SUSTAINABLE FOREST MANAGEMENT, BIODIVERSITY and LIVELIHOODS

1. This presentation has been prepared as part of the publication “Sustainable Forest Management,
Biodiversity and Livelihoods: A Good Practice Guide”. The CBD endorses the use and modification
of these presentation materials for non-commercial purposes. If modifying the presentation
materials, photograph credits should be maintained.
SUSTAINABLE FOREST
MANAGEMENT,
BIODIVERSITY and LIVELIHOODS

2.  OVERVIEW
INTRODUCTION
 Forestry, biodiversity and poverty reduction
 Ecosystem services provided by forests
 Environmental impacts of forestry: A snapshot
 Some current trends
GOOD PRACTICES
 Biodiversity in production forests
 Agroforestry
 Forest landscape restoration
 Forest protected areas
 Non-timber forest products
 Payments for environmental services
 The role of indigenous and local communities
 Forest biodiversity in national strategies and action plans
 Access and benefit-sharing
 Communication, education and public awareness
RESOURCES
 References

3. i
 It is estimated that 60 million indigenous people are
almost wholly dependent on forests, while 350 million
people depend on forests for a high degree for subsistence
and income (World Bank 2004).
 The poor rely on forest goods and ecosystem services for a
range of basic needs: food, shelter, clothing and heating.
 This presentation, and associated booklet, highlights some
tools which serve poverty reduction and biodiversity
conservation objectives, including: timber harvesting,
agroforestry, non-timber forest products, protected areas,
local indigenous uses, and more.
Forestry, biodiversity, and poverty reduction
INTRODUCTION

4. i
 Forests are amongst the most biologically-rich terrestrial
systems.
 Today, it is understood that forest biodiversity underpins a
wide ranges of goods and services for human well-being:
 storage and purification of drinking water
 mitigation of natural disasters such as droughts and floods
 storage of carbon and regulation of climate
 provision of food, rainfall, and a vast array of goods for
medicinal, cultural and spiritual purposes.
 Conserving forest biodiversity is a prerequisite for the long-
term and broad flow of forest ecosystem services.
Ecosystem services produced by forests
INTRODUCTION

5. i
Ecosystem goods and services
 The Millennium Ecosystem
Assessment reports that a large and
increasing number of forest
ecosystems, populations and species
are threatened globally or being lost
due to the loss and degradation of
forest habitats.
 Tropical moist forests are home to
the largest number of threatened
species of any biome. It is assumed
that numerous, but not yet
scientifically described, species are
presently being lost together with
their tropical forest habitats (MEA
2005).
INTRODUCTION
MEA(2005)
ECOSYSTEM GOODS AND SERVICES
Provisioning Services
▪ Food, Fiber and Fuel
▪ Genetic Resources
▪ Biochemicals
▪ Fresh Water
Cultural Services
▪ Spiritual and religious
values
▪ Knowledge system
▪ Education and
inspiration
▪ Recreation and
aesthetic value
Regulating Services
▪ Invasion resistance
▪ Herbivory
▪ Pollination
▪ Seed dispersal
▪ Climate regulation
▪ Pest regulation
▪ Disease regulation
▪ Natural hazard
protection
▪ Erosion regulation
▪ Water purification
Supporting Services
▪ Primary production
▪ Provision of habitat
▪ Nutrient cycling
▪ Soil formation and
retention
▪ Production of
atmospheric oxygen
▪ Water cycling

6. i
Forestry can have a variety of negative impacts on biodiversity,
particularly when carried out without management standards
designed to protect natural assets.
Biodiversity loss: Unsustainable forest operations and other pressures on
forest resources, such as gathering of fuelwood, can lead to forest
degradation and permanent losses in biodiversity.
Climate change: As forest ecosystems are important stores for carbon,
their loss has serious implications for climate change. Deforestation and
forest degradation are estimated to cause about 20% of annual
greenhouse gas emissions (SCBD 2008).
Livelihoods of forest dwellers: Forestry can also have negative impacts on
indigenous and local communities, and on the livelihoods of other forest
dwellers by competing with these communities for access to a finite forest
resource base, and by disregarding cultural or spiritual sites and practices.
Environmental impacts of forestry
INTRODUCTION

7. Illegal hunting: Increased hunting continues to be a major threat to
forest biodiversity in many countries. The depletion of wildlife is
intimately linked to the food security and livelihood of numerous
tropical forest-region inhabitants, as many of these forest-dependent
people have few alternative sources of protein and income.
Unsustainable hunting pressures are often linked to logging activities
(Nasi et al. 2008).
Illegal settlements: Another side effect of forestry operations, illegal
settlements are a threat to forest biodiversity following construction of
new forest access roads to previously inaccessible regions.
i Environmental impacts of forestryINTRODUCTION

8. i Positive impacts of forestry
Yet, forestry management has evolved considerably in past
decades, demonstrating significant positive impacts for
biodiversity conservation, while also delivering social and
economic benefits to host communities.
Sustainable Forest Management (SFM): The General Assembly of the UN
has adopted the most widely, intergovernmentally agreed defition of SFM
as: a dynamic and evolving concept aims to maintain and enhance the
economic, social and environmental value of all types of forests, for the
benefit of present and future generations (UN 2008, Resolution 62/98).
Reduced Impact Logging (RIL) practices can include some of the following:
 Directional tree felling to inflict the smallest impact on the surrounding forest;
 Establishing stream buffer zones and watershed protection areas;
 Using improved technologies to reduce damage to the soil caused by log extraction;
 Careful planning to prevent excess roads which give access to transient settlers
INTRODUCTION

9. i Some current trends: Forest biodiversityINTRODUCTION
 Forest biodiversity is being lost at an alarming rate. Key publications
such as the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2005) and the Red
List of Threatened Species™ (IUCN 2004) indicate that a large and
increasing number of forest ecosystems, populations and species are
threatened globally or being lost due to the loss and degradation of forest
habitats.
 The percentage of forest area designated for the conservation of
biological diversity has increased significantly between 1990 and 2005,
with an estimated 11.2% of total forest area having this objective as its
primary function.
 Forested wetlands represent a particularly vulnerable forest type.
Forested wetlands are highly biodiversity-rich and provide significant
ecosystem services, such as carbon sequestration, and they underpin
productive fisheries.
 Areas under agriculture and pasture are expanding, often at the
expense of forest.

10. i
Some current trends:
Sustainable use and consumption
INTRODUCTION
 More than 1.6 billion people depend to varying degrees on forests
for their livelihoods, e.g. fuelwood, medicinal plants and forest foods.
 The consumption of main timber products (roundwood, sawnwood,
pulp, paper) is expected to increase over the next 30 years.
 Illegal and /or unsustainable logging and harvesting of forest
products seriously undermine national efforts to improve sustainable
forest management in many countries. Governments, mostly in
developing countries, lose an estimated US$15 billion a year as a result
of uncollected taxes and royalties.
 There has been significant growth in some non-timber forest
products (NTFP) markets with extension of market systems to more
remote areas; growing interest in products such as herbal medicines,
wild foods, handcrafted utensils, and decorative items; and
development projects focused on production and trade of NTFPs.

11.  Civil society and private sector players are playing an increasingly
important role in management of forest products, reflecting the
public’s desire to secure a range of ecosystem services from forests.
 There has been a strong move toward both privatization and the
decentralization of control over forests, forest management services,
and enterprise.
 Market-based responses are redistributing rights to stakeholders,
making them more effective in securing both wood supplies and other
ecosystem services.
 The forest area under certification has increased rapidly in recent
years. However, to date this trend is seen primarily in industrialized
countries, and only locally in developing countries, and certification
does not yet seem to be affecting timber production or trade at a
significant scale.
iINTRODUCTION
Some current trends:
Sustainable use and consumption

12. Biodiversity in forest managementGOODPRACTICES
The International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) and the
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) have developed
“Guidelines for the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in
tropical timber production forests” (ITTO and IUCN 2009). The guidelines
include, amongst others:
1. Observe national laws, plans and practices of local communities in
forest management activities, and support the implementation of
international biodiversity related agreements.
2. Establish a forest management plan in which biodiversity
conservation objectives are clearly and explicitly identified for each area
of forest under management.
3. In preparation of harvesting plans, pay particular attention to the
local occurrence of species or habitats of special conservation concern
and species that perform vital ecological functions
>> Biodiversity in production forests

13. Biodiversity in forest managementGOODPRACTICES
4. Plan the allocation of tropical production forests at a landscape scale
and plan harvesting blocks in ways that do not disrupt the continuity of
mature forests.
5. Raise public and political awareness on international/national laws
and disseminate biodiversity information and strategies using various
media.
6. Coordinate actions of forest owners, users and managers across
landscapes to best ensure the maintenance of sufficient high quality
connected habitat for species.
7. Large-scale planted forests can provide a forest matrix within which
areas of high conservation value can be protected and managed.
Encourage the establishment of representative natural forest within the
plantation estate and, where possible, the restoration of natural forests
on appropriate sites.
>> Biodiversity in production forests

14. CASE STUDY
GOODPRACTICES
Biodiversity in production forests (Malaysia)
 Approximately 1.5 million hectares in the Malaysian state of Sarawak are
degraded forests, earmarked for tree plantations (Hevea brasiliensis (rubber)
and Acacia mangium)
 Grand Perfect Sdn Bhd, a consortium of local timber companies, has
planned three types of land uses in the project area:
1. state lands earmarked for A. mangium planting (230,000 hectares);
2. indigenous customary rights and former shifting cultivation lands
(110,000 hectares); and
3. conservation zones (150,000 hectares) that contain high conservation
value or other kinds of ecologically important forests.
 The project will eventually produce 5 million tonnes of industrial wood per
year and simultaneously play a crucial role in biodiversity conservation in the
state of Sarawak.
Source: ITTO and IUCN 2009

15. Agroforestry is defined as: a land-use system in which woody perennials
(trees, shrubs, palms, bamboos) are deliberately used on the same land
management unit as agricultural crops (woody or not), animals or both, in
some form of spatial arrangement or temporal sequence (ICRAF n.d.).
 Trees can provide a range of benefits in agricultural systems:
 fruit trees for nutrition and medicinal trees to combat disease.
 fodder trees that improve smallholder livestock production
 timber and fuelwood trees for shelter and energy
 Agroforestry landscapes have higher biodiversity per unit than
agricultural landscapes, and they offer habitats to numerous rare species
 Agroforestry contributes to human well-being by providing additional
income; increasing food security through a higher diversity of agricultural
products (e.g. fruits, nuts, and edible oils); and by providing fuelwood and
construction material and thus reducing deforestation.
>> Agroforestry
GOODPRACTICES Biodiversity in forest management

16. Biodiversity conservation and local livelihoods – Traditional
Rubber Agroforestry (Sumatra)
 The traditional rubber agroforests are complex multi-strata systems
important for biodiversity, yet are being destroyed by the intensification of
agriculture and other land uses
 Potential to conserve biodiversity within rubber agroforests depends on
appropriate innovative interventions, including payment mechanisms.
 The World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) in partnership with local NGOs
WARSI and Gita Buana, implemented an action-research project in Bungo
district in Jambi, Sumatra on reward mechanisms for conservation of
traditional rubber agroforests.
 Agreements to conserve 2,000 ha of jungle rubber were made with four
villages. Rewards in the form of support to establish micro-hydro power
generators, local tree nurseries and model village forests were provided.
CASE STUDY
GOODPRACTICES
Source: Joshi, L. 2009

17.  Estimates of the amount of land available for forest landscape restoration
(FLR) activities range from 350 to 850 million ha.
 The Global Partnership on Forest Landscape Restoration identifies three
main principles which characterise FLR:
1. Restoration of a balanced and agreed-upon package of forest functions;
2. Active collaboration and negotiation among a mix of stakeholders; and
3. Working across a landscape.
 Restored forest landscapes may include areas protected for watershed
management and nature conservation, well-managed commercial
plantations, tree buffers or strips along rivers to protect against flooding and
erosion, agroforestry systems, and planned community development.
 Restored forest landscapes can provide a range of benefits such as
employment opportunities, a source of timber for forest industries and local
communities, increased habitats for animals and plants, a secure and high-
quality supply of water, and recreation and tourism opportunities.
>> Forest landscape restoration
GOODPRACTICES Biodiversity in forest management

18. Restoring forests in the Miyun Reservoir watershed
benefits rural and city communities (China)
 Three quarters of the forests in the watershed of China’s Miyun
Reservoir – which provides most of the drinking water for Beijing’s 17
million residents – are in poor condition.
 Many of the residents of the watershed are poor and economically
disadvantaged, especially compared to their neighbours in the city.
 The IUCN Livelihoods and Landscape Strategy is working with the
Beijing Forestry Society to enhance local peoples’ access to forest
products, improve benefits for community livelihoods, and increase
household income by 25%. Activities being undertaken include:
 Developing a multi-stakeholder landscape and biodiversity restoration plan
for the Miyun reservoir watershed
 Investigating and improving the potential for alternative energy sources,
NTFP production and ecotourism
 Improving compensation schemes for the ecosystem services of the Miyun
reservoir.
CASE STUDY
Source: IUCN 2009
GOODPRACTICES

19. A protected area is defined by IUCN as: an area of land and/or sea
especially dedicated to the protection and maintenance of biological
diversity, and of natural and associated cultural resources, and managed
through legal or other effective means (IUCN n.d.).
 Forested protected areas can help safeguard a range of ecosystem goods
and services, and are therefore a vital tool in managing for resilient forest
ecosystems, and forest-dependent communities.
 Protected areas provide valuable and numerous benefits to:
 Protect biological diversity and evolutionary processes
 Prevent and reduce poverty by supporting livelihoods, providing social and
cultural governance and subsistence values
 Ensuring breeding grounds for wildlife and fish, critical to food security
 Generate tremendous direct economic benefits, and serve as a key asset
for the tourism industry—critical to many developing economies.
GOODPRACTICES Biodiversity in forest management
>> Forest protected areas

20. Source: Ruiz-Pérez et al. 2005
CASE STUDY
GOODPRACTICES
Livelihood benefits of an extractive forest reserve (Brazil)
 The 506,200 ha Alto Juruá Extractive Reserve (AJER), is located in the
westernmost part of the Amazon, and was created in 1990.
 The creation of AJER has allowed inhabitants within the reserve to
organise to create management plans, and to allocate responsibilities
for reserve governance.
 More secure land and tenure rights accompanying reserve creation
have led to diversification of the local economy — beans have replaced
rubber as the primary commodity, and are grown mainly on riverbanks.
 Analysis of forest cover changes during the first decade of AJER’s
establishment (1989-2000) indicates deforestation to have occurred in
only 1% of the area.
 There have been indications of recovery of threatened species such as
jaguar, tapir, peccaries, and several species of primates, assumed to be
linked to the depopulation of remote forest areas.

21.  The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment estimates that up to 96% of the
value of forests is derived from non-timber forest products (NTFPs) and
services (MEA 2005).
 Most of the more than 5,000 commercial forest products are non-timber
products, including pharmaceuticals and food.
 Forests are often the ‘pharmacy’ and ‘supermarket’ for the rural poor.
 Yet, the important role of NTFPs in the national and particular rural
economy is often not reflected in national statistics, or in relevant
strategies and plans.
 Good forest governance, including clear tenure rights and proper law
enforcement, plays a crucial role for the sustainable use of NTFPs. The
most successful approaches for governance are based on a ‘tri-partite
approach’, with government, civil society, and the private sector jointly
agreeing upon necessary reforms and improvements.
GOODPRACTICES
>> Non-timber forest products (NTFPs)
Biodiversity in forest management

22. The Novella Africa Initiative (East, Central and West Africa)
CASE STUDY
Sources: IUCN 2008, UNDP n.d.
GOODPRACTICES
 The Novella Africa Initiative is a public-private partnership formed in
2002 by Unilever, a number of internataional NGOs , and governmental
organizations and NGOs in Africa.
 The initiative is undertaking commercial scale collection and
extraction of oil from seeds of the Allanblackia (AB) tree, which is native
to tropical forests of West, Central and East Africa. This oil is used by
Unilever to make food products, such as spreads, and detergents.
 In Ghana and Tanzania, the planting of AB trees is increasing from
several thousand to about 100,000 trees a year and is being
incorporated into forest landscape restoration projects.
 The project is expected to grow to include 150,000 farmers in Ghana,
Tanzania, Nigeria, Cameroon, and Liberia over the next decade,
generating US$100 million in returns.

23.  The omission of NFTPs from government development strategies and
policies makes them more susceptible to unsustainable, unregulated and
unauthorized harvesting, as in the case of bushmeat hunting.
 Bushmeat hunting is the extraction from the wild of any non-
domesticated terrestrial mammal, bird, reptile, and amphibian.
 Hunting for food in tropical forests is an issue of concern as the scale of
hunting occurring in these regions threatens many tropical forest species; it
is also linked to the food security and livelihood of numerous tropical forest-
region inhabitants, who have few alternative sources of protein and income.
 Greater attention must therefore be given to governance issues (e.g.
policy and legislation, links to development assistance) and treating the
high-value bushmeat trade as an aspect of the national economy.
 Local empowerment of resource users is a potential key strategy to
achieve long-term sustainability.
GOODPRACTICES
>> Unsustainable, unregulated and unauthorized harvesting:
Non-timber forest products
Biodiversity in forest management

24. Wildlife management in a community reserve (Peru)
CASE STUDY
Source: Nasi et al. 2008
GOODPRACTICES
 The Reserva Comunal Tamshiyacu-Tahuayo in the Peruvian Amazon
comprises some 3,225 km2
.
 The diversity of mammals in the reserve is greater than in any other
protected area in the Amazon, and possibly globally.
 Hunting pressure is limited to local subsistence consumption, sales of
dried meat to Iquitos, and peccary pelts for sale to overseas markets.
 Wildlife management draws on community-based and co-
management strategies, involving local communities, government
agencies, NGO extension workers and researchers.
 Decisions on resource use and management are voted upon during
community meetings, and are informed by research and monitoring.
 Data shows that harvests of all species except tapir are sustainable,
and ways are being sought to ensure that tapir hunting is also reduced
to sustainable levels.

25. Payments for environmental services
Payments for environmental services (PES) can be defined as: voluntary
transactions whereby a defined environmental service (or a land-use likely
to secure that service) is bought by a buyer from a provider, on the
condition that the provider secures provision of the service (Wunder 2008).
 PES is a type of economic instrument that provides incentives to land
owners to supply environmental services, which benefit society more
broadly.
 Environmental services markets have been developed for carbon
sequestration, watershed services, biodiversity conservation, and
landscape beauty / recreation.
 PES projects can potentially serve the dual goals of preserving critical
ecosystem services and the biodiversity upon which they depend, while
also contributing to poverty reduction (UNEP and IUCN n.d.).
GOODPRACTICES

26. Pioneering payments for forest environmental services (Costa Rica)
Source: Pagiola 2008
CASE STUDY
GOODPRACTICES
 Costa Rica’s Pagos por Servicios Ambientales (PSA) recognizes four
environmental services provided by forests: mitigation of greenhouse gas
emissions, hydrological services, biodiversity conservation, and provision
of scenic beauty for recreation and ecotourism.
 Landowners must submit a sustainable forest management plan,
prepared by a licensed forester, describing plans for preventing poaching
and illegal harvesting, and outlining monitoring schedules.
 Payments for landowners: US$64/ha/year for forest conservation plans,
and US$816/ha over 10 years for plantations.
 As of 2005, about 270,000 ha were enrolled in the programme,
primarily as forest conservation contracts.
 The PSA programme has been partly credited for helping Costa Rica,
once having some of the world’s highest deforestation rates, to achieve
zero net deforestation by the early 2000s.

27. The role of indigenous and local communities
 Forests are home to an estimated 60 million indigenous people, who are
directly dependent on forest resources and the health of forest
ecosystems for their livelihoods.
 The cultural and spiritual identity of Indigenous Peoples is often linked
to intact primary forests with their rich biodiversity.
 In the Amazon basin, for example, knowledge of the medicinal,
nutritional and cultural uses of over 1,300 different forest plants is
common in local indigenous communities.
 Forest operations, as well as landscape-level planning, should take into
account both the rights and traditional knowledge of indigenous and local
communities.
 The main principle for achieving this is through the effective
participation of indigenous peoples and local stakeholders in decision-
making and governance processes, on the basis of free, prior and
informed consent to any projects, plans or changes that affect their
communities, traditional lifestyles, and environment.
GOODPRACTICES

28. Pygmy communities use GPS and community radio to protect
cultural sites (Congo)
CASE STUDY
Source: CTA 2008
GOODPRACTICES
 Congolaise Industrielle des Bois (CIB) manages a 1.3 million hectare
area of Congolese forest home to 9,000 Mbendjele Pygmies.
 Standards set by the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) require CIB to
protect ‘sites of special cultural, ecological, economic or religious
significance to indigenous peoples’.
 Such information can only come directly from the Mbendjeles, who
are dispersed throughout the forest, and most do not speak any
European languages.
 The “Indigenous People’s Voices project” allows the Mbendjeles to
plot significant forest areas using a geographic information system (GIS),
which are then accounted for in CIB’s harvesting plans.
 Using GIS and radio technology, the Mbendjele keep each other
informed about areas to be protected and areas to be logged, thereby
helping them protect their land and culture.

29. Forest biodiversity in national strategies
and action plans
National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) are important
national tools for the conservation and sustainable use of forest
biodiversity, but forests are also addressed in a number of other
strategies and action plans, such as Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers
(PRSPs). PRSPs, NBSAPs, National Forestry Programmes, and other
strategies and plans, must converge towards a holistic approach to
natural resource management at a landscape level.
GOODPRACTICES
National Strategy / Action Plan Description Leading International Process Links
National Biodiversity Strategies
and Action Plans (NBSAPs)
Main policy document for
national implementation of CBD
Secretariat of the Convention
on Biological Diversity
www.cbd.int/nbsap/
National Forest Programmes
(NFPs)
National strategy for sustainable
forest management
FAO / UNFF www.nfp-
facility.org/home/en
National Adaptation Programmes
of Action (NAPAs)
National plans for
implementation of adaptation
measures under the UNFCCC
UNFCCC / international
implementing organizations /
bilateral cooperation agencies
www.unfccc.int
Poverty Reduction Strategy
Papers (PSRPs)
National and regional strategies
for development
World Bank and International
Monetary Fund
www.imf.org/externa
l/np/prsp/prsp.asp
National and local forest
inventories and management
plans
Basic tool for forest decision-
making at local level
National and local forest
administrations

30. Local tenure facilitating forest restoration and poverty reduction
(Tanzania)
CASE STUDY
Source: PROFOR 2008
GOODPRACTICES
 The HASHI (Hifadhi Ardhi Shinyanga—Swahili for soil conservation)
project supports restoration of ngitili (forest and shrubland set aside as
traditional grazing and fodder reserves).
 Prior to the HASHI project, the forest lands of Shinyanga were highly
degraded as a result of government (both colonial and postcolonial)
policies, such as villagization and commercial coffee growing.
 The 2002 Forest Act permits forest tenure at the local level through
Village land forest reserves and Community forest reserves; rights to
use and sell forest products from ngitili are recognized.
 By 2004, at least 350,000 hectares of ngitili were restored or created
in 833 villages, encompassing a population of 2.8 million. The estimated
benefit per person per month of ngitili is US$14.

31. Access and benefit-sharing
 The third objective of the Convention on Biological Diversity provides for
“the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising out of the utilisation
of genetic resources…”
 The properties of some genetic resources from timber and non-timber
forest products have contributed to the development of a broad range of
products, including pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
 The Convention establishes that a person or institution seeking access to
a biological resource in a foreign country in order to use its genetic
material, should seek the prior informed consent of the country in which
the resource is located.
 The sharing of benefits, through technology transfer, research results,
training, and profits can contribute to poverty reduction and sustainable
development in biodiversity rich developing countries.
 Sharing of benefits can take the form of payment of royalties, joint
ownership over property rights, provision of equipment, etc..
GOODPRACTICES

32. Genetic resources from timber and non-timber forest products
EXAMPLES
GOODPRACTICES
 The properties of some genetic resources from timber and non-
timber forest products have contributed to the development of a broad
range of products, including pharmaceuticals and cosmetics.
 Some examples include:
 Calanolide A and Calanolide B, compounds isolated from the latex of
Calophyllum tree species, found in the Malaysian rain forest, have
shown potential to provide treatment for the human immunodeficiency
virus type 1 (HIV-1);
 Cussonia zimmermannii, a tree found in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and
Mozambique and widely distributed in South Africa is used as a remedy
for mental disorders;
 The bark of the Prunus Africana tree, in sub-Saharan Africa has been
used by local communities for the treatment of a variety of illnesses,
including malaria, syphilis, high blood pressure, Asthma, etc.

33. Communication, education and public awareness
 One of the core principles of Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) is
that it reflects a diverse range of societal values in reference to forest
conservation and use.
 Public awareness raising and communication activities play a critical role
in informing and educating the public, thereby allowing them to more
effectively participate in SFM decision-making.
 SFM requires the support at varying times and places from different
government departments, NGOs, indigenous and local communities,
business and industry, scientists, women’s groups, youth, and community-
based groups.
 To work with these different groups, communication, education and
public awareness (CEPA) are crucial instruments to build trust,
understanding and shared agreements for action and to reduce conflict.
 CEPA is needed to help people work together and innovate, and spread
information, knowledge, values and goals.
GOODPRACTICES

34. The Green Wave for biodiversity
CASE STUDY
GOODPRACTICES
 The Green Wave is an ongoing global biodiversity education project
that encourages young people to make a difference in conserving the
basis for life on Earth.
 The Green Wave invites children and youth in schools and groups
worldwide to plant a tree at 10 a.m. local time on 22 May – the
International Day for Biological Diversity – creating a “green wave”
across time-zones.
 Participants upload photos and text to The Green Wave website (
http://greenwave.cbd.int/) to share their tree-planting stories with
others. An interactive map goes live in the evening at 20:10 local time,
creating a second, virtual, “green wave”.
 In 2009, 42 schools and 1430 students in Managua, Nicaragua
participated in The Green Wave campaign.

35. REFERENCES
(CTA) Technical Centre for Agriculture and Rural Cooperation. 2008. ICT Update, Issue 42:
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ICRAFa. n.d. Accessed at:
http://www.worldagroforestrycentre.org/InformationResources/AgroforestryGlossary.asp.
(IUCN) International Union for the Conservation of Nature. 2004. 2004 IUCN red list of
threatened species: A global species assessment. IUCN: Switzerland and Cambridge, UK.
IUCN. 2008. Private–public partnerships can achieve sustainable and equitable development.
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IUCN. 2009. Unpublished. Restoring forests in Miyun Reservoir watershed benefits rural and
city communities (China).
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(ITTO and IUCN) International Tropical Timber Organization and the International Union for
the Conservation of Nature. 2009. ITTO/IUCN Guidelines for the Conservation and Sustainable
Use of Biodiversity in Tropical Timber Production Forests. Second Edition. ITTO Policy
Development Series 17. Also available at: http://www.itto.int/en/policypapers_guidelines/.

36. REFERENCES
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Agroforestry in Sumatra. World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), SE Asia.
(MEA) Millennium Ecosystem Assessment. 2005. Ecosystems and Human Well-Being: Policy
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Note: A complete list of references for this presentation can be found in the accompanying
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Photo credits: Slide 1, top to bottom - Eric Belvaux, UNEP, UNEP/S. Nazan, Flickr.com/retro traveler. Slide 2, top: FAO / David Gilbert.

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