1. CARE OF THE SICK AMONG PRIMITIVE
PEOPLE
H. Deepani, Nursing Tutor, School of Nursing, Colombo
2. NURSING
Oldest of the art; youngest of the profession..
Honorable profession
A great humanitarian service for all people
3. Nurse
Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to
cherish
One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the
physically, mentally, and emotionally disabled
One who advise and instruct individuals,
families, groups and communities in the
prevention, treatment of illness and diseases
and in the promotion of health.
An essential member of a health team who
cares for individuals, families and communities
in disease and illness prevention and in the
promotion of health.
5. Virginia Henderson
Nursing is the act of assisting
the individual, sick or well, in
the performance of those
activities contributing to health
or its recovery (or to a peaceful
death) that he would perform
independently if he had the
necessary strength, will, or
knowledge, and to do this in
such a way as to help him gain
independence as rapidly as
possible
6. Patient
Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to
Bear”
An individual who is in the state of physical,
mental, and emotional imbalance
An individual who seeks for nursing
assistance, medical assistance, or for
surgery due to illness or a disease.
Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing
medical or surgical care. One who is
physically or mentally disabled.
7. NURSING HISTORY
As an instinctive response to the desire to keep
health the sick
Responsibility – nurturing children, care of the
elderly and the sick
Spans from the history of mankind
Providing care and comfort for those suffering
from illness and injury.
The first nurse – the first mother
8. PREHISTORIC ERA
Supernatural beliefs on Illness
Disease seen as “magic” “sin” or“ punishment”
Rituals to chase evils from the body
Songs, dance, costumes made from animal
skin to scare and chase evil spirits by Medicine
man (WEDA)
9. PREHISTORIC ERA CTD..
Making hole in the skull (Trephining) to take evil
out
Hitting the aching body part
Herbs to induce vomiting to relieve abdominal
pain
Black magic –to make people sick/ suffer
White magic – to cure illness
12. EGYPT (BC 3000-1750)
By the Nile river
North Africa
Present largest Arab
country
Great cultural
accomplishments
First stone document
(Hieroglyphics)
Great architecture,
agriculture methods
13.
14. First book/ paper -Papyrus
Pyramids – Tomb of Paraoh
Mummy – dead body of Paraoh covered with
bandages
Embalming of body – knowledge of A & P
365 days year , 30 days and 12 months –
Calendar (remaining 5 days for worship of
Gods)
Place to worship Gods - Church
15. THREE PERIOD OF EGYPTIAN HISTORY
The old kingdom (3000- 2000 BC)
The middle kingdom (2000- 1750 BC)
The new kingdom
16. GODS OF EGYPT
1. Osiris
God of sun/ vegetation (agriculture)
Married to his sister Isis
Reborn after death to conceive a son (king od
the dead)
17. 2. Isis
God of earth
Wife and sister of Osiris
Mother of Horus
Introduced mummy and rebirth
3. Horus
Son of Osiris and Isis
God of light and sky
18. 4. Seth
God of desert and storms
Associate with chaos and darkness
Killed his brother Osiris for crown
5. Imhotep
A real person known as a God
A skillful person in several aspects
A priest doctor
Founder of astronomy and architecture
Construction of first stone pyramid
19. MEDICINE AND HEALTH PRACTICES
Priest doctor – priest communicated with God to
cure illness
Use of herb (radish, garlic, onion) as Abx
Powdered liver (vit A) for night blindness
Suturing wounds
Embalming dead body
Cleanliness and hygiene important
Physiotherapy and heat therapy
Papyri documenting for medical students’
reference
20. Trepanning for head injuries
Teeth extractions
Autopsy (post mortem) and surgery
use of honey (antiseptic), Mint (gastric
ailment), pomegranate ( parasite and worm
infestations), yeast (ulcers, gastric diseases),
honey and milk (respiratory diseases)
Punishment for doctors if treatment incorrect
21.
22. NURSING
Not prominent
Wet mother (lactating
women for motherless
children)
Temple women –
beginning of nursing
?(concern on hygiene
and health)
Care for injured from
war
Home based care
23. INVENTION OF ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
Back ink
Potter’s wheel
First ox-drawn plows
365 day calendar
Paper
First pyramids
Organized labor
Hieroglyphics
sails
25. BABYLONIA (BC 4000-3000)
Babylon - Gate of the Gods
Famous city of Mesopotamia
The town of Babylon was located along the
Euphrates River
King Hammurabi united all Mesopotamia under
one flag – Babylonia
Cradle of all cultures
Hanging garden ( a wonder of world)
In present-day Iraq, about 50 miles south of
Baghdad..
29. Code of Low of
Hammurabi
Stone document written
on human rights
Oldest stone document
in the world
30. LAW OF HAMMURABI
1st record on the medical practice
Established the medical fees
Discouraged experimentation
Specific doctor for each disease
Punishment for doctors for wrong treatment
Right of patient to choose treatment between
the use of medicine, or surgical procedure
31.
32. HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICE
Disease caused by sin or bad behaviors
Fortune telling
Palm reading
Personal hygiene important
Preventive aspects of disease highlighted
Tampoon for nasal bleeding
Nursing not prominent
Home care or care at temples
33. PERSIA (BC 500)
Neighbor to Babylonia
Present Iran
“Zendavesta” – sacred
document by Zoroaster
Considered earth, water
and fire as sacred
things
Medicine or nursing not
prominent
34.
35. GREECE (BC 2000)
Present Bulgaria and
Turkey
Great history in philosophy,
mathematics and science
Minoans & Mycenaean –
first two population groups
Belief on several Gods
36.
37. GODS OF GREECE
1. Apollo
A powerful sky God
Son of the Zeus & Leto
Twin brother of artemis
God of prosperity, harmony & Medicine
Ability to tell the future
38. 2. Artemis
Daughter of Zeus & Leto
Sister of Apollo
Goddess of wild life & Patrons of hunters/
Goddess of moon
Important Goddess in lives of women ( Virginity)
Protector of chastity and nurture of the young
39. 3. Askelepious ( Blameless physician)
Occupied in medicine
Wife The Soothing Goddess
Three daughters
-Hygeia (Hygiene)
-Panacea (Treatment with drugs)
-Medritina (Community Health)
Youngest son – cure of illness
40. GREEK PHILOSOPHERS
1. Hippocrates
Born in 460 BC in the Island of Cos
Son of a priest physician
Observed that the cause of disease is not
supernatural but a natural process
Father of modern medicine
Introduced the Role of the physician –aid the
natural resistance of the body to overcome
metabolic imbalance
42. 2. Archimedes
Mathematician, inventor and astronomer
Introduced the theory of hydrostatics, statics and
principle of lever
Invented screw pump and siege engines
3. Plato
Mathematician and a philosopher
Student of Socrates
Founder of the Academy in Athens (1st institution
of higher education of western world)
Institution closed in 529 A.D. (?threat to
Christianity)
44. 4. Aristotle
Philosopher and polymath
A student of Plato
Great writer (physics, poetry, music, logic,
linguistics, politics, ethics, biology & Zoology)
His writing laid the foundation for
comprehensive system of western philosophy
5. Alexander the Great
Born in Pella, Greece in 356 BC.
Student of Aristotle
King of Macedon (undefeated king)
45. 6. Homer
Author of Iliad and Odyssey (Value of ancient
Greeks)
Greatest ancient epic poet
8. Socrates
Great contributor for the field of ethics and
logic
Provided foundation for western philosophy
46. HEALTH CARE PRACTICE IN ANCIENT GREEK
Initial belief
– disease as a punishment of God
- Cure as a gift from God
5th century BC- material causes for illness
(identified Four humors)
- Sanguine – blood (liver)
- Choleric - yellow bile (Gallbladder)
- Melancholic - black bile (Spleen)
- Phlegmatic –Phlegm (Brain)
47. Use of surgical instruments (forceps, scalpels,
catheters etc..)
Maintaining personal hygiene and cleanliness
of patients
Use of hot water bath
Massage techniques
Xenodochian – waiting halls and treatment
center for foreigners
Iatrion – similar to present dispensary or OPD
Nursing not prominent
48.
49. ROME (753 B.C.)
Rome was founded by
Romulus and Remus
who were raised by a
she-wolf
Developed around
“Tiber river” in Italy
50. Worship Gods at home with small statue
Several Romance languages derived from Latin
(Italian, French, Spanish, Portuguese)
Development of western Alphabet
Julius Caesar (BC 100-44) ruled as a dictator
His nephew Octavian became Rome's first
emperor, assuming the title Augustus. (Golden
Era of Rome)
Very rich people
51.
52.
53. During the reign of Augustus, Christ was born,
Christians were persecuted until the 4th
century
Rome became the main centre of Christianity
Finally, in 1870, Rome became the capital of
the newly unified Italy.
Romans adopted Greek mythology into their
own
Giving Roman names to Greek Gods ??
54.
55. Greek name Roman name
1 Zeus Jupiter (Thunder, Lightening)
2 Goddess Hera Juno (Protector of Rome)
3 Area Mars (God of war)
4 Hermes Mercury (God of trade)
5 Poseidon Neptune (God of sea)
6 Goddess Aphrodite Venus (love & beauty)
7 Apollo Apollo (Music, Poetry)
8 Goddess Athena Minerva (Goddess of wisdom)
9 Goddess Demeter Ceres (Goddess of agriculture)
10
.
Artemis Diana (Goddess of moon)
56. HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICE
Medicine adopted from Greece
Nursing not prominent
Great concern on hygiene (bath several times a
day)
Sewage systems to carry out waste
Claudius Galen – Greek Physician, established
Hippocrates ideas in Rome, learned at medical
school in Alexandria in Egypt. Dissected pigs and
apes to learn anatomy
57. CHINA (3000 BC)
The oldest continuous civilization in the world
Culture based on Confucius teaching (551- 479
BC)
Four main dynasties
– Xia (2000- 1600BC)
- Shang (1600- 1046BC)
-Qin (221-206BC)
-Han (206- 220)
58.
59. Buddhist philosophy in200 BC
Development of temples and statues
Recognition for women
Inventions
-compass
-gun powder
-paper
-steel
-porcelain
60.
61. HEALTH BELIEF AND PRACTICE
Health & illness based on “Yin & Yang theory”
Imbalance –disease & Balance – good health
Preventive aspects (acupuncture, hydrotherapy,
massage, exercises)
Medical document “The recipes for fifty two
ailments” -186 BC (chanting spells, herbal
medicine, cauterization for warts & snake bites,
possession by demons )
62.
63. By 100 BC, major center of medical research
World best doctors
“Neijing” (a book about medicine) explained
the causes for diseases
Ge Hong (300 AD) – first Doctor who wrote
correct treatment for malaria
Sun Simiao – wrote how should a doctor
behave
Hunang Tie – The Canon of Internal Medicine
(circulation, pulse, observation methods etc..)
64. PALESTINE
Present Israel
Natives – Hebrew
Slaves of Greece for a long period
Moses freed the from slavery
Jerusalem – centre of politics
Era of David & Solomon 1100 BC ( Golden era
of Palestine)
Babylonian invasion by 2nd Nebuchadnezzar
and destroy the cities
65. Origin of Old Testament (Part of the Bible)
-world creator
- highly believed in God
2nd invasion by Rome
66. HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICE
Priest doctors
Concerned on food hygiene, personal hygiene,
Food inspection, communicable disease,
isolation techniques )
Great ladies – Ruth Jessibal, Deborah,
Robecca, Lady Macbeth)
Nursing not prominant
67. INDIA
Begins with Indus Valley
Civilization
6th century –
emergence of
Buddhism
68.
69.
70. HEALTH BELIEFS AND PRACTICE
Origin of Ayurveda
-diseases, symptoms & cure
-herbal medicine
Charaka Samhitha – Sanskrit text on Ayurveda
medicine (standard text book)
Shushruta Samhitha – Ayurveda & Surgery
Evidence on Plastic surgery, dental extraction,
cataract extraction
71. Study of human
anatomy with dissection
of dead bodies
Origin of “Yoga” –
system of exercise for
physical & mental
wellbeing
72. ESTABLISHMENT OF NURSING
Beginning with young men
Women for child birth
1664 – hospital for soldiers in Madras
1797 – Lying-in- Hospital for poor in Madras
1854 – Training School for Midwives In Madras
1867 – St. Stephens Hospital in Delhi (1st
nursing training for girls)
1908 – trained nurses association
73. 1918 – nursing schools at Delhi & Karachi (
Supervisors miss. Griffin & Miss Graham)
1926 – registration council for nurses (Madras)
31st December 1947 –The Indian Nursing
council
1960 – college of nursing Delhi (master’s
degree and post graduate programs)