions)  native Brodiaea species (Harvest lilies)  native Camassia (Camas)  native Dichelostemas (Wild hyacynths) © Project SOUND Camassia Tritelia Brodiaea Allium
  • 15. Planting native bulbs for accent pots  A few tricks we’ve learned  Use either regular clay pots or plastic (if letting dry over summer)  Don’t worry too much about the potting soil  Plant bulbs at 2X their longest length – they will position themselves  Use as many bulbs as you can to create a spectacular pot  If bulbs are rare/expensive:  Combine with annual wildflowers first few years  Let propagate both vegetatively and by seed © Project SOUND http://frustratedgardener.com/2012/10/13/planting-autumn-bulbs-in- containers/  Store container – as is – in cool dry place after blooming  Repot every few years in fall; other years just add layer of potting soil  Note bloom times in your Garden Notebook – will help you plan for seasonal color
  • 16. Tricks for annual color plants  Plant at the right time of year (usually with first rains)  Sow thickly – they won’t mind  Keep them watered – dry out in winter Santana winds  Collect seeds or let re-seed  Serial-sow later blooming species © Project SOUND
  • 17. Planning for year-round accent pots  Winter/spring  Spring bulbs (all except Brodiaeae & some Alliums)  Spring annual wildflowers  Later spring/summer  Brodiaeae & some Alliums  Later annual wildflowers: Clarkias; Collinsia; Gilia capitata (may serial sow)  Perennials:  Red Buckwheat  Conejo Buckwheat  Summer/Fall  California fuschia (Epilobium species)  Non-native flowering plants  Water-loving ferns, perennials  Warm-season grasses © Project SOUND
  • 18. Perennials expand your container palette  Yarrow  Smaller buckwheats (Red and Conejo)  CA sea thrift (Armeria)  CA fuschia (Epilobium)  Monkeyflowers (Diplacus & Mimulus species)  Many more © Project SOUND https://www.pinterest.com/pin/418694096580931757/
  • 19. The ‘cache pot’ solution : many looks, many advantages © Project SOUND http://www.maison-deco.com/jardin/deco-jardin/30-cache-pot-pour- mettre-en-valeur-vos-plantes http://stinside.canalblog.com/archives/2011/12/14/22940091.html http://www.ikea.com/fr/fr/catalog/products/90233613/ Can be used with any style of architecture
  • 20. Let’s consider another option for optimizing seasonal color with natives © Project SOUND
  • 21. What would the pros do with seasonally attractive plants?  Solution 2: The ‘Staging Solution’  Move most attractive plants to the forefront at their peak  Move less attractive plants to places where they are less noticeable (or switch with seasonal replacements)  Have some (larger, background plants) that always look good, and never need to be moved © Project SOUND
  • 22. © Project SOUND Lot’s of people like the look of succulents in containers – they look good in many situations
  • 23.  Can tailor the container to the plant:  Size and material  Aesthetics  Can grow plants with very different needs right next to one another [non-native succulents & Dudleyas]  Can ‘stage’ plants according to their seasonal attractiveness © Project SOUND Advantages of planting individual plants (succulents) in pots https://www.anniesannuals.com/plants/view/?id=3944 Dudleya palmeri Dudleya edulis
  • 24. Many native succulents grow well in containers  Dudleyas (Live-forevers)  Dudleya britonii  D. caespitosa  D. farinosa  D. hasseii  D. palmeri  D. pulverulenta  D. traskiae  Lewisia  Sedums  Sedum laxum ssp eastwoodiae  Sedum niveum  Sedum spathulifolium  Sedum stenopetalum © Project SOUND
  • 25. © Project SOUND *Bitterroot – Lewisia cotyledon ©2004 Mike Ireland
  • 26. Growing native succulents: in containers  Choose an unglazed terra cotta planter (best)  Use a good Dudleya/succulent/cactus mix Mix 1  1 part peat  1 part commercial potting soil (something basic)  3 parts porous rock, such as pumice, lava, or a mixture of the two Mix 2  2 parts potting soil  1 part perlite or pumice  1 part lava rock, gravel or very coarse builder’s (sharp) sand (or combination)  ¼ recommended amount of time-release fertilizer (Osmacote)  Use a gravel mulch  Place in proper light condition (often part-shade) © Project SOUND
  • 27. Pleasing designs with multiple pots  Have plenty of green foliage  Limit the colors and shapes of pots: choose a theme  Have enough variability in either the flowers or foliage to provide accents © Project SOUND http://otonanogucci.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/small-balcony-garden-ideas-10.jpg http://img.kwikdeko.com/2013/03/balcony-garden-19.jpg
  • 28. © Project SOUND *Mojave woodyaster – Xylorhiza tortifolia ©2010 Malia Volke
  • 29.  Southwestern Utah south to western Arizona and southeastern California  Mojave and Sonoran Deserts  AKA: Machaeranthera tortifolia © Project SOUND *Mojave woodyaster – Xylorhiza tortifolia Gerald and Buff Corsi © California Academy of Sciences Gary A. Monroe, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?XYTO2
  • 30. © Project SOUND Mojave aster: a woody desert sub-shrub  Size:  1-3 ft tall  2-3 ft wide  Growth form:  Mounded sub-shrub; woody base  Many slender branches  Drought deciduous  Foliage:  Leaves linear, gray-green, hairy and glandular  Leave margins toothed, spiny  Attractive shape and color  Nice scent – used as a ‘perfume’ and ‘clothing scent’  Roots: tap root?? ©2009 Christopher L. Christie http://www.raisingbutterflies.org/xylorhiza-tortifolia/single-gallery/3824320
  • 31. © Project SOUND Sweet aster flowers  Blooms: with rains/irrigation; main season in spring (Mar-May) but may bloom in Oct. also.  Flowers:  Very showy in bloom  Pretty little aster heads to 2” across  Ray flowers lavender to white  Disk flowers yellow  Attracts wide range of insect pollinators  Seeds: small, wind-distributed sunflower seeds ©2014 Richard Spellenberg ©1992 Gary A. Monroe
  • 32. You may need to grow this one from seed  Seed more readily available that plants  Pretty easy to grow plants in Sunflower family  Start in fall/early winter  Start in 3-4” recycled nursery pots in part shade  Barely cover seeds  Keep medium moist  Let seedlings grow to about 2-3 inches  Carefully transplant to larger nursery containers to grow up © Project SOUND http://www.hazmac.biz/040329/040329XylorhizaTortifolia.html Use fresh seeds – small seeds lose their viability faster than do large seeds
  • 33. © Project SOUND Plant Requirements  Soils:  Texture: well-drained  pH: any local – 7.0-8.0  Light:  Full sun to part-shade (afternoon shade fine)  Water:  Winter: good winter rains  Summer: occasional to none – Water Zones 1-2 to 2 with well-drained soils. Fine with hot. Dry conditions once est.  Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils  Other: inorganic mulch; will self- sow if happy ©2014 Richard Spellenberg
  • 34. © Project SOUND Mojave aster: pleasant seasonal accent  Pretty accent in desert-themed or rock gardens  Good for hot, dry places  Nice addition to pollinator and scent gardens  An attractive pot plant©2011 Kendra Olcott Mark W. Skinner, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database ©1992 Gary A. Monroe
  • 35. © Project SOUND Flowering perennials & sub-shrubs add interest and seasonal color; succulents add green
  • 36. You might want to use both seasonally dormant and evergreen shrubs to allow for ‘staging’ © Project SOUND Gary A. Monroe, hosted by the USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
  • 37. © Project SOUND *Desert Sage – Salvia dorii ©2004 James M. Andre
  • 38.  Western U.S. from WA to CA & AZ. Eastern Sierras, Tehachapi Mtns, Mojave Desert;  Sandy, rocky or limestone soil on dry open slopes, on flats or foothills  Pinyon-juniper, sagebrush, chaparral, and cool desert shrub plant communities. © Project SOUND *Desert Sage – Salvia dorii ©2008 Vernon Smith ©2013 Jean Pawek http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_cpn.pl?SADO4
  • 39. © Project SOUND Salvia dorii: a mounded sage  Size:  2-3 ft tall  3-4 ft wide  Growth form:  Mounded sub-shrub; usually wider than tall  Many-branched; neat appearance  Foliage:  Gray-green  Leaves small, hairy  Aromatic of sage http://www.wildflower.org/plants/result.php?id_plant=SADO4
  • 40. © Project SOUND Sage flowers deluxe  Blooms: late spring/early summer; usually May-June in W. L.A. county’  Flowers:  On a distinctive flowering stalk  Typical sage/mint shape  Purple to blue colored  Surrounded by magenta bracts  Truly lovely, showy  Attract many pollinators: native bees, hummingbirds, butterflies, moths – excellent pollinator habitat plants!©2004 James M. Andre
  • 41. © Project SOUND Plant Requirements  Soils:  Texture: well-drained - plant on mound or use cactus mix in pots  pH: any local; alkali fine  Light:  Full sun  Water:  Winter: rains will suffice in most years  Summer: occasional summer water (Water Zone 1-2); taper to none in fall  Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils  Other: prune like other sages after blooming or in fall. ©2008 Vernon Smith ©2013 Jean Pawek
  • 42. © Project SOUND Showy shrub for water- wise gardens  As an accent in desert-themed gardens or rock gardens  As low hedge  In pollinator & butterfly gardens  As an aromatic pot plant Image by Mary Winter http://www.birdandhike.com/Veg/Species/Shrubs/Salvia_dor/_Sal_dor.htm https://www.nargs.org/forum/salvia-dorrii-great-western-shrub
  • 43. © Project SOUND * Apache Plume – Fallugia paradoxa
  • 44. © Project SOUND Flowers and seeds are very showy  Blooms: in spring – April-June in our area  Flowers:  Give a good clue that this plant is in the Rose family  2 inch pure white flowers like a wild rose – ooh la la  Like a rose, attracts many insects (butterflies, bees, etc.)  Seeds:  Have fluffy tails – very showy on the plant  Fade from pink to gold as they mature © 2010 James M. Andre
  • 45. © Project SOUND Gardeners are discovering Apache Plume © 2002 Gary A. Monroe © 2003 Charles E. Jones http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/fallugia-paradoxa http://www.nazflora.org/Fallugia_paradoxa.htm  As an accent plant in desert- themed gardens for beauty & habitat value  As a foundation shrub  In informal hedges/hedgerows  In very hot, dry situations (parking lots; roadways)
  • 46. Limitations to the ‘Staging solution’  Some containers are too large to allow them to be moved easily  Less variety possible than if ‘cache potting’  Plants must be managed more – takes time, ‘fiddling’  Plants must be chosen carefully for suitability:  Growing conditions  Size  Aesthetics  Role in overall design  More appropriate for some architectural styles than others© Project SOUNDhttp://otonanogucci.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/small-balcony- garden-ideas-10.jpg
  • 47. Some situations call for containers that look dramatic all year long… © Project SOUND http://www.aridaccents.com/uploads/1/3/1/7/13173938/2771947_orig.jpg
  • 48. …and some plants are lovely all year long © Project SOUND http://www.succulentsandmore.com/2011/10/succulent-gardens- extravaganza-part-1.html Dudleya brittonii Agave species like Agave shawii
  • 49. Designer Solution 3 - the ‘architectural pot’ approach.  Container & plants are permanent architectural elements © Project SOUNDhttp://downtownaustinblog.org/2013/09/05/patio-perfect-how-to-make-the-most-of-your- downtown-austin-condos-outdoor-space/ http://www.oakhavenrealty.com/10914-planter-pots-entry-rustic-with- container-plants-copper-roof-deck-grass-lawn-metal-roof-porch-potted- plants/
  • 50. Some native plants are naturally dramatic… © Project SOUND http://www.aridaccents.com/uploads/1/3/1/7/13173938/2771947_orig.jpg http://www.pacifichorticulture.org/articles/dudleyas-for-the-garden/
  • 51. © Project SOUND *Coastal Agave – Agave shawii © 2005 Vince Scheidt
  • 52. © Project SOUND * Banana Yucca – Yucca baccata
  • 53. © Project SOUND Banana Yucca: dramatic accent  Size:  2-6 ft tall (flower stalk taller)  2-10 ft wide (spreads slowly)  Growth form:  Evergreen perennial ‘sub-shrub’ – typical Yucca form  Many strap-like leaves in basal rosette  Foliage:  Leaves 1-3 ft long – depends on water  Sharp spines on tips  Roots: forms offsets (‘pups’) along rhizomes; long-lived http://www.desert-tropicals.com/Plants/Agavaceae/Yucca_baccata.html
  • 54. © Project SOUND * Bigelow’s Beargrass/Nolina – Nolina bigelovii http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nolina_bigelovii
  • 55. © Project SOUND Nolina: nice accent  Nice accent plant in any dry garden  Right at home in desert gardens, rock gardens, hot places  Leaves used green or bleached in basketry; young flowers stalks can be baked and eaten http://www.delange.org/BeargrassBig/BeargrassBig.htm http://gallery.cvetq.info/displayimage.php?album=267&pos=4
  • 56. Architectural native plants: more variety than you might think © Project SOUND
  • 57. Pete Veilleux - East Bay Wilds Native Plant Nursery © Project SOUND Arctostaphylos bakeri pete@eastbaywilds.com
  • 58. Manzanitas for containers  Arctostaphylos bakeri  Arctostaphylos densiflora 'Howard McMinn'  Arctostaphylos edmundsii ‘Bert Johnson’  Arctostaphylos nummularia (including ‘Pennies from Heaven’)  Arctostaphylos pajaroensis 'Myrtle Wolf‘& ‘Warren Roberts’  A. uva-ursi © Project SOUND Arctostaphylos edmundsii ‘Bert Johnson’ http://www.calfloranursery.com/plants/arctostaphylos-edmundsii-bert-johnson
  • 59. How big a pot?  Good rule of thumb: big enough for 2-3 year’s growth (learn enough about the plant’s growth to judge)  Go big - the smallest (for small plants) should be 2.5 gallon  Bigger can be better:  Allows room for plants to grow  Easier to maintain correct soil moisture  Easier to maintain temperature © Project SOUND http://housetohome.media.ipcdigital.co.uk/96/000011849/e80f_orh550w550/R ed-Mud-Hut-planter.jpg
  • 60. What’s the deal with CA natives in tall pots? © Project SOUND  Advantages of tall, square pots  Good for small areas like patios, balconies  Easier to keep roots cool (in shady location)  More soil – square pot holds 50% more soil than round  Easier to water properly  Allows native plants with deep roots to develop more normal root systems
  • 61. Advice on size: tailor size and shape to plant’s root system © Project SOUND
  • 62. © Project SOUND There are many native architectural plants http://rareexotics.com/store/index.php/cat_191 http://www.thedangergarden.com/2011/03/poncirus-trifoliata-or- flying-dragon.html?m=1 Remember: you’re trying to create a dramatic accent for a specific space
  • 63. Visit the container garden at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden © Project SOUND
  • 64. Some S. CA families with architectural shrubs  The Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)  The Rose family (Rosaceae)  Roses  Prunus species  Heteromeles  The Buckthorn family (Rhamnaceae) © Project SOUND http://encinitasnatives.blogspot.com/2014/09/baja-plants.html
  • 65. © Project SOUND Spurge family (Euphorbiaceae)  Large - > 6000 species worldwide  Occur mainly in the tropics  Most are herbaceous plants - some tropical shrubs and trees  A number of plants of the Spurge family are of considerable economic importance. Prominent plants include Manioc, the Castor bean, and the Para rubber tree. Many are grown as ornamental plants, such as Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima).  Local species: Chamaesyce; Croton; Euphorbia, Acalypha  There is a greater variety in the genus Euphorbia than any other group of succulents in the world.
  • 66. © Project SOUND Cliff (California) Spurge – Euphorbia misera © 2005 TRNERR P. Roullard t
  • 67. © Project SOUND Cliff (California) Spurge – Euphorbia misera http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?Euphorbia+misera  Primarily a Mexican species  Limited distribution:  in Orange, Riverside, and San Diego counties;  on San Clemente and Santa Catalina islands in Los Angeles County;  on the mainland and Isla Guadalupe in Baja California, Mexico.  Grows on sandy coastal bluffs, south facing slopes of coastal scrub, coastal bluff scrub and Mojavean desert scrub (rocky) Gary A. Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
  • 68. © Project SOUND Cliff spurge is an interesting little shrub  Size:  2-4 ft tall & wide  Growth form:  Shrub or sub-shrub  Unusual stem-succulent plant; looks like a miniature tree  Many-branched with grayish bark  Foliage:  Leaves bright green fading to dull green, rounded  Drought-deciduous  Looks like a succulent http://www.calflora.net/bloomingplants/cliffspurge.html
  • 69. © Project SOUND Plant Requirements  Soils:  Texture: sand or sandy best (but doing ok in Madrona Garden clays – so far)  pH: best 6.0 to 7.0  Light:  Full sun to part shade (in hot gardens)  Water:  Winter: no flooding?  Summer: wide range of tolerance (Zone 1 to 2-3); best as 2 w/ occasional spray  Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils  Other: likes seaside conditions
  • 70. © Project SOUND Flowers are fantastic  Blooms: usually Jan-June in our area  Flowers:  What appears to be a single flower is in reality a cyathium, a cup-shaped involucre in which there is a single female flower with one pistil surrounded by male flowers consisting of one stamen each.  Small but really showy close up – place where you can appreciate  Nectar attracts bees, butterflies, hummingbirds  Seeds: wrinkled seeds in round capsule © 2006 Steve Matson Gary A. Monroe @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
  • 71. © Project SOUND Garden uses for Cliff Spurge  As a specimen shrub – very unusual  As an attractive pot plant; popular for bonsai  In a Baja plant garden or rock garden  Suitable for xeriscaping  Small scale makes it good choice for small areas http://www.sfloridacactus.org/pictures.html http://www.desertmuseum.org/programs/succulents_gallery5.html
  • 72. Keys to successful ‘Architectural pots’  Choose pots appropriate for architectural style  Limit the container palette: all the same or similar size, shape or color  Choose plants that look good year round  Choose plants that are large and/or dramatic in some way – ‘plant divas’  Manage the plants: always look good © Project SOUND http://www.crateandbarrel.com/zinc-tall-square- planter/s391046?si=2205077&aff=cj http://gardenergardens.com/big-plant-pots/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/85638830388182705/
  • 73. Repetition: an easy design element © Project SOUND http://www.realsimple.com/home- organizing/gardening/outdoor/easy-container- gardens-0 http://housingstorm.com/potted-plants-growing- activity.html/outdoor-potted-plants http://www.thisnext.com/item/0F836FB4/FF4C16B1/Bubble-Plant-Pot http://www.plantcontainers.com/
  • 74. © Project SOUND * California Copperleaf – Acalypha californica http://www.inaturalist.org/photos/310547
  • 75. © Project SOUND * California Copperleaf – Acalypha californica  Peninsular Range of San Diego County and the western Colorado (Sonoran) Desert.  Rocky slopes and along washes to about 4000 ft.  Chaparral, Southern Oak Woodland http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3618,3619,3620 © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College ©2012 Gary A. Monroe
  • 76. The Copperleaves: genus Acalypha  Family: Euphorbiaceae  One of the largest euphorb genera: approximately 450 to 462 species  60% of species native to the Americas and about 30% in Africa  Species primarily tropical or sub- tropical  Some species grown as house or garden plants; some, indeed, have copper leaves  Many used in traditional medicine (for wide range of ailments) © Project SOUND http://posture.doonks.com/Acalypha.html http://www.gardenality.com/Plants/1461/Perennial-Plants/Copper-Leaf-Acalypha.html
  • 77. © Project SOUND California copperleaf: an attractive shrub  Size:  3-4 ft tall  3-4 ft wide  Growth form:  Mounded sub-shrub with many slender branches  New bark red; older is gray  Evergreen  Foliage:  Leaves small, simple with wavy edges  Very neat appearance © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College ©2012 Gary A. Monroe
  • 78. © Project SOUND Flowers are dramatic  Blooms: off & on with rains/irrigation; main bloom seasons in spring and fall  Flowers:  Separate male, female flowers along spikes  Female flowers have long, slender, red/pink styles, leafy bracts  Male flowers darker, with white pollen visible  Very pretty in bloom!  Seeds: small, dark, pitted http://nathistoc.bio.uci.edu/plants/Euphorbiaceae/Acalypha%20californica.htm
  • 79. Medicinal qualities of CA copperleaf  Foliage extracts used as anti-cancer drug by Pima Indians (AZ) and Mexican native peoples  One recent study: ‘Because of the antiproliferative activity observed, our results provide a rational basis for the use of extracts of A. californica in treating various types of cancer in traditional medicine from Mexico. The extracts induce apoptosis via activation of caspases.’ © Project SOUND © 2003 Michael Charters
  • 80. © Project SOUND Easy garden plant  Soils:  Texture: adaptable; clays OK  pH: any local (6.0-8.0)  Light:  Full sun to part-shade (afternoon shade best in hot gardens, pots)  Water:  Winter: needs good rains  Summer: very adaptable; Water Zones 1-2 to 2-3; looks best 2 to 2-3  Fertilizer: none; likes poor soils  Other: nice natural shape; wear gloves when handling – sap may cause rash ©2012 Gary A. Monroe http://www.plantsystematics.org/imgs/dws/r/Euphorbiaceae_Acalypha_cali fornica_26523.html
  • 81. © Project SOUND Nice green shrub  Useful as small, evergreen shrub or accent plant  Sometimes used as low hedge  Looks great with local native plants or in desert-themed garden  Attractive in planters or large containers http://www.laspilitas.com/nature-of-california/plants/10--acalypha-californica http://snowbirdpix.com/sonoran_desert_plant_page.php?id=1603
  • 82. Native shrubs with dense foliage can be trimmed formally © Project SOUND © 2003 Michael Charters http://www.anthropologie.com/anthro/category/pots++planters/home-garden- pots.jsp?cm_sp=TOPNAV-_-HOME-_-GARDEN-POTS#/
  • 83. Accents don’t need to be floral © Project SOUND They just need to provide interest and contrast with surrounding plants & hardscape http://lostinthelandscape.com/2012/06/
  • 84. © Project SOUND http://www.thelovelyplants.com/category/grass/ Grasses & grass-like plants add a sculptural element… http://www.fanrto.com/ideas_for_balcony_design_ornament al_grasses_as_a_decorative_element/
  • 85. © Project SOUND Leafy (Mendocino/ Dwarf) Reedgrass - Calamagrostis foliosa J.S. Peterson @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database
  • 86. © Project SOUND Leafy Reedgrass - Calamagrostis foliosa Pacific Reedgrass - Calamagrostis nutkaensis  Both are CA natives:  Leafy: North Coast, Outer North Coast Ranges  Pacific: Central Coast, San Francisco Bay Area, North Coast to AK  Leafy: Uncommon on bluffs, cliffs, coastal scrub, forest  Pacific: Wet areas, beaches, dunes, coastal woodland < 1000 ft Leafy Reedgrass http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?8738,8886,8890 Pacific Reedgrass
  • 87. © Project SOUND Pacific Reedgrass – in N. California http://www.ubcbotanicalgarden.org/potd/2005/12/calamagrostis_nutkaensis.php Can be treated as either a ground cover or a specimen grass
  • 88. © Project SOUND Choose the Reedgrass that best fits your garden needs  Leafy (C. foliosa):  1-2 ft tall; flower stalks are taller  Dense gray-green foliage; purple tinge in winter  Finer texture, scale than Pacific Reedgrass  Rare in nature: CA state rare list  Excellent in dry streambed, swale  Pacific (C. nutkaensis):  3-4 ft tall; 3 ft wide – flower stalks are taller  Striking as accent plant or as background in "grass gardens".  More common  Good as a large accent or foundation plant http://www.yerbabuenanursery.com/online_album/0595.htm http://www.mostlynatives.com/notes/calamagrostisnutkaensis.htm
  • 89. © Project SOUND Reedgrasses: versatile like Rye grasses  Light: full sun to heavy shade  Water: green (and probably look best) with some summer water but quite drought tolerant  Foliage: somewhat coarse, but always has some color  Flowers showy: like Pampas Grass  Good for meadows, erosion control, banks/slopes  Good in coastal settings, as it tolerates wind and salt spray. http://www.edgehill.net/2002-09-22-salt-point/pages/39-2P1010242_.htm http://community.webshots.com/album/390986754KTdYzf
  • 91. Grasses & grass-like plants can provide stunning, evergreen accents © Project SOUND http://www.imamuseum.org/blog/2010/09/03/contain ed-joy/ Note how the choice of pot helps determine the style of these accents
  • 92. © Project SOUND Fiber Optic Grass – Isolepis cernuus USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database http://rlsnyder.us/blog/category/shopping-for-new-plants/
  • 93. © Project SOUND Fiber Optic Grass – Isolepis cernuus http://www.fws.gov/humboldtbay/plantguide/sedges/sci_cer_2.html © 2002 Margo Bors  Coastal West from British Columbia to Texas, Baja and S. America  Wet, freshwater to brackish places on beaches, dunes, marine bluffs, sandy areas, mostly coastal  ?? LA River native
  • 94. © Project SOUND Fiber optic grass: grass-like sedge  Size:  to 1 ft tall; ‘Dwarf’ is < 6 inches  1-3 ft wide  Growth form:  Mounded, grass-like plant  Evergreen; looks good year-round  Spreads slowly via short rhizomes  Foliage:  Leaves/stems slender, grass-like  Bright green color – fresh, almost tropical  Note: All parts of plant toxic if eaten
  • 95. © Project SOUND Flowers add to the charm  Blooms: late spring through fall in S. CA. Good for summer interest  Flowers:  Typical, understated flowers of the sedges – wind pollinated  At tips of stems – like Spikerush  Pale in flower, becoming darker  Young flowers look like glowing tip of fiber optic cable – hence common name.  Seeds: eaten by birds  Vegetative reproduction: slow http://www.answers.com/topic/dudleya http://www.fws.gov/humboldtbay/plantguide/sedges/sci_cer_2.html http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plants/plantdisplay.asp?strLetter=S&plant_id=1490&page=4
  • 96. © Project SOUND Likes its water!  Soils:  Texture: very adaptable  pH: any local  Light:  Full sun if in/near water  Part-sun to fairly shady otherwise  Water:  Winter: very moist soil; shallow flooding  Summer: moist soils; regular water or plant around a pond/pool  Fertilizer: occasional ½ strength fertilizer if grown in container  Other: wear gloves when handling; may cause rash © Jamie Fenneman (Photo ID #4101) Cut back yearly for best appearance
  • 97. © Project SOUND Plant for moist areas  Pond or pool side; even in containers slightly submerges  Bog/wetland gardens  Very attractive pot plant – super shape, color  Any other place with moist soilshttp://www.mwgs.org/index.php?rte=pltviewd&pid=56&cid=6# http://www.deborahsilver.com/blog/tag/fiber-optic-grass/ http://artisticgardener.net/grasses/scirpuscer.htm
  • 98. Grasses & grass-like plants: architectural alternatives for succulents © Project SOUND http://www.thegardenglove.com/using- architectural-plants-in-the-garden/ Several shapes appropriate for ‘Architectural Pots’
  • 99. Another use of containers: barrier/screen © Project SOUND http://www.succulentsandmore.com/2013/06/vista-garden.html https://www.pinterest.com/ks1phx/gardens -oranamental-grass/ Architectural containers can provide green barriers in challenging situations
  • 101. Grasses aren’t the only plants being used for barriers/screens © Project SOUND http://www.thedangergarden.com/2012/05/back-from-quick-trip-to-southern.html Huntington Gardens http://agrowingobsession.co m/?p=67011 http://community.homedepot.com/howto/DiscussionDet ail/Bamboo-zled-9065000000006im Consider Narrowleaf willow as a bamboo alternative http://garden.freluxe.com/decorative-garden-containers/
  • 102. Upright forms © Project SOUND https://www.pinterest.com/marcelushka/plantas/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/452400725043313417/ Look great with modern, sculptural pots and planters https://www.pinterest.com/lovemyart2/outdoor-gardens/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/5372 65430518475793/
  • 103. Large potted ‘grasses’ make striking accent plants – or be used as barriers/screens  Carex spissa  Equisetum spp. – Horsetails  Juncus patens  Leymus condensatus  Muhlenbergia rigens - Deergrass  Schoenoplectus spp. -Tules  Typha species – Cattails © Project SOUND https://www.gardenia.net/garden/a-contemporary-provencal-courtyard- suzman-design-associates
  • 104. © Project SOUND *San Diego sedge – Carex spissa
  • 105.  Central & S. Coast of CA & Baja; AZ  Streambanks below 2000‘  In coastal sage scrub, chaparral, foothill woodland communities © Project SOUND *San Diego sedge – Carex spissa http://www.landscaperesource.com/plants/grasses- grasslike/carex-spissa.htm http://herbaria4.herb.berkeley.edu/eflora_display.php?t id=17845
  • 106. © Project SOUND Characteristics of San Diego sedge  Size:  2-5+ ft tall  3-6 ft wide, slowly spreading via rhizomes  Growth form:  Perennial with upright to mounding habit; mature clumps are dense  Warm season bunching/ spreading sedge  Evergreen (or nearly so); slow to establish  Foliage:  Leaves pale green to blue-green  Long, narrow and grass-like  larval food source for Umber Skipper (Poanes melane)
  • 107. © Project SOUND Showy flowers for a sedge  Blooms: late spring to early fall  Flowers:  Wind-pollinated, so no showy petals  Small flowers along a stout blooming stalk  The flowers are actually large for a sedge – note the dangling stamens  Seeds: birds love them!  Vegetative reproduction: slowly spreading via rhixomes
  • 108. © Project SOUND Plant Requirements  Soils:  Texture: any  pH: any local  Light:  Full sun to full shade; useful ornamental ‘grass’ for shady areas.  Water:  Winter: good rains or irrigation  Summer: wide range; moist soils will keep green, but can take fairly dry conditions  Fertilizer: none or ½ strength in containers  Other: cut back after flowering; or mow every few years to rejuvenate
  • 109. © Project SOUND Garden uses for San Diego sedge  Bog gardens, rain gardens and infiltration swales  As a large ornamental ‘grass’ in moist, shady areas  Around ponds, pools  As an attractive large pot plant http://www.smgrowers.com/products/plan ts/plantimage.asp?plant_id=350
  • 110. Growing native grasses in containers  Advantages  Allow you to grow grasses with special requirement  Contains them; keeps from spreading  Useful and distinctive accent features  Allows you to grow several different grasses & feature each  May allow you to grow grasses with unusual light conditions: shade; bright sun © Project SOUND http://maree-clarkson.blogspot.com/2013/12/ornamental-grasses-in-garden.html
  • 111. Grasses & grass-like plants add a sculptural element…  Mounded  Some Carex (praegracilis; tumulticola)  Idaho fescue (Festuca idahoensis)  Deergrass (Muhlenbergia rigens) © Project SOUND http://gardengallery.ca/ornamental-grasses-2  Upright-arching  Purple three-awn (Aristida)  Native Needlegrasses (Achnatherum)(Stipa/ Nassella)  Arching  Fiber-optic grass  Reedgrasses (Calamagrostis)  Fescues (Festuca)  Alkali sacaton (Sporobolus)  Upright  Cyperus  Spike-rush (Eleocharis)  Equisetum  Many rushes (Juncus)  Tules (Schoenoplectus)  Cattails (Typha)
  • 112. Upright forms © Project SOUND http://www.gapphotos.com/imagedetails.asp?imageno=479104 Achnatherum http://www.goerie.com/exciting-plant- choices-for-containers http://hiddenhillsgarden.com/blog/?p=1626 https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/ images/43777 Purple threeawn Aristida purpurea
  • 113. Open grasses provide a billowy seasonal accent © Project SOUND http://hoffmannursery.com/home/the-plants/muhlenbergia-pag/ Alkali sacaton - Sporobolus airoides
  • 114. Arching forms can stand alone © Project SOUND https://www.seedman.com/ornamentalgrass.htm http://www.dutchbulbs.co.uk/plant-0001416-ke-1/festuca-glauca-elijah-blue/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/85638830388182705/
  • 115. In summary: many native plants can be used as striking architectural accents © Project SOUND Cheekwood Botanical Garden & Museum of Art Nashville, Tennessee,
  • 116. Which brings us to the last designer solution: mixed containers © Project SOUND http://www.gardendesign.com/pictures/grasses-as-container-plants_176/#3694
  • 117. The ‘evergreen pot’ solution: striking (but not necessarily easy)  Combining several plants in the same container to provide year-round interest  Practical considerations:  Pot size & shape – managing several plants in the same container  Careful plant choice is essential:  Must all have the same soil, light, nutrient and water requirements  Must ‘play nice together’  Must all have appropriate size and growth rates  Must all look nice (at least OK) year-round © Project SOUND http://www.greengardeningstl.com/articles/page/8/
  • 118. And there also are aesthetic considerations  Whether to feature pot, plants or both  Pot must enhance the appearance of a group of plants – can be challenging  Plants must look good together and provide enough contrast to be interesting year-round:  Size, shape  Foliage color, texture  Flowers, fruits, seeds © Project SOUND https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/ images/43777
  • 119. Grasses and grass-like plants are often included ‘evergreen pots’ © Project SOUND http://www.greengardeningstl.com/articles/page/8/ http://www.drsnellnursery.com/post.php?id=64&ye ar-round-container-gardens Grass-like plants add structure and serve as background to showy, often seasonal, plants http://containercrazyct.com/tag/container- garden-workshop/
  • 120. Designing an ‘evergreen container’  For a pleasing blend of plants, remember “accent, filler, and spiller.”  Choose an upright accent plant in the center, plant filler around it, and include spiller cascading over the edge.  Can be done with any plants that share the same garden requirements.  Be creative: use succulents, perennials, annuals, even vegetables and herbs. © Project SOUND
  • 121. Upright-arching ‘grasses’ make good accent plants in ‘evergreen pots’ © Project SOUND http://www.romencegardens.com/index.cfm/fusea ction/plants.printDetail/plant_id/446/index.htm https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/juncus/quartz-creek-soft-rush-juncus-effusus They are dramatic in their own right – and also provide a good background for other plants
  • 122. Mounded forms make good filler plants © Project SOUND http://anativegarden.com/blog/container-gardening/ https://www.pinterest.com/pin/188729040608802953/ http://gardenclub.homedepot.com/planting-ornamental-grasses- in-containers/
  • 123. Hint for creating ‘evergreen pots’ with CA natives: choose plants that take moist soils © Project SOUND Photo by Laura Camp at Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden • It’s difficult to keep ‘dry summer’ plants appropriately watered in summer. Best to plant them individually. • Plants that like moist soils are much easier to manage – they are better-suited for mixed ‘evergreen pots’ Mimulus 'Ruby Silver' (Hybrid Monkeyflower),
  • 124. Summer shade  Pots get hotter and drier than surrounding soil  Consider:  Using light-colored pots  Using the ‘cache pot’ solution  Moving potted plants to a shadier location in summer © Project SOUND
  • 125. Green oasis in a container: doesn’t need to be a pond garden  Some rushes, sedges and other native wetland plants need moist soil – but not standing water  Advantages over pond garden:  Wider range of plants  Requires less water  Less problems with mosquitos, raccoons and other ‘pond pests’  Provides excellent habitat for wide range of birds, insects  Provides useful plants: basketry, medicinals, edibles © Project SOUND
  • 126. Building a mixed moist container  Choose the container  Size  Shape, color  Material  Choose the plants  Something evergreen  Something for spring color  Something for summer interest/color © Project SOUND http://yacineaziz.com/inspired-plant-pots-convention-london-shabby-chic-entry- decorating-ideas-black-door-black-front-door-door-knocker-front-door-wreath- house-number-lantern-wall/ Native plants can often be used to create the desired look
  • 127. Natives work well for this container © Project SOUND Yerba mansa Equisetum
  • 128. Flowering accents for spring/summer color © Project SOUND Seep Monkeyflower Scarlet Monkeyflower Yerba mansa
  • 129. © Project SOUND CA Sea Thrift – Armeria maritima ssp. californica © 2007 Neal Kramer
  • 130. © Project SOUND CA Sea Thrift – Armeria maritima ssp. californica © 2011 Chris Winchell Charles Webber © California Academy of Sciences http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi- bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?5645,5646,0,5647  Possibly S. Coast; definitely Santa Rosa Isl., San Luis Obispo Co (Cambria; Santa Lucia Mtns near San Simeon).  Ocean bluffs, ridges, coastal strand, sand, exposed grasslands, < 1000 ft elevation.
  • 131. The Plumbagos – Family Plumbaginaceae  Cosmopolitan – Tropics to Arctic  Of in coastal areas including salt marshes.  Flowers have a 5-lobed calyx (whose tube is often ribbed) and a 5-lobed corolla, although the corolla lobes may be separate almost to their base.  The flowers of some members of Plumbaginaceae have a paper-like texture to the calyx and/or corolla  The popular cultivated flowers Statice, Cape plumbago and Armeria (Sea thrifts) belong to this family. © Project SOUND https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbaginaceae
  • 132. © Project SOUND CA sea thrift: small, flowering perennial  Size:  < 1 ft tall  1-2 ft wide  Growth form:  Herbaceous perennial from a woody root  Dense, mounded tuft; spread slowly  Foliage:  Leaves medium green, linear and grass-like, in basal rosette  Roots:  Woody tap root© 2011 Chris Winchell © 2007 Neal Kramer
  • 133. © Project SOUND Flowers are adorable  Blooms: mid-spring to mid- summer  Flowers:  Tiny pink flowers in dense clusters (like pom poms)  Flowers above the foliage  Very attractive  Attracts native bees, butterflies  Vegetative reproduction: produces new plantlets © 2007 Neal Kramer © 2004, Ben Legler
  • 134. © Project SOUND Plant Requirements  Soils:  Texture: best in clays  pH: any local  Light:  Full sun only on immediate coast; part-sun or filtered sun elsewhere  Water:  Winter: needs good rains  Summer: regular water (Water Zone 2-3 or 3)  Fertilizer: none; ½ strength in containers  Other: deadhead to prolong bloom season. May be short- lived (2-3 years) in our climate. © 2008 John Dittes
  • 135. © Project SOUND Garden uses for  As a groundcover in most areas  As a border for mixed beds  As an attractive pot plant  In N. coastal prairie plantings © 2004, Ben Legler http://www.calfloranursery.com/plants/armeria- maritima-ssp-californica http://www.cnps.org/cnps/grownative/tips /lawn_alternatives.php http://www.imagejuicy.com/images/plants/a/armeria/10/ http://www.sacvalleycnps.org/gardening/pla ntinfo.html
  • 136. Local ‘wetland groundcovers’ make good trailers © Project SOUND https://www.provenwinners.com/plants/ images/43777 Salty susan Lippia/Fog fruit
  • 137. © Project SOUND *Harlequin lotus – Hosackia gracilis © 2008, G. D. Carr
  • 138.  AKA: Lotus formosissimus  Central & N. Coastal ranges to British Columbia; habitat becoming rare in wild  Moist soil, from near sea level to lower elevations in the mountains  Mixed Evergreen Forest, Northern Coastal Scrub, Closed-cone Pine Forest, wetland-riparian © Project SOUND *Harlequin lotus – Hosackia gracilis http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi- bin/get_cpn.pl?Hosackia+gracilis ©2004 Aaron Schusteff http://seedsofsuccess.smugmug.com/Bureau-of-Land- Management/OR931/i-vPcSF6S
  • 139. © Project SOUND Harlequin lotus: herbaceous ground cover  Size:  < 1 ft tall  1-2+ ft wide, spreading  Growth form:  Herbaceous perennial groundcover  Winter dormant in native range  Foliage:  Medium green, compound ‘pea’ leaves  Oval leaflets typical of Lotus  Roots: tap root Gerald and Buff Corsi © California Academy of Sciences http://www.baynatives.com/plants/Lotus-formosissimus/
  • 140. © Project SOUND Flowers are fantastic  Blooms: in spring - usually Mar- May in western L.A. County  Flowers:  Probably the prettiest of the native CA lotuses  Flowers typical pea shape; bee pollenated  Banner bright yellow; ‘keel’ pink or purple – very colorful  Seeds: speckled, bean-like in pea pod  Vegetative reproduction: via both rhizomes and stolons; forms mat- like cluster © 2008, G. D. Carr
  • 141. © Project SOUND Plant Requirements  Soils:  Texture: adaptable  pH: any local  Light: sun (immediate coast), part-sun or fairly shady;  Water:  Winter: good winter rains  Summer: adaptable, but looks best (stays green) with regular summer water  Fertilizer: none; ½ strength fertilizer if grown in container.  Other: cut back brown stems, if desired, when dormant. © Br. Alfred Brousseau, Saint Mary's College
  • 142. © Project SOUND Great groundcover for moist places  Bog gardens, rain gardens or around ponds and pools  Groundcover for other moist areas – under trees  As an attractive pot plant; drapes beautifullyhttp://www.baynatives.com/plants/Lotus-formosissimus/ https://www.flickr.com/photos/eastbaywilds/7187337125 http://seedsofsuccess.smugmug.com/Bureau-of-Land-Management/OR931/i-vPcSF6S
  • 143. Four ways the pros manage native plants in pots  Use stationary pots, but switch out the plants seasonally (the ‘cache pot’ solution)  Move pots around to accent the seasonal characteristics: the ‘pot staging’ solution  Choose plants that have year-round beauty (foliage color; shape; etc.): the ‘architectural pot’ approach  Combine several plants to provide year- round interest: the ‘evergreen pot’ solution © Project SOUND http://i67.photobucket.com/albums/h319/achn atherum/Grassses/P7210001b.jpg
  • 145. Useful on-line resources  http://anativegarden.com/blog/container-gardening/  Theodore Payne ‘Containers’ list: http://theodorepayne.org/mediawiki/index.php?title=Contai ners  Pete Veilleux Containers list : http://harveymilk.com/wp- content/uploads/2011/02/Good-California-Plants-for- Containers.pdf  Project SOUND/MNBY List: © Project SOUND
  • 146. CSUDH/Project SOUND Plant Sale  Friday 11/13 – noon to 4:30  Saturday 11/14 – noon to 3:00  For details: Native Plants at CSUDH blog © Project SOUND
  • 148. Next month: Heucheras © Project SOUND