More Related Content
Similar to introduction-to-gprs-egprs-
Similar to introduction-to-gprs-egprs- (20)
More from Dawood Aqlan (7)
introduction-to-gprs-egprs-
- 1. EVOLIUM Base Station Subsystem
INTRODUCTION TO GPRS/EGPRS
TRAINING MANUAL
3FL10472ACAAWBZZA2 – MARCH 2006
© All rights reserved. Passing on and copying of this document,
use and communication of its contents not permitted without
written authorization from Alcatel.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 1
- 2. Nt of the page
Safety Warning
Both lethal and dangerous voltages are present within the equipment. Do not wear conductive jewellery
while working on the equipment. Always observe all safety precautions and do not work on the
equipment alone.
Caution
To see the content of the page
The equipment used during this course is electrostatic sensitive. Please observe correct anti-static
precautions.
Trade Marks
Use the comment view
Alcatel and MainStreet are trademarks of Alcatel.
All other trademarks, service marks and logos (“Marks”) are the property of their respective holders
including Alcatel. Users are not permitted to use these Marks without the prior consent of Alcatel or such
third party owning the Mark. The absence of a Mark identifier is not a representation that a particular
product or service name is not a Mark.
Copyright
1
This document contains information that is proprietary to Alcatel and may be used for training purposes
only. No other use or transmission of all or any part of this document is permitted without Alcatel’s
written permission, and must include all copyright and other proprietary notices. No other use or
transmission of all or any part of its contents may be used, copied, disclosed or conveyed to any party in
any manner whatsoever without prior written permission from Alcatel.
2
Use or transmission of all or any part of this document in violation of any applicable Canadian or other
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
legislation is hereby expressly prohibited.
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
User obtains no rights in the information or in any product, process, technology or trademark which it
includes or describes, and is expressly prohibited from modifying the information or creating derivative
works without the express written consent of Alcatel.
Alcatel, The Alcatel logo, MainStreet and Newbridge are registered trademarks of Alcatel.
All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Alcatel assumes no responsibility for
the accuracy of the information presented, which is subject to change without notice.
© 2004 Alcatel. All rights reserved
.
Disclaimer
In no event will Alcatel be liable for any direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages,
including lost profits, lost business or lost data, resulting from the use of or reliance upon the information,
whether or not Alcatel has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
Mention of non-Alcatel products or services is for information purposes only and constitutes neither an
endorsement nor a recommendation.
Please refer to technical practices supplied by Alcatel for current information concerning Alcatel
equipment and its operation.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 2
- 3. Contents
1 What is GPRS ?
6
1.1 Definition
8
1.2 General architecture
9
1.3 MS Class
10
1.4 MS Multislot Class
11
1.5 GPRS Main Concepts
12
1.6 The benefits of GPRS
17
1.7 EGPRS
18
1.8 Quality of service profile
19
1.9 Services
20
2 GPRS Operation
23
2.1 Main Entities
25
2.2 MS Mobility Management States
30
2.3 MS Radio Resource Operating Modes
31
2.4 Basic procedures
32
2.5 Charging
45
2.6 Security
47
3 The Base Station Subsystem
52
3.1 3GPP Position
54
3.2 Alcatel’s Choice
55
3.3 Layered Model
56
3.4 Gb Interface
58
3.5 Radio Interface
60
4 Alcatel Solution
71
4.1 GPRS Network Overview
73
4.2 Alcatel 9135 MFS
74
4.3 Packet Switched Core Network
80
4.4 GPRS Network Management
82
4.5 Alcatel QoS offer
83
5 Annex and Glossary
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
88
Page 3
- 4. Self assessment of the objectives
Contract number :
Course title :
Client (Company, centre) :
Language : English
dates from :
Number of trainees :
to :
Location :
Surname, First name :
Did you meet the following objectives ?
Tick the corresponding box
Please, return this sheet to the trainer at the end of the training
Yes (or
Globally
yes)
Instructional objectives
1
To be able todescribe the organization of a
GPRS network,architecture, interfaces and
protocols.
3
To be able todescribe the main data
interchange mechanisms on a GPRS
network
4
Comments
To be able toidentify the benefits of GPRS
2
No (or
globally
no)
To be able tocharacterize the solution
offered by Alcatel
Other comments
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 4
- 5. Self assessment of the objectives (continued)
Yes (or
Globally
yes)
Instructional objectives
No (or
globally
no)
Comments
Other comments
Thank you for your answers to this questionnaire
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 5
- 7. 1 What is GPRS ?
Session presentation
> Objective: to be able to identify the technical
and commercial benefit of GPRS.
> Program:
• 1.1 Definition
• 1.2 General architecture
• 1.3 MS Class
• 1.4 MS Multislot Class
• 1.5 GPRS Main Concepts
• 1.6 GPRS Benefits
• 1.7 EGPRS
• 1.8 Quality of Service profile
• 1.9 Services
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
7
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 7
- 8. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.1 Definition
> Definition (3GPP TS 22.060)
• GPRS provides data transfer capabilities between a sending entity and
one or more receiving entities.
• These entities may be an MS or a Terminal Equipment, the latter being
attached either to a GPRS network or to an external data network.
• The base station provides radio channel access for MSs to the GPRS
network.
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
8
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w PDN (Packet Data Network)
IP networks = Internet (connectionless)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 8
- 9. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.2 General architecture
RADIO
ACCESS
NETWORK
circuit
switching
A
PSTN
NSS
BSS
GPRS
Gb
PDN
Core Network
IP
IP / PPP
Packet
switching
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
Gi
9
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w GPRS Core Network
The GPRS Core Network is also called GSS (GPRS Sub-System). It is an IP network, and therefore contains routers
(machines handling the packet switching function.)
w Routing Function
Data transmission between GPRS Support Node (GSN), may occur across external data networks that provide their own
internal routing functions, for example X.25 [34], Frame Relay or ATM networks.
w IP interworking
The GPRS Core Network supports interworking with networks based on the Internet protocol (IP). The GPRS Core
Network may provide compression of the TCP/IP header when an IP datagram is used within the context of a TCP
connection.
w X.25
X.25 PDP Type have been removed from the standard since R99.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 9
- 10. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.3 MS Class
> Class A
• Operates GPRS and other GSM services simultaneously.
> Class B
• Monitors control channels for GSM GPRS and other GSM services
simultaneously,
• but can only operate one set of services at one time.
> Class C
• Exclusively operates GPRS services.
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
10
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Classes A and B
Require dual scanning by the mobile for both GSM and GPRS service requests. Class A or B mobiles are "attached"
simultaneously to both networks.
w Class B
The exchange of packets is suspended to answer to an incoming GSM call (the GPRS subscriber is considered to be in
the "busy" or “on hold" state).
The PDP contexts are still active on the SGSN side until the Purge_Timer elapses.
w Class C
Exclusively operates GPRS services.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 10
- 11. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.4 MS multislot class
Multi-slot
class
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19 to 29
like 10
Type
Rx
Tx
Sum
Ttb
Tra
Trb
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
3
2
3
3
4
3
4
4
4
3
4
5
6
7
8
1
1
2
1
2
2
3
1
2
2
3
4
3
4
5
6
7
8
2
3
3
4
4
4
4
5
5
5
5
5
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
4
3
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
2
1
0
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
1
x
x
NA
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
11
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w MS type
Type 1 are simplex MS, i.e. without duplexer: they are not able to transmit and receive at the same time
Type 2 are duplex MS, i.e. with duplexer: they are able to transmit and receive at the same time
w Rx
Maximum number of received timeslots that the MS can use per TDMA frame. The receive TS shall be allocated
within window of size Rx, but they need not be contiguous. For SIMPLEX MS, no transmit TS shall occur between
receive TS within a TDMA frame. This does not take into account measurement window (Mx).
w Tx
Maximum number of transmitted timeslots that the MS can use per TDMA frame. The transmit TS shall be
allocated within window of size Tx, but they need not be contiguous. For SIMPLEX MS, no receive TS shall occur
between transmit TS within a TDMA frame.
w SUM
Maximum number of transmit and receive timeslot (without Mx) per TDMA frame
w Meaning of Ttb, Tra et Trb changes regarding MS types.
For SIMPLEX MS (type 1):
Ttb Minimum time (in timeslot) necessary between Rx and Tx windows
Tra Minimum time between the last Tx window and the first Rx window of next TDMA in order to be able to
open a measurement window
Trb same as Tra without opening a measurement window
For DUPLEX MS (type 2):
Ttb Minimum time necessary between 2 Tx windows belonging to different frames
Tra Minimum time necessary between 2 Rx windows belonging to different frames in order to be able to
open a measurement window
Trb same as Tra without opening a measurement window
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 11
- 12. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.5 GPRS Main Concepts (1/5)
> Use of radio resources in case of circuit switching
Radio interface
Access node
<CS <->PS
Radio timeslot
GSM
network
CS
PDN
PS
Fixed Rate
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
12
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Drawbacks of CS for data services
one radio channel at 9.6 kbit/s per user
fixed bit rate => waste (in the case of discontinuous service) and limitation on bit rate
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 12
- 13. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.5 GPRS Main Concepts (2/5)
> Use of radio resources in case of packet switching
Radio interface
GPRS
PDN
network
PS
PS
Radio timeslot
Variable Rate
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
13
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Benefits of Packet Switching
Variable bit rate becomes possible
One MS uses several RTSs. The maximum number of RTSs is given by the Operator (O&M parameters) and MS
capabilities (MS multislot class)
One RTS is shared by several MSs. The maximum number of MSs per RTS is given by the Operator (O&M
parameters) and 3GPP specifications (limitation due to addressing availability)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 13
- 14. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.5 GPRS Main Concepts (3/5)
> Radio resource assigned according to requirement
• Radio resource shared between users
• Various radio channel coding schemes are specified to allow bit rates
from 9 to more than 150 kb/s per user (according also to the quality of
radio transmission and the modulation used)
• High bit rates if several channels are assigned to one MS
• Low bit rates if one channel is shared by several MSs.
> Optimized use of the radio resource
• Use of the radio resources only when data is transferred
• Uplink and downlink resources reserved separately
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
14
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Radio resource sharing
The radio resources are shared by statistical multiplexing. As in GSM, no subscriber has their own permanent radio
resource.
w Bit rate
Maximum instantaneous bit rate provides 171,2 kb/s by the allocation of eight RTSs to one subscriber. The stated
maximum bit rates are different, because different coding schemes are used, which impacts the bit rate over a RTS. (see
Annex)
w Up link (UL) and downlink (DL)
It is possible to use a different bit rates in each transmission direction, whereas in CS (Circuit Switching) mode, there is a
maximum limit of 9.6 kb/s, in both directions and at all times.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 14
- 15. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.5 GPRS Main Concepts (4/5)
> Dynamic allocation and sharing of radio resources
1 RESOURCE USED BY ONE USER NOT SHARED TCH
User 1
User 1
User 2
User 3
User 4
User 5
1 RESOURCE SHARED BY X USERS (PDCH)
USER1 USES 3 RESOURCES (3 PDCH)
User 1
Number of resources according to the capability of the MS
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
15
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Caution: Animated slide that does not make sense if not in the slide-show mode.
w Optimized use
A radio resource (set of Radio Blocks over one or several RTS) is allocated only when data is being transferred, by
establishing and releasing Temporary Block Flow (TBF), that can be presented as micro-connections, each time a data
transfer has to be sent over the radio interface.
w Radio resource sharing
One TS can be shared by several MSs, by dynamic time multiplexing under control of the BSS.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 15
- 16. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.5 GPRS Main Concepts (5/5)
> Variable useful transmission rate per Radio resource
When the radio transmission has a good quality the security can be reduced in
order to increase the useful transmission rate
Maximum security
Minimum security
Channel Transmission rate
about 22 k with GMSK
about 60k with 8PSK (Edge)
minimum throughput
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
Maximum throughput
16
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 16
- 17. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.6 The benefits of GPRS
> GPRS benefits
• BSS hardware (included OMC-R) is re-used from GSM
• Smooth GPRS introduction
• Higher data throughput thanks to EGPRS (EDGE)
• Data transfers can billed by volume instead of time
• An MS can exchange data by GPRS in parallel with a conventional GSM
call (if MS Class A)
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
17
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w BSS is re-used
The same Radio Access Network is re-used, and a Packet Control Unit (PCU) function is implemented in the BSS.
w Compared to the GSM BSS
same frequency bands
same TDMA frame structure
same burst structure
same frequency hopping laws
...
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 17
- 18. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.7 EGPRS
> EGPRS is an enhancement of GPRS
• allows higher bit rates on the radio interface
• achieved by using
–
–
a new modulation (8-PSK)
and new coding schemes (MCS-1 to MCS-9) in the MS and the BSS.
> The same set of services provided by GPRS is available in EGPRS.
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
18
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Shared = in other words: "the radio resources are shared by statistical multiplexing". As in GSM, no subscriber has their
own permanent radio resource.
w High or low bit rates = more than one time slot per MS or conversely, more than MS on the same TS (one TDMA frame
occupies 4.615 ms and is divided into 8 TS or channels).
w Maximum instantaneous bit rate provided = 171,2 kbps through the allocation of eight TSs to one subscriber. The stated
maximum bit rates are different (according to the BSS release), because different ways of encoding the data, or "coding
schemes", are used, which impacts the bit rate over a TS. (cf Annex)
w Optimized use:refer to Radio resource allocation in the slides to come + radio resource management in the BSS
Chapter.The radio resource allocation is suitable for variable, bursty traffic (downloading Web pages).
w Up link (UL) and downlink (DL): It is possible to use a different bandwidth (bit rate) in each transmission direction, whereas
in CS (circuit switching) mode, there is a maximum limit of 9,6 kbps, in both directions and at all times.
w QoS: Henceforth, QoS parameters are part of subscription data, according to the wide range of services provided to a
subscriber.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 18
- 19. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.8 Quality of service profile
9 classes
19 classes
5 classes
4 classes
3 classes
Peak throughput Class
the maximum data rate allowed to the user
Throughput class
Mean throughput Class
maximum data rate during a period
Reliability Class
acknowledgement of packets
Delay Class
total delay measured between R or S point and Gi
Precedence Class
relative importance of service under congestion
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
19
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Precedence class
According to the class, user data packet can be discarded during the transfer due to a congestion state.
3 classes are defined : any, normal, high
w Delay class
The delay class depends on the operator network because a measurement is done between the R or S interface (between
the Mobile Terminal and the Terminal Equipment) and the Gi interface. For each operator, delay values are different so
delay classes are a reference not a strict value.
4 classes are defined : best effort, 1, 2, 3
w Reliability class
The reliability means that user data packets are acknwoledged during the transfer. The reliability classes are defined
according to the acknowledgement or not of the packet.
5 classes are defined
w Throughput class
The throughput class is defined by the 2 following parameters:
Mean Throughput : 9 classes are defined (from best effort to 111 Kb/s)
Peak Throughput : 19 classes are defined (from 8 Kb/s to 2048 Kb/s)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 19
- 20. 1 What is GPRS ?
1.9 Services
Media
Always-on
Fun
• Games (Hangman, Poker, …)
• Screen Saver
• Ring Tone
• Horoscope
• Biorhythm
Directories
• Yellow/White Pages
• International Directories
• Operator Services
Mobile Office
• Voice (!)
• E-mail
• Agenda
• IntraNet/InterNet
• Corporate Applications
• Database Access
Music
• Downloading of
music files or
video clips
Transportation
• Flight/train Schedule
• reservation
Vertical application
•Traffic Management
•Automation
•Mobile branches
•Health
News
(general/specific)
• International/National News
• Local News
• Sport News
• Weather
• Lottery Results
• Finance News…
• Traffic Conditions
• Itineraries
• Nearest Restaurant,
Cinema, Chemist,
Parking;, ATM ...
M-commerce
Non physical
• on-line Banking
• Ticketing
• Auction
• Gambling….
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
Location services
Physical
• on-line shopping
• on-line food
20
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Retrieval services
Provide the capability of accessing information stored in data base centers. The information is sent to the user on demand
only. An example of one such service in the Internet's World Wide Web (WWW).
w Messaging services
Offer user-to-user communication between individual users via storage units with store-and-forward mailbox, and/or
message handling (e.g., information editing, processing and conversion) functions;
w Conversational services
Provide bi-directional communication by means of real-time (no store-and-forward) end-to-end information transfer from
user to user. An example of such a service is the Internet's Telnet application;
w Tele-action services
Characterized by low data-volume (short) transactions, for example credit card validations, lottery transactions, utility meter
readings and electronic monitoring and surveillance systems.
w Distribution services
Characterized by the unidirectional flow of information from a given point in the network to other (multiple) locations.
Examples may include news, weather and traffic reports, as well as product or service advertisements;
w Dispatching services
Characterized by the bi-directional flow of information from a given point in the network (dispatcher) and other (multiple)
users. Examples include taxi and public utility fleet services;
w Conferencing services
Provide multi-directional communication by means of real-time (no store-and-forward) information transfer between
multiple users.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 20
- 21. 1 What is GPRS ?
Exercise
–
True or False ?
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
GPRS is a circuit switching technology
The GSS is an IP network
Data transfers are often conducted at variable bit rates
With a class B mobile, a web page can be downloaded while speaking
Billing by volume allows subscribers to be permanently on line
Several channels can be assigned to a MS
One channel is shared by several MSs
EGPRS is GPRS with better Throughput
The useful transmission rate depends on the radio quality
Time allowed :
5 minutes
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
21
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 21
- 22. 1 What is GPRS ?
Evaluation
> Objective : to be able to identify the
technical and commercial benefit of GPRS
Thank you for answering
the self-assessment
of the objectives sheet
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
22
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 22
- 24. 2 GPRS Operation
Session presentation
> Objective: to be able to describe the organization of a
GPRS network architecture, interfaces and protocols.
> Program:
• 2.1 Main Entities
• 2.2 MS Mobility Management States
• 2.3 MS Radio Resource Operating Modes
• 2.4 Basic Procedures
• 2.5 Charging
• 2.6 Security
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
24
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 24
- 25. 2 GPRS Operation
2.1 Main Entities
> Overview
To PSTN
PCU included
in BSS
BTS
AUC
BSC
EIR
circuits
CELLS
MSC
VLR
N7
HLR
NSS CALL PROCESSING
BSS RADIO ACCESS
NTP
DNS
SGSN
GGSN
To IP Networks
IP
GPRS
BG
SGSN
DHCP
To other operator
IP Networks
25
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w PCU functions
LLC PDU segmentation / re-assembly into RLC/MAC PDU
PDCH scheduling (resource multiplexing)
Channel access control (access requests and grants)
ARQ function (RLC block Ack / Nak, buffering and retransmission of RLC blocks)
Radio channel management (power control, congestion control, broadcast control information).
w DNS (Domain Name Server) and DHCP (Dynamic Host Convergence Protocol)
w NTP server (Network Time Protocol) for GSN synchronization. In general an NTP application does not run on a
dedicated server. The OMC-G can play this role.
w HLR (Home Location Register) is involved in MS attachment to the GPRS network (authentication + services subscribed
to)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 25
- 26. 2 GPRS Operation
2.1 Main Entities
> SGSN and GGSN
IP
network 1
SGSN1
GGSN1
IP
network 1
SGSN2
IP
IP
network 1
backbone
SGSN3
GGSN2
IP
network 1
SGSN4
IP
network 1
SGSN5
GGSN3
GSS
26
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w The SGSN (Serving GPRS Support Node) stores subscriber data:
Subscription information
IMSI
one or more temporary identities (P-TMSI)
zero or more PDP addresses
Location information
the cell or the RA where the MS is registered
the VLR number of the associated VLR (if the Gs interface is implemented)
the GGSN address of each GGSN for which an active PDP context exists
It also manages:
the transfer and routing of user data packets from the GSS towards the BSS
the mobility (GPRS attach/detach, data retrieval from the HLR, RA / Cell update)
the authentication and encryption (Access control and security)
the sessions (PDP context activation/deactivation)
The transfer of charging data.
w The GGSN (Gateway GPRS Support Node) stores subscriber data received from the HLR and the SGSN:
Subscription information
IMSI
zero or more PDP addresses
Location information
the SGSN address of the SGSN where the MS is registered
It also manages:
the allocation and use of dynamic @IP for MS,
the tunneling and encryption of user data at Gi interface,
the transfer of user data packets,
the charging data.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 26
- 27. 2 GPRS Operation
2.1 Main Entities
> Servers
NTP
SGSN
GGSN
Alcatel.fr
256.167.123.34
DNS
GPRS
BACKBONE
DHCP
IP add
27
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w DNS
Resolve a name into an IP address
Use in Mobility procedure
w DHCP
Provide dynamically IP addresses
Split Users into pool of IP addresses
w NTP
Provide one time reference for all the network
Have a very precise time reference
Synchronization from satellite
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 27
- 28. 2 GPRS Operation
2.1 Main Entities
> Border gateway
VISITED PLMN
BSS
SGSN
GGSN
VPLMN
BG
MS
INTER PLMN
NETWORK
HOME PLMN
BG
HPLMN
GGSN
PDN
28
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Border Gateway functions
Inter-PLMN routing and forwarding of user packets (IP router)
Security functions (firewall, access-list filtering)
w Connection of two Border Gateways
Via a private or public IP network, through the Gp interface.
w Choice of GGSN
If a subscriber wants to access an Intranet (PDN) in his home country, from the visited PLMN, the selected GGSN is the
one from the home PLMN
For Internet access a GGSN in the visited country could be used.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 28
- 29. 2 GPRS Operation
2.1 Main Entities
> Interfaces
Um
Mobile
GPRS
BSS
A
MSC
Gs
Gb
SMSGMSC
HLR
Gd
Gr
Gc
SGSN
Gn
Signaling + data
Signaling
Gi
SGSN
GGSN
PDN
GPRS network
29
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Signaling protocols
MAP/TCAP/SCCP/MTP on Gr, Gd and Gc,
GTP/UDP/IP on Gn,
BSSAP+/SCCP/MTP on Gs,
GMM/SM/LLC on Gb/Um.
w Gc interface
Used for network-requested PDP contexts activation (GGSN asks the HLR for SGSN routing information).
w Gs interface
Defines the Network Mode of Operation I (NMOI). It allows to perform LA + RA combined Location Update, and PS and
CS paging coordination (refer to ANNEX).
w Gr interface
Exchange of subscription information at GPRS attachment phase
w Additional interfaces
Gf (to the EIR)
Gd to deliver the SMS to the mobiles via the GPRS network (SGSN option and subscriber feature)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 29
- 30. 2 GPRS Operation
2.2 MS Mobility Management States
Autonomous cell reselection
> MS MM states
READY
timer expiry
Stand-by
Location at
CELL level
Location at
RA level
PDU transmission
Ready
GPRS Attach
Autonomous cell reselection NCO
Or controled by network
NC 2
( In paquet transfert mode )
GPRS Detach
Idle
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
30
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w IDLE (GPRS) State
In GPRS IDLE state, the subscriber is not attached to GPRS mobility management. The MS and SGSN contexts hold no
valid location or routeing information for the subscriber. The subscriber-related mobility management procedures are not
performed.
Data transmission to and from the mobile subscriber and the paging of the subscriber is not possible. The GPRS MS is
seen as not reachable in this case.
In order to establish MM contexts in the MS and the SGSN, the MS shall perform the GPRS Attach procedure.
w STANDBY State
In STANDBY state, the subscriber is attached to GPRS mobility management. Pages for data or signalling information
transfers may be received. It is also possible to receive pages for the CS services via the SGSN. Data reception and
transmission are not possible in this state.
The MS performs GPRS Routeing Area (RA) and GPRS cell selection and re-selection locally. The MS executes mobility
management procedures to inform the SGSN when it has entered a new RA. The MS does not inform the SGSN on a
change of cell in the same RA. Therefore, the location information in the SGSN MM context contains only the GPRS RAI
for MSs in STANDBY state.
The MS may initiate activation or deactivation of PDP contexts while in STANDBY state. A PDP context shall be activated
before data can be transmitted or received for this PDP context.
w READY State
In READY state, the SGSN MM context corresponds to the STANDBY MM context extended by location information for the
subscriber on the cell level. The MS performs mobility management procedures to provide the network with the actual
selected cell. GPRS cell selection and re-selection is done locally by the MS, or may optionally be controlled by the
network.
An identifier of the cell, the Cell Global Identity including RAC and LAC, is included in the BSSGP header of the data
packet from the MS; see GSM 08.18 [21].
The MS may send and receive PDP PDUs in this state. The network initiates no GPRS pages for an MS in READY state.
Pages for other services may be done via the SGSN. The SGSN transfers downlink data to the BSS responsible for the
subscriber's actual GPRS cell.
The MS may activate or deactivate PDP contexts while in READY state.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 30
- 31. 2 GPRS Operation
2.3 MS Radio Resource Operating Modes
> MS RR operating modes vs MS MM states
RR
Packet
transfer mode
MM
Packet
idle mode
Ready
Packet
idle mode
Standby
> Packet idle mode
In packet idle mode no Temporary Block Flow. Upper layers can require the
transfer of a LLC PDU which, implicitly, may trigger the establishment of TBF and
transition to packet transfer mode.
> Packet transfer mode
In packet transfer mode, the mobile station is allocated radio resource providing a
Temporary Block Flow (TBF) on one or more physical channels. Continuous
transfer of one or more LLC PDUs is possible. Concurrent TBFs may be established
in opposite directions. Transfer of LLC PDUs in RLC acknowledged or RLC
unacknowledged mode is provided.
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
31
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Packet idle mode
While operating in packet idle mode, a mobile station belonging to GPRS MS class A may simultaneously enter the different
RR service modes. A mobile station belonging to either of GPRS MS class B or C leaves both packet idle mode and
packet transfer modes before entering dedicated mode, group receive mode or group transmit mode.
w Packet transfer mode
When selecting a new cell, mobile station leaves the packet transfer mode, enters the packet idle mode
where it switches to the new cell, read the system information and may then resume to packet transfer mode in the new
cell.
While operating in packet transfer mode, a mobile station belonging to GPRS MS class A may simultaneously enter the
different RR service modes. A mobile station belonging to either of GPRS MS class B or C leaves both packet idle mode
and packet transfer modes before entering dedicated mode, group receive mode or group transmit mode.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 31
- 32. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> IP overview
http
ftp
wap
smtp
http
ftp
smtp
wap
gtp
tcp
1
1
tcp
Routers
ip
ip
SGSN
ip
ip
ip
IP network
GGSN
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
32
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 32
- 33. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
nK bytes MESSAGE
L4
L3
L2
x 4k TCP packets
TCP 4K bytes PACKET
IP
TCP
IP
TCP 4K bytes PACKET
Y Datagrams IP
IP
IP
TCP
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
Z Ethernet 1.5k frames
33
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 33
- 34. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
IP / X25
SNDCP
SNDCP
LLC
HEADER
DATAS
HEADER
DATAS
HEADER
DATAS
HEADER
DATAS
CRC
Max 1600Bytes
SGSN to MS
RLC/
PCU
HEADER
TRE / CCU
456
456
AIR INTERFACE
57 X 8
57
57
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
34
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 34
- 35. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> Transmission plane
TCP HTTP FTP SMTP
Application
IP
IP
relay
SNDCP
SNDCP
LLC
LLC
GTP
GTP
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
L2
L2
Physical
layer
Physical
layer
relay
RLC
RLC
BSSGP
MAC
MAC
(Frame
Relay)
Physical
layer
Physical
layer
(Frame
Relay)
Physical
layer
Um
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
L2
MAC
BSSGP
Physical
layer
BSS
(with PCU)
MS
IP
SGSN
Gb
Physical
layer
GGSN
Gn
Gi
35
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w GTP (GPRS Tunnelling Protocol) tunnels user data between GPRS Support Nodes in the backbone network. The GPRS
Tunnelling Protocol shall encapsulate all PDP PDUs.
w UDP (User Datagram Protocol) carries GTP PDUs for protocols that do not need a reliable data link (e.g., IP), and
provides protection against corrupted GTP PDUs.
w IP (Internet Protocol) is the backbone network protocol used for routing user data and control signalling. The backbone
network may initially be based on the IPv4. Ultimately, IPv6 shall be used.
w SNDCP (SubNetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol ) maps network-level characteristics onto the characteristics of
the underlying network.
w LLC (Logical Link Control) provides a highly reliable ciphered logical link. LLC shall be independent of the underlying
radio interface protocols in order to allow introduction of alternative GPRS radio solutions with minimum changes to the
NSS.
w Relay. In the BSS, this function relays LLC PDUs between the Um and Gb interfaces. In the SGSN, this function relays
PDP PDUs between the Gb and Gn interfaces.
w BSSGP (Base Station System GPRS Protocol) conveys routing and QoS-related information between the BSS and the
SGSN. BSSGP does not perform error correction.
w (NS) Network Service transports BSSGP PDUs. NS is based on the Frame Relay connection between the BSS and the
SGSN, and may - multi-hop and traverse a network of Frame Relay switching nodes.
w RLC/MAC (Radio Link Control / Medium Access Control). The Radio Link Control function provides a radio-solutiondependent reliable link. The Medium Access Control function controls the access signalling (request and grant) procedures
for the radio channel, and the mapping of LLC frames onto the GSM physical channel.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 35
- 36. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> MS high protocol layers
GMM/SM
SMS
IP
NSAPIi
SNDCP
TLLI
LLC
NSAPI
TLLI
NSAPI
Radio layers
36
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w SNDCP (Sub-Network Dependent Convergence Protocol)
Data compression, segmentation of large packets, recognition of PDP-PDU sessions (according to their NSAPI), inclusion
of QoS (use of SAPIs on the LLC link).
w NSAPI (Network Service Access Point Identifier)
This is used for a particular MS to distinguish different PDP contexts (= sessions)
by the PDP-type: X.25 or IP, or mainly by
the APN to be reached, or by
the required QoS.
w LLC (Logical Link Control)
Provides a safe link, encrypted and independent of the physical bearer, independent to BSS brand.
w TLLI (Temporary Logical Link Identity)
Identifies a logical link with the MS (one TLLI per MS)
w GMM/SM (GPRS Mobility Management / Session Management)
MS-SGSN signaling protocol for Gprs Mobility Management/ Session Management
w SMS (Short Message Service)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 36
- 37. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> HLR GPRS data
For each MS
NMC-NSS
¨IMSI & MSISDN
¥ network access mode :
GPRS | NSS | both
¥ subscribed « PDP contexts » (maximum of n) :
• PDP type :
IP
| PPP
• [PDP address (IP@) ]
MS
HLR
• Access point name (APN) or * (= wild card)
n
times
• APN accessible through FPLMN-GGSN ?
• QoS profile
• etc ...
HPLMN
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
37
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w PDP address
Almost always empty. The network then dynamically assigns (using a DHCP server) an IP address to the subscriber when
he activates his PDP context (seen later).
w PDP contexts
Each PDP context can be considered as a BS (basic service = telephony, fax, etc). A PDP context is a dialog session with
an external IP network, identified with an APN. It is not always mandatory to subscribe (in the HLR) to PDP contexts,
access to some networks is free. For a user, the traffic of his different sessions will be recognized in the messages by the
use of different NSAPIs. A user can declare one of his PDP contexts as the default.
w APN (Access Point Name)
The APN represents an IP network. An APN has two parts: the APN-Network Id (example: wanadoo.fr) and the APN-oper
Id (example: mnc...gprs)
Examples of APN: wanadoo.fr.mnc001.mcc208.gprs,
APN = * (wildcard) potentially authorizes the MS to activate any APN.
w Valid APN
Boolean, if YES, indicates that this APN can be reached through the GGSN of the visited FPLMN.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 37
- 38. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> GPRS attachment
HLR
Update_loc_ack()
MS_authentication_procedure
GGSN
~
}
Ž
Œ
Insert_subs_data()
PLMN
N7
Update_loc_req()
Authent_info_req()
Attach-Request
(IMSI)
|
Authent_info_respq)
SGSN
Attach_resp (P_TMSI)
GPRS IP
backbone
Attach_complete () €
BSS
38
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Attach Request.
The attach_request message is placed in an LLC frame. x
The MS sends its IMSI.
w Authentication
The SGSN gets the “authentication triplets” from the HLR:
triplets request message y
triplets response message z
The SGSN performs the “authentication procedure” with the MS: {
triplets request message y
triplets response message z
w Location Update
The SGSN performs the “location_update procedure” with the HLR:
location_update request message |
the HLR transfers the MS_subscription data to the SGSN }
the HLR terminates the location_update procedure ~
w Attach Complete
The SGSN terminates the attach_procedure with the MS :
attach_accept message (with a new P_TMSI allocation)
attach_complete message € (since a new P_TMSI has been allocated)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 38
- 39. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> GPRS attachment
After a GPRS_Attach procedure The mobile is « connected » to the serving SGSN
TLLI1
GGSN
1
SGSN
1
PDN 1
GPRS IP
backbone
SGSN
2
LLC layer
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
GGSN
2
PDN 2
GPRS - CN
39
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Attached MS
After running the attach procedure, the MS is “GPRS_attached”:
a logical connection is established between the MS and the SGSN
connection established between the peer LLC layers in the MS and the SGSN
this connection is identified by the TLLI (Temporary Logical Link Identity)
this logical connection remains established until the MS detaches
the MS can now access to GPRS services and is reachable for GPRS services
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 39
- 40. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> PDP context activation
DNS
DHCP
2
Activate_PDP_req (PDN2)
PLMN
4
Œ
TLLI1
GGSN
PDN
1
GPRS
SGSN
backbone
GGSN
Activate_PDP_resp(@IP_MS)
}
PDN
2
Create_PDP_req (PDN2) 3
BSS
5 Create_PDP_resp (@IP_MS)
GPRS Core Network
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
40
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w MS IP address
In case of IP PDP_type access with no additional mobile authentication procedure, the MS IP address is provided by the
PLMN, using either the subscription data, or the backbone DHCP server. No additional user authentication is needed on
top of the GPRS authentication mechanisms (i.e. using IMSI and authentication triplets)
w PDP Context Activation
Œ MS requests for a PDP_context activation, providing the name of target Packet Data Network (PDN2
parameter).
SGSN queries the backbone Name Server (here DNS) to identify the GGSN giving access to the Data Network
PDN2 (here GGSN2).
Ž SGSN sends a Create_PDP message to the corresponding GGSN2, in order to setup a GTP tunnel.
GGSN2 allocates an IP address to the MS (@IP_MS), using the backbone DHCP server.
GGSN2 acknowledges the Create_PDP message to the SGSN, returning the @IP_MS allocated to the MS.
‘ SGSN acknowledges the Activate_PDP message to the MS, with the allocated @IP_MS.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 40
- 41. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> PDP context activation
Authentication and
accounting
DNS
2
PLMN
Activate_PDP_req (PDN2)
RADIUS
Œ
TLLI1
GGSN
SGSN
4
GPRS
backbone
Activate_PDP_resp(@IP_MS)
}
ISP
INTRANET
GGSN
Create_PDP_req (PDN2) 3
BSS
6 Create_PDP_resp (@IP_MS)
GPRS Core Network
5
DHCP
Address allocation
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
41
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w MS address
IP PDP_type access with mobile authentication via a RADIUS. The address allocation server (i.e. DHCP) and/or
authentication server (i.e. RADIUS) may be located within the PLMN or in the ISP/Intranet network. Non-transparent
access is aimed for corporate intranet access, where additional user authentication is often required.
w PDP Context Activation
The authentication data are piggybacked in the Protocol Configuration Options (PCO) field of the PDP context
activation messages Œ and ’.
Œ , , Ž same as for IP PDP_type in transparent access.
GGSN performs the user authentication towards a RADIUS server.
GGSN allocates an @IP to the MS using the intranet/ISP DHCP server.
‘, ’ same as for a PDP context in transparent access.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 41
- 42. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> PDP context activation
after PDP_context_activation procedures
LLC layer
by the GTP layer
TLLI1
SGSN TID 1 = IMSI + NSAPI 1
1
TID
2
=I
MS
GPRS IP
I+
backbone
NS
AP
SGSN
2
GGSN
1
PDN 1
I2
GGSN
2
PDN 2
GPRS - CN
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
42
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w User data transfer
In order to achieve a proper transfer of User Data, two main protocols are used: GTP (between GGSN and SGSN) and
LLC (between SGSN and MS), and two types of logical connections are established:
MS <-> SGSN. Logical Link used for signaling and data transfer, created at GPRS attach (unique per MS),
identified by a TLLI value;
SGSN <-> GGSN. Created with the activation of PDP context = when opening a session (several per MS),
identified each by a TID value.
w TLLI (Temporary Logical Link Identity)
Identifies uniquely a MS attached to the GPRS core network (Standby or Ready state).
w TID (Tunnel Identity)
Identifies a logical connection ("tunnel") between GGSN and SGSN (for each session of each MS). TID= IMSI+NSAPI.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 42
- 43. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> PDP context activation
after PDP_context_activation procedures
LLC layer
by the GTP layer
TLLI1
SGSN TID 1 = IMSI + NSAPI 1
1
TID
2
=I
MS
GPRS IP
I+
backbone
NS
AP
SGSN
2
GGSN
1
PDN 1
ul/dl data_transfers
I2
GGSN
2
PDN 2
GPRS - CN
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
43
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 43
- 44. 2 GPRS Operation
2.4 Basic Procedures
> User data transfer
SGSN
over the Gi
interface
GGSN
over the Gn interface
@ MS
@server
U-data
@ MS
@server
U-data
MS
U-data
within the MS
@ggsn
@sgsn
UDP
header
@ MS
@server
GTP
header
GTP
header
@server
@ MS
UDP
header
@sgsn
@ggsn
PDN
U-data
server
@server
@ MS
@server
@ MS
U-data
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
U-data
44
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w User data transfer
Data are transferred from header translation, then encapsulation in underlined protocol data unit.
At the GGSN, the IP address of the MS is used to retrieve a PDP context and therefore a TID and the address of the
current SGSN.
At the SGSN, the TID is used to work out the NSAPI and the IMSI (therefore the TLLI). If the MS is ready, no need for
paging because the MS is located to the exact cell.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 44
- 45. 2 GPRS Operation
2.5 Charging
> Charging process
CCBS
FTP
CG
GTP
MS
BSS
SGSN
GPRS
TLLI
GGSN
BACKBONE
Attachment
PDN
G_CDR
M_CDR S_CDR
PDP CONTEXT ACTIVATION AND DATA TRANSFERT
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
45
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w CDR (Call Detail Record)
CDRs are used for subscriber charging, statistics and location purposes.
Three types of CDR are managed within the GPRS backbone:
M-CDR related to the GPRS mobility of a mobile station
S-CDR related to PDP-contexts activation and data transfers as seen by the SGSN
G-CDR related to PDP-contexts activation and data transfers as seen by the GGSN
CDRs, generated by the xGSN, are then sent to the CG (Charging Gateway) :
periodically,
using reliable transfers (GTP over TCP)
The CG forwards those CDRs to external CCBS (Customer Care and Billing System)
w CDR content
Here are the main information in the CDR :
IMSI
location information (LAC + RAC + Cell)
APN
PDP-context identifier
PDP-context start time and duration
negotiated QoS
volume of data sent / received
source and destination PDP addresses,
….
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 45
- 46. 2 GPRS Operation
2.5 Charging
> Charging process
VISITED PLMN
TLLI
SGSN
VPLMN
BG
BSS
MS
CG
CCBS
INTER PLMN NETWORK
HOME PLMN
S_CDR
CCBS
BG
HPLMN
CG
GGSN
PDN
G_CDR
46
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Charging data collection for inter-PLMN charging
Use of G_CDR and S-CDR as specified by GSM 12.15
Inter-operator agreement to transfer between Billing Systems
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 46
- 47. 2 GPRS Operation
2.6 Security
1- Secured network access
• Authentication of MSs and confidentiality of
their identity
• Possibility of encrypting user data
• Possibility of verifying IMEI with an EIR (Gf)
2- Secured backbone IP network
Firewall = application-level filtering
Filtering by access lists (in the GGSNs)
GPRS Network
Public Internet
3- Secured intranet access
APN with mandatory subscription
APN with access lists
APN with tunneling on Gi (IPsec)
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
47
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Authentication and confidentiality
As in GSM, by security triplets and the use of the TLLI/P_TMSI instead of the IMSI.
w Encryption
The LLC frame is encrypted, so encryption from the MS to the SGSN and not just on Um.
w Firewall
Filtering function installed on routers (ex: GGSN). Packets are rejected by filtering at application level (for example: in http,
some URLs are barred). Also makes it possible to hide the IP addresses of MSs and backbone entities from external hosts
(Network Address Translation function).
w Access Lists (IP addresses lists)
A function of Cisco routers (and therefore of GGSNs). Each APN is linked to two lists of IP addresses to be checked during
the PDP context activation phase (calling address and called address in both UL and DL directions).
These lists are therefore used to protect access to the operator's backbone IP, but also to filter the access to external
PDNs.
At the GGSN, some APNs can be declared "with mandatory subscription" (at the HLR) and therefore inaccessible to other
MSs.
w Tunneling
Several ways:
by IPsec (Secured IP) = IP version in which the user data is encrypted (IP datagrams payload but not their header).
Or by Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
by PPTP (Point-To-Point Tunneling Protocol). Refer to ANNEX for PPP Tunneling.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 47
- 48. 2 GPRS Operation
Exercise (1/3)
–
True or False?
–
The GGSN reads the header of user packets arriving from the PDN
–
The GPRS HLR knows the location of an MS to the nearest RA
–
With each web page downloaded, a new PDP context must be
activated
–
A CDR is generated for each packet sent or received
–
The SGSN can be considered as PMSC and PVLR
–
A TLLI is a virtual connection between a GPRS attached mobile and the
GGSN
Time allowed :
5 minutes
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
48
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w PMSC: Packet MSC.
w PVLR: Packet VLR.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 48
- 49. 2 GPRS Operation
Exercise (2/3)
–
True or False ?
–
The Charging gateway provides a single interface towards the billing centers
–
No need for paging to send a packet to a mobile in the "Ready" state
–
Attachment to the network does not involve GGSN
Time allowed :
5 minutes
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
49
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 49
- 50. 2 GPRS Operation
Exercise (3/3)
–
What interfaces of the GPRS NSS does a packet cross from a PDN to an MS?
–
Why , theoretically, is an RA smaller than an LA?
Time allowed :
5 minutes
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
50
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 50
- 51. 2 GPRS Operation
Evaluation
> Objective : to be able to describe the
organization of a GPRS network :
architecture, interfaces, protocols,…
Thank you for answering
the self-assessment
of the objectives sheet
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
51
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 51
- 52. 3
The Base Station Subsystem
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 52
- 53. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
Session presentation
> Objectives :
• To be able to briefly describe the data
interchange mechanisms through the BSS
> Program :
• 3.1 3GPP Position
• 3.2 Alcatel’s Choice
• 3.3 Layered Model
• 3.4 Gb Interface
• 3.5 Radio Interface
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
53
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 53
- 54. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.1 3GPP Position
> PCU function
BSS
BTS
CCU
BSC
SGSN
PCU
BTS
CCU
BSC
BSS
SGSN
PCU
BTS
BSC
BSS
PCU
CCU
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
SGSN
54
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w PCU functions
RLC and MAC layers: LLC frame transportation (segmentation/reassembly),
Gb interface end point,
network access functions (radio resource management),
radio channel management (power control, congestion control, etc).
w CCU functions
encoding suited to radio channels,
radio measurements (receive quality, signal level, "timing advance" management).
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 54
- 55. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.2 Alcatel’s Choice
> PCU function
MFS is just the name of the
rack containing PCU functions
Abis
Ater
GSL
BTS
BSC
Gb
MFS
SGSN
PCU
CCU
BSS
LLC Transmission check between SGSN and MS
RLC Transmission check between PCU and MS
GCH transmission check between PCU and TRE
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
55
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w The Multi BSS Fast packet Server (MFS):
w MFS is just the namee of the rack containing PCU functions
performs the GPRS Packet Control Unit (PCU) functions (3GPP 03.60 standard),
manages the Gb interface with the GPRS & EGPRS core network,
performs the Serving Mobile Location Center (SMLC) functions,
manages the SAGI interface with the A-GPS server.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 55
- 56. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.3 Layered Model
> User plane
IP
SNDCP
SM
GMM SM
GMM
LLC
SNDCP
LLC
PCU
RLC
RLC
MS
Frame
relay
Frame
relay
L2-GCH
L1-GCH
Physical
layer
Physical
layer
relay
Physical L2-GCH
layer
L1-GCH
Um
BTS
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
BSSGP
BSS
GP
MAC
MAC
Physical
layer
relay
Abis/Ater
MFS
Gb
SGSN
56
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w For GPRS TRAFFIC, the BSS simply relays the LLC frames between the MS and the SGSN.
w BSSGP = BSS Gprs Protocol. Functions:
to relay LLC frame over the Gb, with no guarantee of integrity (relaying user data and GMM / SM messages :
session, RA_update and paging procedures). Conceals the FR layers for the LLC layer.
SGSN-MFS signaling = management of Gb interface objects (flush, paging, resume suspend, LLC-discarded and
other procedures).
cell-SGSN traffic management (identified by BssgpVCs): in particular cell update management (in the same RA):
the BSSGP header always indicates the current cell so if a "ready" MS moves into a new cell, then the SGSN
stores this new cell and sends all the unacknowledged LLC_PDUs to it (DL).
w The concept of handover has no meaning in packet switching (GPRS). There is no "circuit" to re-establish!
w RLC = Radio Link Control. (Provides a safe link for transporting LLC-PDUs in acknowledged or unacknowledged mode,
LLC-PDU segmentation into blocks and reassembly, management of TBF contexts. RLC depends on the physical bearer:
data encoding, error control and flow control suited to GSM channels.
w MAC = Medium Access Control. Multiplexing of RLC frames onto PDCH (transfer of blocks over the different PDCHi).
Including traffic sharing over several TSs or, conversely, the use of one TS for several users.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 56
- 57. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.3 Layered Model
> Signaling plane
BSCGP
BSCGP
L2-GSL
L1-GSL
L2-GSL
L1-GSL
RRM
RRM
relay
relay
physical
layer
physical
layer
MS
Um
BTS
Abis
BSC
Ater
MFS
Gb
57
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w BSCGP protocol
administration interface of Radio Resource management :
(de)allocation of PDCH and MPDCH within a cell
activation / release of PDCH
System control information:
BSC reset procedure
cell and GIC group state management
Radio signalling :
GSM / GPRS paging,
GPRS access procedure
w RMM protocol
dynamic allocation of Radio Resources to a MS :
radio blocks from one or several PDCH
for uplink or downlink data transfers
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 57
- 58. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.4 Gb Interface
> Managed entities
BSS side
GPRS Core Network side
BVCI=2
PCM
BC
BVCI=2
BVCI=1
BVCI=3
BSC1
NSVC1
PCM
PVC
BC
BVCI=1
NSE1
NSE1
PCM
BC
NSVC2
PCM
PVC
BC
BVCI=3
F.R
Network
PCM
BC
BVCI=5
BVCI=4
BVCI=6
BSC2
NSVC3
BVCI=5
BVCI=4
PCM
PVC
BC
NSE2
NSE2
PCM
BC
NSVC4
PCM
PVC
BC
BVCI=6
SGSN
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
58
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w For GPRS TRAFFIC, the BSS simply relays the LLC frames between the MS and the SGSN.
w BSSGP = BSS Gprs Protocol. Functions:
to relay LLC frame over the Gb, with no guarantee of integrity (relaying user data and GMM / SM messages :
session, RA_update and paging procedures). Conceals the FR layers for the LLC layer.
SGSN-MFS signaling = management of Gb interface objects (flush, paging, resume suspend, LLC-discarded and
other procedures).
cell-SGSN traffic management (identified by BssgpVCs): in particular cell update management (in the same RA):
the BSSGP header always indicates the current cell so if a "ready" MS moves into a new cell, then the SGSN
stores this new cell and sends all the unacknowledged LLC_PDUs to it (DL).
w The concept of handover has no meaning in packet switching (GPRS). There is no "circuit" to re-establish!
w RLC = Radio Link Control. (Provides a safe link for transporting LLC-PDUs in acknowledged or unacknowledged mode,
LLC-PDU segmentation into blocks and reassembly, management of TBF contexts. RLC depends on the physical bearer:
data encoding, error control and flow control suited to GSM channels.
w MAC = Medium Access Control. Multiplexing of RLC frames onto PDCH (transfer of blocks over the different PDCHi).
Including traffic sharing over several TSs or, conversely, the use of one TS for several users.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 58
- 59. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.4 Gb Interface
> Protocols
BSS side
GPRS Core Network side
BVCI=2
BVCI=1
BSC1
BVCI=3
BSS GPRS Protocol
BSS GPRS Protocol
BVC
(BSSGP)
(BSSGP)
BVCI=5
BVCI=4
BVCI=
6
BSC2
NSE
Network Service Control
Network Service Control
(NSC)
NS-VC
(NSC)
Sub-Network Service
PVC
Sub-Network Service
(SNS)
Physical layer
PCM
Packet Control Unit function
(PCU)
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
(SNS)
BC
PCM
Physical layer
Frame Relay
SGSN
59
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w For GPRS TRAFFIC, the BSS simply relays the LLC frames between the MS and the SGSN.
w BSSGP = BSS Gprs Protocol. Functions:
to relay LLC frame over the Gb, with no guarantee of integrity (relaying user data and GMM / SM messages :
session, RA_update and paging procedures). Conceals the FR layers for the LLC layer.
SGSN-MFS signaling = management of Gb interface objects (flush, paging, resume suspend, LLC-discarded and
other procedures).
cell-SGSN traffic management (identified by BssgpVCs): in particular cell update management (in the same RA):
the BSSGP header always indicates the current cell so if a "ready" MS moves into a new cell, then the SGSN
stores this new cell and sends all the unacknowledged LLC_PDUs to it (DL).
w The concept of handover has no meaning in packet switching (GPRS). There is no "circuit" to re-establish!
w RLC = Radio Link Control. (Provides a safe link for transporting LLC-PDUs in acknowledged or unacknowledged mode,
LLC-PDU segmentation into blocks and reassembly, management of TBF contexts. RLC depends on the physical bearer:
data encoding, error control and flow control suited to GSM channels.
w MAC = Medium Access Control. Multiplexing of RLC frames onto PDCH (transfer of blocks over the different PDCHi).
Including traffic sharing over several TSs or, conversely, the use of one TS for several users.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 59
- 60. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.5 Radio Interface 1/8
> GPRS / EGPRS throughput
EGPRS
Modulation
Maximum rate
per PDCH (kb/s)
CS4
CS3
CS2
CS1
GMSK
GMSK
GMSK
GMSK
21.4
15.6
13.4
9.05
MCS9
MCS8
MCS7
MCS6
MCS5
8-PSK
8-PSK
8-PSK
8-PSK
8-PSK
59.2
54.4
44.8
29.6 / 27.2*
22.4
MCS4
MCS3
GMSK
GMSK
17.6
14.8 / 13.6*
MCS2
MCS1
GPRS
Coding Scheme
GMSK
GMSK
11.2
8.8
* in case of padding
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
60
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 60
- 61. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.5 Radio Interface 2/8
> Coding schemes
Bad radio condition
Max security
CS1
Good radio condition
Min security
CS2
CS3
Max number of bits for
user data
Maximum number of bits to
have security
BETTER USER BIT RATE
POOR USER BIT RATE
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
CS4
61
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 61
- 62. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.5 Radio Interface 3/8
> GMSK / 8-PSK modulations
1
1 bit per
Symbol
0
1
1
Gross bit rate
per carrier
GMSK
270 kb/s GMSK
One TS 142 symbols
142 Bits
ONE TS
One TS 142 symbols
426 Bits
ONE TS
001
3 bitS per
Symbol
101
011
001
8-PSK
810 kb/s 8-PSK
8 PSK has 3times more capacity than GMSK
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
62
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Transmission and reception data flows are the same for GPRS and EGPRS, except for EGPRS MCS-9, MCS-8 and
MCS-7, where 4 normal bursts carry 2 RLC blocks (1 RLC block within 2 bursts for MCS-9 and MCS-8).
w Radio blocks are transported on the air interface (Um) over 4 consecutive normal bursts of the TDMA frame.
w The GMSK normal burst is composed of 156.25 symbols (1 bit for 1 symbol):
6 tail symbols,
26 training sequence symbols,
114 encrypted symbols,
2 stealing flags (2 symbols),
8.25 guard period (symbols).
For GMSK, the radio blocks are transported by 114 x 4 = 456 symbols.
w The 8-PSK normal burst is composed of 156.25 symbols (3 bits for 1 symbol):
6 tail symbols,
26 training sequence symbols,
116 encrypted symbols (there is stealing flags),
8.25 guard period (symbols).
For 8-PSK, the radio blocks are transported by 116 x 4 = 456 symbols.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 62
- 63. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.5 Radio Interface 4/8
> Transmission Rate with 8 PSK modulation
CHANNEL
Bad radio condition
Good radio condition
MCS9
MCS8
MCS7
MCS6
MCS1
8,8k
MCS2 MCS3
11,2k
MCS4
14,8k
17,6k
MCS5
22,4k
29,6k
Maximum number of bits to have security
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
44,8k
54,4k
59,2k
Max number of bits for user data
63
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 63
- 64. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.5 Radio Interface 5/8
> Impact of EGPRS (Edge) on terrestrial transmissions in BSS
CS1 about 9K
PDCH
BTS
TRX
GMSk and Not a
good transmission
BSC
16k resource
relay
Abis
MFS
16k resource
PCU
Ater
MCS9 ABOUT 59K
BTS
PDCH
TRX
BSC
Extra capacity
relay
MFS
Extra capacity
Extra capacity
Extra capacity
8PSK good
transmission
Extra capacity
Extra capacity
Extra capacity
PCU
Extra capacity
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
64
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 64
- 65. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.5 Radio Interface 6/8
> Resources allocation according to the MCS
MCS n
PDCH
BTS
TRX
Extra capacity
BSC
Extra capacity
relay
Extra capacity
Extra capacity
Extra capacity
MFS
PCU
Extra capacity
QUALITY OF TRANSMISSION LOT OF BITS LOST
INCREASE SECURITY DECREASE USEFUL TRANSMISSION RATE
PDCH
BTS
TRX
Extra capacity
BSC
Extra capacity
relay
Extra capacity
Extra capacity
Extra capacity
MFS
PCU
Extra capacity
MCS n-1
Can be allocated to
another PDCH
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
Can be allocated to
other PDCH
65
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w When the operator decide that the TRX will run MCS n all the terrestrial resources will be allocated , but if the quality of
the radio transmission is bad the PCU decides to increase the security on the air interface, the useful transmission rate on
the PDCH will be decreased and less capacity will be needed on the terrestrial transmission .
w The resource which is not used a that time can be allocated to another TRX if needed at BTS level
w The RLC blocks coming from different are multiplexed on the common resource for all the PDCH in the TRX which is
called M EGCH (Multiplexed EGCH)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 65
- 66. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.5 Radio interface 7/8
> UL transfer
TBF
start
of TBF1
MS
end of
TBF1
TBF2
MAC
network
TBF3
TBF4
fULi
time
Packet Channel Request
Packet Resource Assignment
(list of PDCHi, token=T,TFIk)
PCU
MS starts listening to all DL blocks token value on the allocated PDCHi
DL PDCHi
N
Ø
Ø
T
T
Ø
T
Ø
T
T
T
Ø
TFIk
TFIk
Ø
TFIk
Ø
TFIk
TFIk
TFIk
in block b
token =T ?
Y
SEND on block b+1 (TFIk)
UL PDCHi
?
Ø
Ø
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
66
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w This slide demonstrate that the radio resources (blocks) are used only when data need to be transferred (LLC-PDU) :
dynamic radio resource allocation. As a matter of fact, an MS shall specify its radio resource request at initiation of each
TBF for a better optimization of radio resource & MS capabilities.
w A TBF (the blue shape) comprises one or more consecutive LLC-PDUs.
w Temporary (Block) Flow Identity = TLLI + sequential number, used by the network to recognize data from different MSs.
Identifies uniquely a TBF in one direction within a cell.
The blocks are dynamically allocated upon the use of a token (Uplink State Flag) allocated to the MS at TBF
establishment. Any DL block includes a USF in the header.
The mobile "listens" to the PDCHi assigned, when block b (in DL) contains USF = T, the MS shall send one
PDTCH in UL on block b+1 on the UL PDCHi.
w The theoretical maximum of 160 kbit/s is given for one MS which would have 8 PDCHs of 21.4 kbit/s each. Those MS are
yet to be available on the market place.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 66
- 67. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
3.5 Radio interface 8/8
> DL transfer
PCU
SGSN
PS Paging
Paging Request ("packet")
MS PDU
MS IN STANB BY
MODE
Packet Paging Response
UL TBF: refer to
previous slide
MS IN READY
MODE
Packet Resource Assignment
(list (PDCHj),TFIz)
MS starts listening to all DL blocks TFI value on the allocated PDCHj
DL PDCHj
Ø
Ø
Z
Z
Ø
Z
Ø
Z
Z
N
in block b, TFI=TFIz ?
Y
The MS consumes the content of block b
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
67
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w In DL, each time an LLC-PDU is received, if there is no TBF in progress, it is essential to “establish" one.
w To respond to the paging, the MS needs to send a "paging response" to the SGSN (GMM) encapsulated in an LLC_PDU.
This response is carried by an UL TBF.
w Upon reception of the Paging response, the SGSN can send the DL PDU (LLC frame) to the MS through the MFS.
The MFS shall establish a DL TBF with the MS.
w DL TBF: each block of the DL TBF are identified by the DL TFI = TFIz
w After completion of the TBF establishment phase, the MS listen to all the DL blocks on the allocated PDCHs and keeps the
blocks tagged with the TFIz.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 67
- 68. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
Exercise (1/2)
–
True or False?
–
–
For each cell, the number of channels which can be
used for GPRS traffic is operator-configurable
–
If a user packet is lost at the Gb interface, it can be
recovered using frame relay protocol mechanisms
–
Time allowed :
The SGSN is linked to the BSS by an interface based on
the Frame Relay protocol
The LLC protocol is independent of the type of BSS
employed
5 minutes
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
68
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 68
- 69. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
Exercise (2/2)
–
True or False?
–
In a cell, a TRX can carry eight PDCHs
–
One PDCH can be allocated in its entirety to a single user
–
If necessary, blocks on different PDCHs can be allocated to a
single user
–
The NSEI is the identifier used by the SGSN to indicate the
destination cell of a LLC frame to the MFS
–
Time allowed :The same quantity of PVCs is declared on the MFS and SGSN
5 minutes
sides
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
69
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 69
- 70. 3 The Base Station Subsystem
Evaluation
> Objective : To be able to briefly describe
the data interchange mechanisms through
the BSS
Thank you for answering
the self-assessment
of the objectives sheet
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
70
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 70
- 72. 4 Alcatel Solution
Session presentation
> Objectives: to be able to characterize the solution
offered by Alcatel
> Program:
• 4.1 GPRS Network Overview
• 4.2 Alcatel 9135 MFS
• 4.3 Packet Switched Core Network
• 4.4 GPRS Network Management
• 4.5 Alcatel QoS Offer
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
72
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 72
- 73. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.1 GPRS Network Overview
Radio subsystem
B
T
S
GSM/GPRS common servers
BSS1
MSC
HLR
CAMEL & IP based
Prepaid
SCP Services
SMS-C
BSC
B
T
S
GPRS Core Network
A9135
MFS
BSS2
B
T
S
SGSN
Intranet
BSC
GPRS IP
backbone
Frame
Relay
network
B
T
S
Firewall
iGGSN
access
router
Internet
BSS--
B
T
S
SGSN
BSC
Charging Gateway
A9135
MFS
B
T
S
Border
Gateway
Inter-PLMN
backbone
OMC-CN
73
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Within the radio subsystem :
Existing Alcatel BTS and BSC from GSM are reused for GPRS :
no need of hardware change to provide GPRS features
need just software upgrade
The GSM-BSS now includes a proprietary equipment :
Alcatel A9135 = MFS (Multi BSS Fast packet Server)
which deals with the GPRS PCU functions
w
Within the GPRS Core Network :
both SGSN and iGGSN are Alcatel proprietary equipments
Charging Gateway and OMC-CN are Alcatel components based on HP platform
Firewalls, Border gateway and access routers are standard IT components
w The HLR, MSC, SCP and SMS-C are reused from the GSM-NSS
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 73
- 74. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.2 Alcatel 9135 MFS
> Functional architecture
Control Subsystem
OMC-R
M
F
S
LAN x 2
A-ter if
B
T
S
Gb if
BSC1
GPU1
PCU
B
T
S
S
GPU2
PCU
G
Telecom Subsystem
B
T
S
S
GPU1
BSC2
PCU
B
T
S
GPU1
N
PCU
74
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w The duplex "Control subsystem" (two DS10 in active/standby mode, with 2 shared disks) :
controls the “telecom subsystem” (initialization, supervision, defence)
provides the management interface (OMC-R or local maintenance terminal)
w The “Telecom subsystem” is composed of GPU boards :
1.
GPRS Processing Unit (GPU).
2.
Each GPU board performs the PCU functions towards the BSC and the SGSN
16 PCM ports per GPU board
some PCM ports connected to the BSS, the other to the SGSN
w There are two different configurations regarding the support of BSC by the GPU boards :
only one GPU board supporting each BSC (in the B6.2 release)
multiple GPU boards supporting each BSC (from the B7 release)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 74
- 75. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.2 Alcatel 9135 MFS CONNECTIONS
120 CICs
TC SM
BSC
MSC
BSC
BSC
120 GICs 16K
A Interf
PVC
PCU
BSC
PCU
FRAME
PCU
SGSN
RELAY
PCU
PMSC
PVLR
BSC
PCU
MFS
Muxed ATer
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
75
Gb
BEARER CHANNEL
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 75
- 76. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.2 Alcatel 9135 MFS
> Rack layout
1 BSXTU
1 BSXTU
11 GPU (+1)
11 GPU (+1)
maxi
maxi
1 BSXTU
1 BSXTU
11 GPU (+1)
11 GPU (+1)
maxi
maxi
2 DS 10
2 DS 10
Control
Control
sub-rack
sub-rack
2 or 4
2 or 4
Switches
Switches
3 COM 3300
3 COM 3300
+ IOLAN module
+ IOLAN module
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
76
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w The "Control sub-rack" part is duplex (two DS10 in active/standby modes).
w each BSXTU sub-rack contains a maximum of 12 JBGPU boards.
The GPRS traffic of one BSC can be handled by several GPUs (up to six are foreseen from the same MFS rack)
Since B7, a full MFS contains from 4 to 22 BSS (BSC), due to multi-GPU feature
4 BSS per MFS: 2* (1 BSS / 6 GPU)+(1 BSS / 5 GPU)
22 BSS per MFS: 22*(1 BSS/GPU)
w One JBGPU board (= 1 PCU) offers 480 PDCH. Two uses of JBGPUs :
1.
One JBGPU for each BSC, (Ater interface), so one MFS serves a maximum of 22 BSCs.
2.
With 240 PDCH per GPU, a BSC can offer up to 6*240 = 1440 PDCH
3.
To be connected to the FR network (Gb interface).
w Fast ethernet Switches (100 Mb/s) made by 3COM: 2 or 4 (as needed) to build LANs to which are connected
the Nectar stations (DS10)
GPU boards
printers and craft terminals (for local management, the terminal is called IMT = Installation & Maintenance
Terminal)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 76
- 77. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.2 Alcatel 9130 MFS (1/3)
ATCA
shelf
ATCA
shelf
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
77
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w This platform is a high availability distributed platform composed of blades compliant with the Advanced Telecom
Computing Architecture (ATCA) open standard
w ATCA has been developed by the PCI Industrial Computers Manufacturers Group (PICMG).
w The related specifications are described in the PICMG 3.0 R1.0.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 77
- 78. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.2 Alcatel 9130 MFS (2/3)
General
Option 1
Option 2
ATCA shelf content
MFS
ATCA
shelf
G
P
MFS
MFS
LIU
G
P
G
P
G
P
O
S
S
O
M
S
S
M
C
ATCA
shelf
G
P
W
W
G
P
G
P
G
P
G
P
G
P
C
LIU
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
P
P
78
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w LIU: Line Interface Unit – to collect the external PCM connections
w GP: GPRS Processing module
w OMCP: O&M Control Processing board – the control stations,
w SSW: Subrack SWitch
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 78
- 79. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.2 Alcatel 9130 MFS (3/3)
E1 connections
Abis
L
I
U
16 LIU X 16 E1
Ater
M
M
U
UX
X
L
I
U
S
S
S
S
W
W
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
GP
MFS
9 PCU + 1SPARE
OMCP
OMCP
79
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w LIU shelf: Multiplexes/demultiplexes and cross connects all E1 external links to/from NE multiplexed links (n E1 over
Ethernet) on the TP and the GP board. Equipped with two Mux boards and n LIU boards, depending on capacity.
w The LIU shelf hosts Two MUX boards which collect the E1 links from the 16 LIU boards on 16 serial links at 36.864 Mbit/s
and build packets sent towards up to 32 directions (125ms each) on a Gigabit Ethernet link.
w SSW: it’s an Ethernet switch which allows exchanges between all platform elements and externalIP/Ethernet equipment.
w OMCP: these control stations are used to process defense functions and platform Operation, Administration and
Maintenance (OAM) generic services..
w GP: Manages the user plane packet data flow processing.
w Ethernet links on the IP ports of the SSW switch: these links connect the platform to external IP equipment (i.e. OMC-R,
external alarm box).
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 79
- 80. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.3 Packet Switched Core Network
towards Prepaid Servers
> SGSN
> iGGSN
Pilot Blades
O&M, Charging
GPRS
signaling & user
Plane Blades
O&M & service
provisioning
Intra-PLMN
DNS
SS7 Blades
Vigilon
Gr, Gs,
Senteon
session control
logic
Gd, Ge
PDN1
GPRS IP
Backbone
WN
Gb
WN
GPU
PDN2
Ethernet LAN (internal com.)
Switching & Routing
OMC-CN
Charging
Gateway
GTP control &
user planes
80
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w The SGSN is ATCA based component (Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture). The main functions are distributed
over different hardware modules :
SS7 network interfaces (Gs, Gr, Gd) by a number of ATCA SS7 blades,
Gb interface by a number of Alcatel proprietary GPU boards,
SGSN O&M and GPRS charging agent (initialisation, defense, O&M, and CDR) by a cluster of ATCA Pilot blades,
GPRS signaling and user traffic handling by a number of ATCA control & user plane blades
SGSN internal communication, switching and routing of user traffic by a dedicated Ethernet switch
w The iGGSN is an Alcatel proprietary equipment, where the main functions are distributed over 3 hardware modules :
Vigilon server for iGGSN O&M, subscriber configuration and service provisioning,
Senteon server as a control logic for subscription and credit check during session establishment phase,
WN1200 node for full 3GPP GTP services
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 80
- 81. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.3 Packet Switched Core Network
SGSN rack
backbone rack
iGGSN rack
NTS150
NTS150
GPU boards
NTP Servers
Gn switches
NS500
Ethernet
switch/routers
WN1200
NS500
Firewalls
border router
ATCA platform
pilot blades
access router
Senteon 1&2
GPRS control
& user plane
blades
external DNS
Ethernet
switch/routers
SS7 blades
Internal control LAN
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
Intra-PLMN
DNS/DHCP
81
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 81
- 82. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.4 GPRS Network Management
> Dedicated OMCs
BSC1
B
T
S
B
T
S
Radio part
BSC2
B
T
S
OMCR
MFS
NMC
Q3
SGSN
Core Network part
OMCCN
DNS/DHCP
NTP
BG
iGGSN
Charging
Gateway
82
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w OMC-R: Called Alcatel 1353 RA = management of the radio subsystem :
Alcatel 9135 MFS.
BSCs and associated BTSs
w OMC-CN : called ALMA 1364 GPRS = management of the Core Network :
the SGSN server
the SGSN router
the GGSN.
The Charging Gateway (alarm supervision)
the DNS/DHCP server (supervision)
the GPRS network level (APN and Routing Areas)
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 82
- 83. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.5 Alcatel QoS offer
> R97/98 QoS compliance
ETSI R’97/98 QoS attributes
Delay class
Mean throughput
class
Precedence class
Alcatel Offer
Resulting QoS class
(4) Best Effort
any
any
Best-Effort
1, 2 or 3
(3) Low priority
any
Best-Effort
1, 2 or 3
Normal, High priority
Best Effort
Best-Effort
1, 2 or 3
(2) Normal priority
specified, except BE
Normal
1, 2 or 3
(1) High priority
specified, except BE
Premium
as required by the MS
Reliability class:
83
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w These QoS attributes are associated with a PDP context performed by a R97/98 MS
w The five QoS parameters of the standard define more than 60 combinations ! Which is too much and leeds to simplification
:
Too complex to implement,
Many of the combinations have no meaning!
The standard "allows" more simple QoS implementations.
“-” = any value.
In bold, the main criterion for definition of the resulting QoS.
w Best effort = inexpensive, comparable to the Internet (no commitment). Ideal for foraging on the internet.
w Normal:
Comparable to an intranet.
w Premium:
Expensive, high performance.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 83
- 84. 4 Alcatel Solution
4.5 Alcatel QoS offer
> R97/98 QoS mapping into R99 QoS
R99 Traffic class
Traffic handling priority
conversational
R97/98 Bearer QoS class
-
Premium
streaming
-
Premium
interactive
1
Premium
interactive
2
Normal
interactive
3
Normal
background
-
Best Effort
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
84
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w The mapping of R97/98 QoS attributes to R99 QoS is applicable in the following cases :
hand-over of PDP context from GPRS R97/R98 SGSN to GPRS R99 or UMTS SGSN
when a R99 MS performs a PDP context activation in a R99 SGSN with a R97/98 GGSN
when the SGSN has received R97/98 QoS subscribed profile, but the MS is R99
w The mapping of R99 QoS attributes to R97/98 QoS is applicable in the following cases :
PDP context is handed-over from GPRS R99 to R97/R98
when a R99 MS performs a PDP context activation in a R99 SGSN while the GGSN is R97/98
when the SGSN sends user data to the BSS for a R99 MS
when the SGSN has received R99 QoS subscribed profile but the MS is R97/98
in the new SGSN, during an inter-SGSN RA_update procedure, or inter-system change, on receipt of the R99 QoS
attributes from the old SGSN
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 84
- 85. 4 Alcatel Solution
Exercise (1/2)
–
True or False?
–
–
The iGGSN is an Alcatel proprietary
equipment
–
The SGSN server is an Alcatel proprietary
equipment based on IT devices
–
Time allowed :
Implementing GPRS in the BSS simply entails
adding A9135 or A9130 MFS servers
The DNS/DHCP servers used in the GPRS
Core Network are IT standard servers
5 minutes
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
85
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 85
- 86. 4 Alcatel Solution
Exercise (2/2)
–
True or False?
–
GPRS Core Network equipments are managed from an
OMC- CN
–
GPRS radio subsystem (BSS) equipments are managed
from an OMC-R
–
Alcatel GPRS network handles simultaneously the UMTS
QoS classes (R99 QoS parameters) and the GPRS QoS
profiles (R97/98 QoS attributes)
Time allowed :
5 minutes
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
86
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 86
- 87. 4 Alcatel Solution
Evaluation
> Objective : to be able to characterize the
solution offered by Alcatel
Thank you for answering
the self-assessment
of the objectives sheet
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
87
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 87
- 89. 5 Annex 1
Coding Schemes : CS1 -> CS4
Channel rate (kbps)
20
CS4
CS3
15
CS2
10
CS1
5
0
0
10
20
30
C/I (dBm)
BACK
89
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w The data rate on a PDCH depends on the coding scheme :
for CS-1: PDCH data rate = 9.05 kbit/s (poor radio conditions or BSS signaling)
for CS-2: PDCH data rate = 13.4 kbit/s (better radio conditions)
for CS-3: PDCH data rate = 15.6 kbit/s
for CS-4: PDCH data rate = 21.4 kbit/s.
w The system selects automatically the best coding scheme :
the data rate is set according to the current C/l.
maximum data rate (160 kbit/s) only possible with CS4 on 8 parallel channels
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 89
- 90. 5 Annex 2
GPRS compared to other technologies
2 Mbps
Bit rate
384 Kbps
160 Kbps
64 Kbps
9.6 Kbps
Technology
CS data - SMS, 9.6Kbps
HSCSD
GPRS
EDGE
UMTS
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
90
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w SMS : With GPRS, the 160-character barrier for short messages will be able to be broken (when SMS over GPRS is
implemented).
w High Speed Circuit-Switched Data : This still involves circuit switching, meaning that, with a continuous use of radio
resources, so billed by time. HSCSD is based on the assignment of several traffic channels (TCH) to a single MS to offer a
higher bit rate. HSCSD is suited for services requiring a minimum bandwidth guaranteed.
w EDGE : (Enhanced data rates for GSM evolution) is a technology previously developed by Ericsson, based on TDMA and
offering a maximum theoretical speed of 384 kbit/s (8 channels, each 48 kbit/s, using a new modulation scheme: 8-PSK,
eight-phase shift keying, instead of GMSK for GSM and GPRS).
w EDGE-specific MTs are required! The BSS remains the same, except for the implementation of EDGE TRX (Evolium
product line).
Alcatel will offer EDGE from release B8 onwards. This is an important step towards UMTS
w UMTS : requires a new Radio Access Network based on W-CDMA technology.
The UMTS standard is part of the Third Generation (3G). Together with CDMA 2000 and other systems, they form a set of
ITU radio access technologies standardized by IMT 2000.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 90
- 91. 5 Annex 3
PCU concept
PCU JBGPU FUNCTION
TBF = Temporary Block Flow
TFI 9
TBF
9
1
9
TFI = Temporary Flow Identifier BSN = Block Sequence Number
TBF from SERVER 9
2
9
TBF
4
9
4
9
5
9
6
21
22
TBF
7
TBF from SERVER 4
2
4
23
4
24
4
25
4
26
4
27
4
TFI 2
2
90
89
2
91
90
28
4
29
4
30
4
31
TBF from SERVER 2
2
92
2
93
2
94
2
95
TS x dedicated to ONE PDCH
2
9
TFI 4
4
3
4
21
4
22
9
1
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
2
2
96
2
97
2
98
2
99
2
10
one PDCH shared by N users
91
2
92
9
2
4
23
2
93
2
94
91
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 91
4
2
- 92. 5 Annex 4
PCU concept
LLC Checks the transmission between SGSN and MS
RLC checks the trans between PCU and MS
PDCH
PCU
TRE /BTS
CCU
Gb
n RLC
blocks
RLC blocks
- token
- Data
- radio security
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
LLC blocks
92
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 92
- 93. 5 Annex 5
TDMA and PDCH
> TDMA frame and GPRS physical channels
8Psk 171
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
FRAME 0
4
4
0
57
171
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
FRAME 1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
Gmsk
57
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
FRAME 3
FRAME 2
4
0
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
F00 F01 F02 F03 F04 F05 F06 F07 F08 F09 F10 F11 F12 F13 F14 F15 F16 F17 F18 F19 F20 F21 F22 F23 F24 F25
4
F50 F51
PTCCH
B0
B1
B2
B3
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B9
B10
B11
1 PDCH
12 BLOCS
Frame
12
52 FRAMES then 52 TS x and 240 ms
Frame
38
BLOC 3
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
93
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 93
- 94. 5 Annex 6
GPRS channels
> Master and Slave PDCHs
MASTER PDCH
PDCH
DOWN/UPLINK
B1
B2
B3
All blocs can
be used as
- PDTCH
- PACCH
B1
B4
B5
B6
B7
B8
B2
B9
B10
B11
Blocs which
can be used
as
- PAGCH
- PDTCH
- PACCH
Blocs which
can be used
as
- PPCH
- PAGCH
- PDTCH
- PACCH
/UPLINK
B0
B0
B1
B1
B2
B3
B3
B4
B4
B5
B5
B6
B6
B7
B0
Blocs which
can be used
as
- PBCCH
DOWN
B2
B0
B7
B8
B8
B9
B9
B10
B10
B11
B11
All blocs can
be used as
- PRACH
- PDTCH
- PACCH
94
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w For each cell, it is possible to define the MINIMUM and MAXIMUM number of channels reserved for GPRS + the maximum
number of channels reserved for GPRS in case of high traffic load (when the BSC sends "Load indication" to the MFS
through BSCGP protocol).
w There are two types of PDCH : MPDCH and SPDCH
MPDCH = Master PDCH = PBCCH + PCCCH (PPCH + PAGCH + PRACH) -> carries GPRS signaling and system
information.
SPDCH = Slave PDCH -> carries the user traffic.
w Benefits of the Master Channel :
Preserves CCCH capacity for speech services
Higher GPRS signaling capacity, in line with GPRS traffic growth
Differentiated cell re-selection strategy between GPRS and non GPRS MS. When GPRS attached, a MS listen to
PSI broadcast on PBCCH. It allows a finer tuning of GPRS re-selection algorithms, for example in hierarchical
networks (C31 and C32 criteria). Otherwise, MS applies the basic Cell-reselection as in GSM Idle-Mode using the
C1 and C2 GSM criteria
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 94
- 95. 5 Annex 7
PDCH ,TBF, MAC concepts
TFI 1
TFI 5
TFI 3
TFI 6
TBF from server 1
TBF from server 2
TBF from server 3
TBF from server 4
B1
DOWN
u3
B2
u3
UP
TFI 2 USER 3
TFI 7 USER 6
TFI 6 USER 2
B3
u3
B2
B4
u3
B3
B5
u3
B4
B6
B7
u3
B5
u3
B6
B8
u3
B7
B9
u6
B8
B10
u6
B9
B11
u2
B10
B12
u2
B11
B1
un
B12
B1
TBF server 5
TBF to server 6
TBF to server 7
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
95
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 95
- 96. 5 Annex 8
Different uses for E1
> PCM E1 and Bearer Channel uses and concepts
BEARER CHANNEL=960K
TS 1
2
TS 2
64K
M
B
TS 3
64K
TS 4
64K
TS 5
TS 1
16K X 4
2
TS 2
32K X 2
2
M
B
TS 3
64K X 1
M
B
64K
64K
64K
TS 4
128K 64K X 2
TS 1
TS 2
TS 3
TS 4
TS 15
TS 5
E
TS 28 64K
E
1
TS 29 64K
TS 3
1
TS 31 64K
E
TS 28
TS 29 192K
TS 3
64K X 3
TS 17
TS 18
TS 19
TS 20
1
TS 31
TS 31
BEARER CHANNEL =960K
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
96
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Minimum size for a bearer channel: 1 x 64k, Maximum size for a bearer channel: 31 x 64k.
w One PVC per bearer channel.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 96
- 97. 5 Annex 9
FRAME RELAY and PVC concepts
DLCI Number
9
PVC y
FRAME RELAY
SGSN
Node
27
PCU
6
MFS
16
15
5
PVCn
12
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
97
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 97
- 98. 5 Annex 10
PVC and NSVC concepts
NSVC Transmission check end to end
FRAME
PCU
MFS
SGSN
RELAY
PCM E1
BEARER
CHANNEL
Permanent Virtual
Connection
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
98
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 98
- 99. 5 Annex 11PCM 1
TDMA and PDCH
BC 1
BC 2
P
C
PCM 1
U
PVC / NSVC
PVC / NSVC
There is One PVC/NSVC per Bearer Channel
BC 3
BC1
PVC / NSVC
NSE NSEIx
PCM 2
There is one NSE for all the PVC of one PCU
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
99
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 99
- 100. 5 Annex 12
Network Mode of Operation I with Master Channel
CCCH
MSC
VLR
A
PCCCH
Gs
BSC
(a)
PACCH
SGSN
(b)
Um
Gb
CS paging for GPRS-attached MS in idle state (a), or in data transfer state (b)
CS paging for non GPRS-attached MS
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
GPRS paging
100
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w In this mode, the Gs interface is present in the core network. As far as GPRS-attached MS are concerned, the BSS
receives both GPRS and circuit-switched paging messages from the Gb interface.
w There is paging co-ordination because all paging messages towards GPRS-attached mobile stations are sent either on the
Master Channel, if present, or on the CCCH otherwise.
w In addition, whilst involved in a packet data transfer the GPRS mobiles receive the circuit-switched paging messages via
the GPRS traffic channel currently used.
w NMO II :
There is neither Gs interface nor Master Channel. There Paging coordination over the CCCH of GSM. Also, GPRS
Mobile Stations operating in Class B may lose CS Paging message if they are not able to monitor CCCH at the
same time.
w NMO III:
In this mode, there is no Paging coordination because Gs interface is not present while the Master Channel is.
Therefore, CS Paging is transmitted over CCCH when PS Paging is transmitted over PCCCH. Class C Mobile are
not able to manage both type of channels.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 100
- 101. 5 Annex 13
MOBILE ONE PHASE ACCESS ON PCCH (Master PDCH)
NETWORK
Packet channel request PRACH
Packet UL assignment + polling
indication PAGCH
TFI
PDCH
USF
TA
Packet Control ACK PACCH
Usf Scheduling
RLC data bloc
PDTCH
Packet UL ACK NACK
PACCH
101
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w "Attach" the MS switches on (GMM protocol):
MS sends his previous P_TMSI, otherwise a random one. The attach_request message is placed in an LLC frame
with its old TLLI if its exists, or a randomly chosen TLLI if not.
w TLLI: This is allocated to the subscriber on his attachment to the network. In reality, the SGSN allocates the MS a P-TMSI,
from which the MS and the SGSN itself derive the TLLI.
w The functions of the HLR:
to supply the security triplets
to check roaming restrictions (or ODB)
to store the address of the current SGSN
to initiate the deletion of data from the old SGSN
to send subscriber data to the SGSN
w "Detach" proceeds as follow:
MS to SGSN: Detach request
SGSN to GGSN: Delete PDP context then Acknowledge
SGSN to MS: detach accept
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 101
- 102. 5 Annex 14
MOBILE ONE PHASE ACCESS ON CCCH (no master PDCH)
NETWORK
Channel request RACH
Immediate assignment
AGCH
TFI PDCH USF TA
Packet uplink assignment + polling
indication PACCH
Packet control ACK PACCH
TFI PDCH USF
Usf Scheduling
RLC data bloc
PDTCH
Packet UL ACK NACK
PACCH
102
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w "Attach" the MS switches on (GMM protocol):
MS sends his previous P_TMSI, otherwise a random one. The attach_request message is placed in an LLC frame
with its old TLLI if its exists, or a randomly chosen TLLI if not.
w TLLI: This is allocated to the subscriber on his attachment to the network. In reality, the SGSN allocates the MS a P-TMSI,
from which the MS and the SGSN itself derive the TLLI.
w The functions of the HLR:
to supply the security triplets
to check roaming restrictions (or ODB)
to store the address of the current SGSN
to initiate the deletion of data from the old SGSN
to send subscriber data to the SGSN
w "Detach" proceeds as follow:
MS to SGSN: Detach request
SGSN to GGSN: Delete PDP context then Acknowledge
SGSN to MS: detach accept
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 102
- 103. 5 Annex 15
MOBILE ORIGINATING DATA TRANSFERT
SGSN
BSS
UL TBF
Establishment
Paquet channel request
Paquet UL assignement
STAND BY
RLC PDU
RLC PDU
RLC PDU
PACKET UPLINK ACK/NACK
UL UNIDATA
RLC PDU
READY
RLC PDU
RLC PDU
PACKET DOWNLINK ASSIGNEMENT
UL UNIDATA
UL TBF
Release
103
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w "Attach" the MS switches on (GMM protocol):
MS sends his previous P_TMSI, otherwise a random one. The attach_request message is placed in an LLC frame
with its old TLLI if its exists, or a randomly chosen TLLI if not.
w TLLI: This is allocated to the subscriber on his attachment to the network. In reality, the SGSN allocates the MS a P-TMSI,
from which the MS and the SGSN itself derive the TLLI.
w The functions of the HLR:
to supply the security triplets
to check roaming restrictions (or ODB)
to store the address of the current SGSN
to initiate the deletion of data from the old SGSN
to send subscriber data to the SGSN
w "Detach" proceeds as follow:
MS to SGSN: Detach request
SGSN to GGSN: Delete PDP context then Acknowledge
SGSN to MS: detach accept
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 103
- 104. 5 Annex 16
MOBILE TERMINATING DATA TRANSFERT
SGSN
BSS
STAND BY
PAGING PS
Packet Paging Request
channel request
UL TBF
Paquet UL assignement
LLC PDU
UL UNIDATA
READY
DL UNIDATA
DL TBF
PACKET DOWNLINK ASSIGNEMENT
104
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w "Attach" the MS switches on (GMM protocol):
MS sends his previous P_TMSI, otherwise a random one. The attach_request message is placed in an LLC frame
with its old TLLI if its exists, or a randomly chosen TLLI if not.
w TLLI: This is allocated to the subscriber on his attachment to the network. In reality, the SGSN allocates the MS a P-TMSI,
from which the MS and the SGSN itself derive the TLLI.
w The functions of the HLR:
to supply the security triplets
to check roaming restrictions (or ODB)
to store the address of the current SGSN
to initiate the deletion of data from the old SGSN
to send subscriber data to the SGSN
w "Detach" proceeds as follow:
MS to SGSN: Detach request
SGSN to GGSN: Delete PDP context then Acknowledge
SGSN to MS: detach accept
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 104
- 105. 5 Annex 17
GMM - Combined GPRS and NSS attach with Gs (1)
SGSN
Attach_request (IMSI)
HLR
Triplet request ( rand kc sres )
Authentication
Update_location
IMSI ↔ current SGSN
Insert_subscriber_data
Update_location_ack
IMSI ↔ TLLI + current RA + subscription data
Attach_accept (TLLI)
MS ↔ TLLI
TLLI Established
105
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w "Attach" the MS switches on (GMM protocol):
MS sends his previous P_TMSI, otherwise a random one. The attach_request message is placed in an LLC frame
with its old TLLI if its exists, or a randomly chosen TLLI if not.
w TLLI: This is allocated to the subscriber on his attachment to the network. In reality, the SGSN allocates the MS a P-TMSI,
from which the MS and the SGSN itself derive the TLLI.
w The functions of the HLR:
to supply the security triplets
to check roaming restrictions (or ODB)
to store the address of the current SGSN
to initiate the deletion of data from the old SGSN
to send subscriber data to the SGSN
w "Detach" proceeds as follow:
MS to SGSN: Detach request
SGSN to GGSN: Delete PDP context then Acknowledge
SGSN to MS: detach accept
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 105
- 106. 5 Annex 18
GMM - Combined GPRS and NSS attach with Gs (2)
MSC/VLR
SGSN
HLR
Location_Update_req (IMSI, LAI)
Update_ location (IMSI, @VLR)
IMSI ↔ current VLR
Insert_subscriber_data
Update_location_ack
Location_Update_accept
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
106
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w Location-Update-request: The SGSN determines the MSC/VLR based on the RA where the subscriber is located.
w At the HLR: If the MS was declared in another MSC, the HLR sends it a Cancel_Location before doing ISD to the new
MSC.
w Attach-accept: In practice, the SGSN sends the MS the P-TMSI (and not the TLLI) and the V-TMSI (TMSI of the VLR),
designated TMSI here.
w Once this combined-attach is done, the MS can make combined LA/RA update procedures (see GSM 03.60)..
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 106
- 107. 5 Annex 19
GMM - RA update Inter-SGSN (1)
new
SGSN
old
SGSN
GGSN
Routing_Area_update_req (RA1)
SGSN_context_req (RA1, TLLI, @SGSN2)
SGSN_context_resp (MM_ctxt, PDP_ctxt)
SGSN_context_ack
transfer of stored packets
Update_PDP_context_req (TID, @SGSN2)
Update_PDP _context_resp
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
107
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w RA1: This is the mobile's previous RA
The New SGSN retrieves the IP address of the old SGSN from RA1, after request to the DNS which translate RA1 into IP
@ of SGSN1.
w SGSN_context_req:To obtain any PDP contexts and the MM contexts (IMSI, RA, cell, IMEI, etc) = all the data stored in the
old SGSN concerning the MS, including the address of the GGSN related to each PDP context activated.
w SGSN_ctxt _ack: This message is sent only if the subscriber has PDP contexts activated. Used to inform the old SGSN
that receives and stores datagrams for the MS.
w Update_PDP_context_req: Mainly to inform the GGSN of the address of the new current SGSN for this MS. Thus, any new
packet arriving from the PDP network is routed to the new SGSN.
This operation is carried out in parallel with the retrieval of the old SGSN packets, and not afterwards as the figure above
seems to indicate.
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 107
- 108. 5 Annex 20
GMM - RA update Inter-SGSN (2)
new
SGSN
old
SGSN
HLR
Update_location (IMSI, @SGSN2)
cancel_location (IMSI)
cancel_location_ack
insert_subscriber_data (+ack)
Update_location_ack
Routing_Area_update_accept (TLLI)
Routing_Area_update_complete
Introduction to GPRS/EGPRS
108
All rights reserved © 2004, Alcatel
w ISD: = ISD (IMSI, GPRS subscription data).
w The tunnel (SGSN-GGSN) moves with the subscriber: The GGSN is always the same and the SGSN is variable (same
TID).
w RA update accept: The SGSN allocates the subscriber a P-TMSI or TLLI, as mentioned (derived from the P-TMSI).
© Alcatel University – 3FL10472ACAAWBZZA Ed.02
Page 108