Chapter 22 gas exchange [compatibility mode]

1. Chapter 22 Gas Exchange PowerPoint Lectures for Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Richard L. Myers Translated by Nabih A. Baeshen

3. 22.1 Overview: Gas exchange in an animal with lungs involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells Three phases ooff ggaass eexxcchhaannggee 1-Breathing: exchange of CO2 produced during cellular respiration with atmospheric O2 2-Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood by circulatory system. 3- Body cells take up oxygen from the blood and release carbon dioxide to the blood. CCeelllluullaarr rreessppiirraattiioonn rreeqquuiirreess aa ccoonnttiinnuuoouuss ssuuppppllyy ooff ooxxyyggeenn aanndd tthhee ddiissppoossaall ooff ccaarrbboonn ddiiooxxiiddee Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

4. 22.2 Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces Respiratory surfaces must be thin and moist for diffusion of O2 and CO2 Earthworms and other animals use their skin for gas exchange Most animals have specialized body parts that promote gas exchange – Gills in fish and amphibians – Tracheal systems in arthropods – Lungs in tetrapods that live on land – Amphibians – Reptiles – Birds – Mammals Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

5. 22.3 Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic environments GGiillllss – Are extensions of the body – Increase surface to volume ratio – Increase surface area for gas exchange – Oxygen absorbed – Carbon dioxide released IInn aa ffiisshh,, ggaass eexxcchhaannggee iiss eennhhaanncceedd bbyy – Ventilation of the gills (moving water past the gills) – Countercurrent flow of water and blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

6. Gill Arch Direction of water flow Operculum (gill cover) Oxygen-rich blood Blood vessels Oxygen-poor blood Lamella Water flow between lamellae Gill Arch Blood flow Gill filaments Countercurrent exchange Blood flow in simplified capillary, showing % O2 Diffusion of O2 from water to blood Water flow, showing % O2 100 70 40 15 80 60 30 5 The structure of fish gills through capillaries in lamella

7. 22.4 The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the air and body cells Compared to water, using air to breathe has two big advantages – Air contains higher concentrations of O2 – Air is lighter and easier to move Air-breathing animals lose water through their respiratory surfaces Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

8. 22.5 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: The evolution of lungs facilitated the movement of tetrapods onto land Tetrapods seem to have evolved in shallow water The first tetrapods on land diverged into three major lineages – Amphibians use small lungs and their body surfaces – Nonbird reptiles have lower metabolic rates and simpler lungs – Birds and mammals have higher metabolic rates and more complex lungs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. 22.6 In the human respiratory system, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity IInn mmaammmmaallss, air is inhaled through the nostrils into the nasal cavity – Air is filtered by hairs and mucus surfaces – Air is warmed and moisturized – Air is sampled for odors Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

10. 22.6 In the human respiratory system, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity From the nasal cavity, air next passes – To the pharynx – Then larynx, past the vocal cords – Into the trachea, held open by cartilage rings – Into the paired bronchi – Into bronchioles – And finally to the alveoli, grapelike clusters of air sacs, where gas exchange occurs Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

11. Oxygen-rich blood Bronchiole Oxygen-poor blood Nasal cavity Left lung Pharynx (Esophagus) Larynx Trachea Right lung Bronchus Alveoli Blood Capillaries Bronchiole Diaphragm (Heart) The anatomy of the human respiratory system (left) and details of the structure of alveoli (right)

12. 22.6 In the human respiratory system, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity Alveoli are well adapted for gas exchange – High surface area of capillaries – High surface area of alveoli In alveoli O 2 diffuses into the blood – CO2 diffuses out of the blood Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

13. 22.7 CONNECTION: Smoking is a serious assault on the respiratory system Mucus and cilia in the respiratory passages – Protect the lungs – Can be damaged by smoking Without healthy cilia, smokers must cough to clear dirty mucus from the trachea Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

14. 22.7 CONNECTION: Smoking is a serious assault on the respiratory system SSmmookkiinngg ccaann ccaauussee – Lung cancer – Heart disease – Emphysema SSmmookkiinngg aallssoo – Increases the risk of heart attacks and strokes – Raises blood pressure – Increases harmful types of cholesterol EEvveerryy yyeeaarr iinn UUSSAA,, ssmmookkiinngg kkiillllss aabboouutt 444400,000000 ppeeooppllee,, wwhhiicchh iiss mmoorree tthhaann aallll ddeeaatthhss ffrroomm aacccciiddeennttss,, aallccoohhooll,, ddrruugg aabbuussee,, HHIIVV,, aanndd mmuurrddeerrss ccoommbbiinneedd Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

15. Lung Heart Healthy lungs cancerous lungs

16. 22.8 Negative pressure breathing ventilates our lungs Breathing is the alternate inhalation and exhalation of air (ventilation) Inhalation ooccccuurrss wwhheenn – The rib cage expands – The diaphragm moves downward – The pressure around lungs decreases – And air is drawn into the respiratory tract Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

17. 22.8 Negative pressure breathing ventilates our lungs Exhalation occurs when – The rib cage contracts – The diaphragm moves upward – The pressure around the lungs increases – And air is forced out of the respiratory tract Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

18. Air inhaled Lung Air exhaled Rib cage expands as rib muscles contract Rib cage gets smaller as rib muscles relax Diaphragm contracts (moves down) Diaphragm relaxes (moves up) Diaphragm Inhalation Exhalation Negative pressure breathing draws air into the lungs.

19. 22.9 Breathing is automatically controlled Breathing is usually under automatic control Breathing control centers in the brain sense and respond to CO2 levels in the blood A rise in CO2 leading to drop in blood pH increases the rate and depth of breathing Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

20. Cerebrospinal fluid Pons Medulla Brain Nerve signals trigger contraction of muscles 1 Breathing control centers respond to pH of blood 2 Nerve signals indicating CO 3 Diaphragm Rib muscles CO2 and O2 levels CO2 and O2 sensors in aorta Control centers that regulate breathing

22. 22.10 Blood transports respiratory gases The heart pumps blood to two regions – The right side pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs – The left side pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body In the lungs, blood picks up O2 and drops off CO2 In the body tissues, blood drops off O2 and picks up CO2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

23. 22.10 Blood transports respiratory gases Gases move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration –Gases in the alveoli – have more O2 and less CO2 than gases the blood –O moves from the alveoli of the lungs into the blood 2 –CO2 moves from the blood into the alveoli of the lungs –The tissues have more CO2 and less O2 than in the blood – CO2 moves from the tissues into the blood – O2 moves from the blood into the tissues Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

24. Exhaled air Inhaled air Alveolar epithelial cells CO2 O2 CO2-rich, O2-poor blood O2-rich, CO2-poor Air spaces Alveolar capillaries Gas transport and exchange in the body. blood Tissue capillaries Tissue cells throughout body Heart Interstitial fluid CO2 O2

25. 22.11 Hemoglobin carries O2, helps transport CO2, and buffers the blood Most animals transport O2 bound to proteins called respiratory pigments – Copper-containing pigment in – Mollusca – Arthropods – Iron-containing hemoglobin – Is used by almost all vertebrates and many invertebrates – Transports oxygen, buffers blood, and transports CO2 Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

26. O2 loaded in lungs Iron atom O2 O2 unloaded in tissues Polypeptide chain O2 Heme group Hemoglobin loading and unloading of O2.

27. 22.11 Hemoglobin carries O2, helps transport CO2, and buffers the blood Most CO2 in the blood is transported as bicarbonate ions in the plasma CO + H O ı H CO ı H + HCO + 2 2 2 3 3- Carbon Water Carbonic Hydrogen Bicarbonate Dioxide Acid Ions Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

28. Gas Exchange زات دل ا ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ا ــــــــــ ا

29. آ Mechanisms Of Gas Exchange ت دل ا زات Three اPhases Of Gas Exchange دل ا زات

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33. ا '( ا !)* , 01 وا ,-'(7%

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38. Amphibians تG

39. ا Reptiles وا 8 ا Mammals ت J ا Extensions Of The Body 3'- ا ' دات Increase Surface To Volume Ratio 3-C ا K ا ' ا 4') , 8 Gas Exchange زات دل ا Ventilation 4$H Countercurrent Flow ( ر ا ا Advantages G ا$ Higher Concentrations

40. ( ات ا 8(

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45. Three Major Lineages 4'G ع ر

46. ا 4*P* Nonbird Reptiles ة

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48. U وا 8 ا Lower Metabolic Rates 4O1 4O ا

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54. و 4W 3 Air Is Sampled For Odors G وا

55. ا 8 B ا , اء $H ز ا

56. 3 Nasal Cavity ،!). ا $- ا Pharynx مم$ اا Then Larynx, Past The Vocal Cords 4$ ل ا .% ر ة

57. -C ا Trachea 4G ا$H ت ا ا K ا Cartilage Rings 4 و

58. OU ت C% 4$ Paired Bronchi 4G ا$H ا M : ا Bronchioles 4G ا$H ت ا : ا Alveoli, 4G ا$H ت ا P$C ا Grapelike Clusters Of Air Sacs 4G ا$H س ا (. ا , د $? High Surface Area Of Capillaries 4$ ات ا

59. : 4 ا ' ا 4' High Surface Area Of Alveoli 4G ا$H ت ا P$C 4 ا ' ا 4' O2 Diffuses Into The Blood م ا K ا ,-'(. ا

60. : CO2 Diffuses Out Of The Blood م رج ا [ ن $%

61. ا '( ا !)* د

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64. ا !C Damaged By Smoking ,[ % ان Lung Cancer 4G

65. ن ا ط

66. L Heart Disease M اض ا

67. ا Emphysema ا V] Risk Of Heart Attacks And Strokes ت- وا M ت ا %$) 8 Raises B l o o d P r e s s u r e دم ط ا ن ر Increases Harmful Types Of Cholesterol رروولل ررةةاا رروولل اا ووااعع اا ررضض نن اا دد زز رة ا Accidents, Alcohol, Drug Abuse, HIV, And Murders Combined K? ن د` ل وا $C ا ! ط ادث , $C ا , ت $ ق ا $ ت.U. ز و ا . رات و ا 1 ا Breathing ا Alternate Inhalation And Exhalation Of Air (Ventilation) )4$H اء (ا $H ا

68. وز VHF M/ Inhalation VH: ا Rib Cage Expands ري ا0 ) ا a' د ( Diaphragm Moves Downward 8BC ب ا -C اb1 Pressure Around Lungs Decreases 4G

69. ل ا $ cO اb1

71. Air Is Drawn Into The Respiratory Tract 4' ات ا

72. ا K اء ا $H ا MC' Exhalation

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76. رج ا [ اء $H د ا

77. و Automatic Control !$ وو. اا 3C اا Breathing Control Centers % 3C ا 8( ا

78. Respond To CO2 Levels M-' م و ا ! ن $%

79. ا '( ا !)* ت $'

80. :' H ا ض ا Drop In Blood Ph Increases س ا ! درو ا دم زد# $% Rate And Depth Of Breathing ل و V? ا Transport Of Gases ا In The Human Body '). 3'B ! زات ا ) نا ا Heart Pumps Blood To Two Regions , K م ا M NO Right Side Pumps Oxygen-Poor Blood To ,G

81. K ,-'(. K

82. ,. M)- ا ا ا م ا ا ا ا NO ا The Lungs Left Side Pumps Oxygen-Rich Blood To 8B 4% K ,-'(7% !

83. '. M)- N] ا ا ا م ا ا ا اء The ا Body 3'-

84. Gas Exchange زات دل ا In The Lungs, Blood Picks Up O2 And Drops Off CO2 '( ا !)* د

85. و ,-'(. م ا ا d[e ، ,G

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87. ا In The Body Tissues, Blood Drops Off O2 And Picks Up CO2 '( ا !)* d[e و ,-'(. م ا ك ا

88. , 3'- ا 4-') ا ! ن $%

89. ا ك ا ا ت ا اO2 Moves From The Alveoli Of The Lungs K ,G

90. 4G $H P$C , ا ا م ,-'(.

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92. '( !)*

93. C ا Alveoli Of The اLungs ,G

94. 4G $H ـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــ ا ــــــــــ ا

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98. ا '( ا !)* ك

99. C O2 Moves From The Blood Into The Tissues 4-'). ا K م ا ا , ,-'(. ك ا

100. C

102. Animals Transport O2 Bound To Proteins ت و

103. % c

104. ا ,-'(. ا ت ) ا$C ا 3D Respiratory Pigments 4' ت ا ا Copper-Containing Pigment سC ا K? 4$C ت ا ا Mollusca ت$[

105. Iron-Containing Hemoglobin C ا K? ي $C ا ,%$B$H ا Vertebrates ت ر ا 3D Invertebrates ت رP ا Buffers Blood م دل ا و Heme Group 3H ا 4?$- CO2 In The Blood Is Transported As م ا ! ن $%

106. ا '( ا !)* 3D Bicarbonate Ions In The Plasma زP ا ! ت)$%

107. ت ا )$ ا 4W ھ

Chapter 22 gas exchange [compatibility mode]

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Chapter 22 gas exchange [compatibility mode]