1. BRAIN PARTS RECAP

2. THE BRAIN SO FAR….

3. CORPUS CALLOSUM

4. CEREBRUM

5. CEREBRAL CORTEX

6. FRONTAL LOBE BROCA’S AREA MOTOR CORTEX

7. PARIETAL LOBE SOMATOSENSORY CORTEX

8. OCCIPITAL LOBE VISUAL CORTEX VISUAL ASSOCIATION AREA

9. TEMPORAL LOBE Auditory cortex Auditory association area Wernicke’s Area

10. LIMBIC SYSTEM

11. LIMBIC SYSTEM KEY PARTS: AMYGDALA HIPPOCAMPUS HYPOTHALAMUS CINGULATE GYRUS

12. AMYGDALA (Latin for ‘almond’) Involved in processing emotions (in particular, learning and remembering emotionally significant events). Important in fear responses. Links areas of the cortex that process higher cognitive information with systems that control metabolic responses  fight or flight Damage:Case study – damage to amygdala in both hemispheres. No motor, sensory or cognitive deficits, but when asked to identify photographs of a series of facial expressions, SM could identify every expression but one – FEAR.

13. HIPPOCAMPUS The structure most associated to memory formation. An early storage place for long-term memory and involved in the transition of LTM to even more permanent memory. Also plays a role in spatial navigation Damage:Case study: Clive Wearing had extensive damage to the left and right hippocampus. Intellectual and perceptual abilities intact, but has severe memory impairments, losing ability to form new memories.

14. Regulates automatic functions (hunger, thirst, body temperature, sexual activity) Controls release of hormones Integrates information from many different parts of the brain and is responsive to a variety of stimuli:i) light ii) odoursiii) stressiv) arousal HYPOTHALAMUS

15. CINGULATE GYRUS Helps regulate emotions and pain. Involved in fear and the prediction (and avoidance) of negative consequences and can help orient the body away from negative stimuli. Damage: inappropriate emotions, lack of fear, impaired sensation of pain, learning impairments

16. BRAIN STEM

17. The Brain Stem Consists of a group of structures that lie deep within the brain. Plays important role in maintaining homeostasis by controlling automatic functions such as breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure. Can organise motor movements such as reflexes, and coordinate with the motor cortex and associated areas to contribute to fine movements of limbs and the face.

18. In the brain stem… Midbrain Pons Medulla

20. Forms a bridge between the cerebrum and cerebellum

22. Thalamus

23. Thalamus About 5.7 cm in length Processes sensory information as it arrives and transmit it to higher brain centres (the cortex). Like a switchboard! Not only route messages but also to filter them, highlighting some and de-emphasising others.

24. Damage Thalamic lesion linked to synaethesia Small but significant reduction in thalamus volume in schizophrenia.

25. Cerebellum

26. Cerebellum Roughly 10% of total brain weight, but contains more neurons than the rest of the brain combined! Responsible for coordinating movement, planning, motor activities, learning and remembering of physical skills. Size is a good indicator of its physical capability Some recent studies have associated the cerebellum with cognitive functions, such as learning and attention.

27. Damage Tremors Muscle weakness Inability to walk Slurred speech Linked to: Dyslexia, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis