Masonry & its types

1. Sanjivani Rural Education Society's
Sanjivani College of Engineering, Kopargaon
-Department of Civil Engineering-
By
Prof. D. C. Dharwad (Assistant Professor)
Mail ID- danappadharwad@gmail.com

2. Unit-I
Part – B
Masonry

3. Masonry
• Masonry may be defined as the construction of building units from
individual units which bonded together with mortar.
• The building units may be stones, bricks, or pre cast concrete blocks.
• Depending upon building units used, Masonry may be classified as stone
masonry, brick masonry, composite masonry, cavity walls, lintel & Arches.
• A person who constructs masonry is called a mason or bricklayer.

4. Types of Masonry
A. Based on Basic Material Used For Masonry
B. Based on Bonding Material Used for Masonry
C. Based on Thickness of Masonry (only for Brick)

5. Masonry Based on Basic Material Used For
Masonry
1. Stone Masonry
2. Brick Masonry

6. Stone Masonry
• Stone is the construction material which is durable, strong, or weather resistant.
• Stone is rarely affected by the normal day to day actions that leave wear and tear
on other construction materials.
• Because of its durability, strength and ability to resist the weather stone lasts for
a long time.
• Stones depending upon their geological formations have life from 300 to 1000
and even more years.
• Stones do not swell, bend, warp, splinter, or dent. Wind, rain, hail, sleet, and
snow do not affect stone. Thus, due to its numerous advantages stone masonry
is widely used.

7. Stone Masonry

8. Types of Stone Masonry
(a) Rubble Masonry
1. Uncoursed/Coursed random
rubble Masonry
2. Uncoursed/Coursed square
rubble Masonry
3. Polygonal rubble Masonry
4. Flint rubble Masonry
5. Dry rubble Masonry
(b) Ashlar Masonry:
1. Ashlar Fine Masonry
2. Ashlar rough tooled Masonry
3. Rock or Quarry faced Masonry
4. Ashlar Chamfered Masonry
5. Ashlar Block in Course.

9. a) Rubble Masonry
Uncoursed rubble masonry:
 This is the cheapest, roughest and poorest form of stone masonry.
 The stones used in this type of masonry very much vary in their shape and
size and are directly obtained from quarry.
 Uncoursed rubble masonry can be divided into Uncoursed random rubble
and Uncoursed squared rubble masonry.

10. 1. Uncoursed random rubble masonry:
The weak corners and edges are removed with mason’s hammer. Generally,
bigger stone blocks are employed at quoins and jambs to increase the strength
of masonry.

11. 2. Uncoursed squared rubble
• In this type the stone blocks are made roughly square with hammer.
Generally the facing stones are given hammer-dressed finish.
• Large stones are used as quoins. As far as possible the use of chips in
bedding is avoided.

12. 3. Polygonal rubble masonry
• In this type of masonry the stones are
roughly dressed to an irregular polygonal
shape. The stones should be so arranged as
to avoid long vertical joints in face work
and to break joints as much as possible.
• Small stone chips should not be used to
support the stones on the facing as shown
in the figure

13. 4. Flint rubble masonry
• This type of masonry is used in the areas where the flint is available in plenty.
• The flint stones varying in thickness from 8 to 15cm and in length from 15
to 30cm are arranged the facing in the form of coursed or uncoursed
masonry as shown below.

14. 5. Dry rubble masonry
• This type of masonry is used in the
construction of retaining walls, pitching
earthen dams and canal slopes in the
form of random rubble masonry
without any mortar.
• The hallow spaces left around and
stones should be tightly packed with
smaller stone pieces as shown below.

15. b) Ashlar Masonry
The various types of masonry can be classified
under the following categories are
1) Ashlar fine-
Ashlar masonry is a type of stone masonry
which is formed using finely dressed stones of
same size, shape, and texture laid together in
cement or lime mortar of equal size joints at right
angles to each other.

16. 2) Ashlar rough
• The beds and sides are finely chisel-
dressed. But the face is made rough by
means of tools.
• A strip, about 25mm wide and made by
means of chisel is provided around the
perimeter of the rough dressed face of
each stone.
• Thickness of joint should not be more
than 6 mm.

17. 3) Ashlar rock or rustic or quarry faced
• A strip is provided around the perimeter
of every stone. But the remaining portion
of the face is left in the same form as
received from quarry.
• Projection on exposed face is restricted to
75 mm. Thickness of joint –up to 10
mm.

18. 4)Ashlar chamfered
• The strip is chamfered or beveled at an angle of 45 degrees by means of
chisel for a depth of about 25mm.

20. Technical Terms Used In Stone Masonry
Block in course:-
The course of stones provided on the top of cornice to hold down and
prevent the cornice from overturning.
Corbel :-
A short stone cantilever jutting from the face of a wall to form a bearing.
Cornice:-
A projection which crowns a wall, any horizontal division of a wall, or an
architectural feature.

21. Bedding plane:-
The plane along which the stones can be separated into different layers.
Through stone or bond stone :-
The stone extending through the entire thickness of a wall to increase its lateral
stability is called a through or bond stone.
Parapet:-
A low wall constructed around the terrace of a building having flat roof is
called parapet wall.
Coping-
A special course provided at the top of wall preventing penetration of
rainwater from entering the wall.

22. Quoins :-
Stones larger than those of which the wall is composed, or better shaped, and
forming the corners of walls or door and window openings; if they project
they are described as raised, and rusticated if having chamfered angles.
Frieze :-
The stone course provided below the cornice is called frieze.
Spalls :-
The chips of stone used for filling the hollow spaces in stone masonry are
called spalls.

23. Buttress :-
The stepped masonry projections which is intended to provide lateral strength
to the wall is called buttress.
String course :-
A distinctive course or band continued across a whole facade which may be
defined by its position e.g. a sill course.

24. • Continue ……..in next lecture
Thank You.