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Designing Interactions 2013-2:
DISCOVERY MODE
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Introduction » Learning Objectives and Outline
Designing Interactions:
Discovery “Mode”
Learning Outcomes
§  You will understand all the preparation necessary
to conduct user research;
§  You will understand the basics of conducting
Contextual Inquiry Studies
Class Outline
§  Understand the Design Challenge
§  Define Your Audience
§  Prepare for Research
§  Contextual Inquiry
Introduction:
Collect / Create / Relate / Donate
Collect
Learn from previous
experiences
!
Relate
Consult with peers
and mentors
"
#
$
Create
Explore, compose,
and evaluate
possible solutions
Donate
Disseminating
results
Shneiderman, B. (February 1999), Creating Creativity for Everyone: User Interfaces for
Supporting Innovation, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7, 1 (March 2000),
114-138.
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Introduction » Collect / Create / Relate / Donate
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved
September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved
September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Discovery
Discovery builds a solid foundation for your ideas,
opening up to new opportunities, and getting
inspired to create new ideas.
Discovery
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved
September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
Sharon, T., (2014), “Tools for Entrepreneurs: Flying Cars, UX Research,
Attitude and Behavior” in Google for Entrepreneurs, retrieved on April 4th,
2014 from http://www.google.com/entrepreneurs/onlinelearning/
Tomer, S., (2012),
It's Our Research: Getting Stakeholder Buy-in for User Experience
Research Projects, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition (April 2, 2012)
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved
September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved
September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
Let’s review what we’ve go so far:
§  A Design Challenge
§  A Definition of Your Audience
§  A list of Assumptions
§  A list of Research Questions
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Relate » Discovery » Prepare for Research
Discovery:
Prepare for Research
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Definitions
Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people
and γράφω grapho = to write) is
the science of contextualization
Ethnography:
Definitions
Greenhouse, Carol (2009). Ethnographies of Neoliberalism. Philadelphia: University of
Pennsylvania Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780812241921.
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Definitions
It is often employed for gathering empirical data on
human societies and cultures. Data collection is
often done through participant observation,
interviews, questionnaires, etc.
Ethnography:
Definitions
Wikipedia (2011), Ethnography, retrieved on September 13th, 2011 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Definitions
A qualitative description of the human social
condition, based on fieldwork and observation.
Ethnography:
Definitions
Kolko, J. (2008), INF385T | Information Design Studio, Lecture 4: Ethnography, Contextual
Inquiry, and Contextual Design, UT Austin: School of Information
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » How we know what to design
Ethnography:
How we know what to design?
Kolko, J. (2008), INF385T | Information Design Studio, Lecture 4: Ethnography, Contextual
Inquiry, and Contextual Design, UT Austin: School of Information
All ethnographic techniques attempt to understand
and document user behavior:
What People Do?
Why they Do it?
Kolko, J., (2011), Thoughts on Interaction Design, Second Edition,
Morgan Kaufmann; 2nd edition (February 8,2011)
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » What can it do and what it cannot
Ethnography:
What can it do and what it cannot
Ethnography is good for:
§  Understanding problems
within existing designs;
§  Understanding how
people work, play and live;
§  Understanding why
people do the things they
do with a service, product
or system;
Ethnography is bad for:
§  Determining if someone
would buy a certain
product or service;
§  Identifying how much
someone would pay for a
certain product or service;
§  Understanding what color,
texture, material, size, or
shape to make a certain
product;
Young, Indi. 2008. User Research Types Matrix in
Mental Models: Aligning Design Strategy with Human Behavior. New York:
Rosenfeld Media.
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Tools & Techniques
Ethnography:
Tools & Techniques
1.  Contextual Inquiry
Context, Partnership,
Interpretation &
Focus.
2.  Interviews
No context for
observation.
3.  Passive Observation
Anthropological:
become invisible and
simply watch.
4.  Evaluative Ethnography
Introduce a new object
in the environment to
understand its effects
5.  Kinesics
Understanding the
non-verbal behavior
related to the human
movement.
Portigal, S., (2013), Interviewing Users, Rosenfeld Media;
1st edition (May 2, 2013)
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Tools & Techniques
Ethnography:
Tools & Techniques
1.  Contextual Inquiry
Context, Partnership,
Interpretation &
Focus.
2.  Interviews
No context for
observation.
3.  Passive Observation
Anthropological:
become invisible and
simply watch.
4.  Evaluative Ethnography
Introduce a new object
in the environment to
understand its effects
5.  Kinesics
Understanding the
non-verbal behavior
related to the human
movement.
Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997),
Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan
Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Contextual Inquiry
Ethnography:
Contextual Inquiry
Contextual inquiry defines four principles to guide
the interaction with users:
§  Context
Interviews are
conducted in the
user’s actual
workplace.
§  Partnership
User and researcher
collaborate to
understand the user’s
work.
§  Interpretation
The researcher shares
their interpretations
and insights with the
user during the
interview
§  Focus
The researcher steers
the interaction
towards topics which
are relevant to the
team’s scope.
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Contextual Inquiry » Advantages
Contextual Inquiry:
Advantages
Contextual inquiry offers the following advantages
over other customer research methods:
§  Reveals tacit knowledge
§  Produces highly reliable information
§  Produces highly detailed information
§  It is a very flexible technique
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Contextual Inquiry » The Context
Contextual Inquiry:
The Context
The researcher watches users do their own work
tasks and discusses any artifacts they generate or
use with them. In addition, the researcher gathers
detailed re-tellings of specific past events when they
are relevant to the project focus
Wikipedia (2011), Contextual Inquiry, retrieved on September 13th, 2011 from
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_inquiry
Medeiros, I., (2010), People, Tools, Process & Artifacts in User Research
retrieved 5 November 2013 from
http://designative.info/project/user-research/
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » The Context » People and Culture are Incredibly Complex
The Context:
People and Culture are Incredibly Complex
Ethnography offers a way to make sense of this
complexity. It lets us see beyond our preconceptions
and immerse ourselves in the world of others. Most
importantly, it allows us to see patterns of behavior
in a real world context—patterns that we can
understand both rationally and intuitively.
AIGA (2011), An Ethnography Primer, retrieved on September 13th, 2011 from
http://www.aiga.org/ethnography-primer/
TED Conferences, LLC, 2011, “Jan Chipchase on our mobile phones”,
in TED2007, retrieved on July 5th, 2011,
http://www.ted.com/talks/view/lang/eng//id/190
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » The Context » Gather Inspiration
The Context:
Gather Inspiration
With a curious mindset, inspiration and new
perspectives can be found in many places […]
Sharpen your skills in observing the world around
you.
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved
September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
Medeiros, I. (2009), Living in China: Shanghai’s Pajamas Sightings in
{ design@tive } thoughts on Design, Technology & Culture, retrieved September 1st , 2011
from http://designative.info/2010/03/25/living-in-china-shanghais-pajamas-sightings/
Medeiros, I. (2010), Blind-dating in China: parents "setting their kids up”, retrieved
September 1st , 2011 from http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/3957914152/
Medeiros, I. (2010), Blind-dating in China: "tall handsome guy looking for love... or for
somebody with 2 masters degrees”, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from
http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/3957600785/
Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled [Photograph; The Dubai Mall Courtesy Policy Notice,
Dubai (UAE).]
Medeiros, I. (2009), Untitled in Trips: Hong Kong 2009-2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011
from http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9203967056/
Medeiros, I. (2010), Untitled in Trips: Japan 2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from
http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9200540319/
Medeiros, I. (2010), Untitled in Trips: Japan 2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from
http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9201902447/
Medeiros, I. (2010), Untitled in Trips: Seoul 2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from
http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9203723240/
Medeiros, I. (2010), Untitled in Trips: Seoul 2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from
http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9200973227/
Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled in Itamar Medeiros's Photos, retrieved October 31st , 2013
from https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151118302052493&l=e97dd0dd46
Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled [Photograph; Pedestrian Crossing Button, Bonn (Germany).]
Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled [Photograph; Pedestrian Crossing Button, Dubai (UAE).]
Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled [Photograph; Pedestrian Crossing Button, Atlanta GA (USA).]
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » The Context » Plan your Observations
The Context:
Plan your Observations
Think of certain aspects of your experience you want
to capture, such as:
§  What emotions do you
experience? Surprise?
Frustration? Motivation?
Decision making factors?
And why?
§  What interactions do
you observe, and how
do they feel?
§  What is the mood of
the room? What is the
lighting like? What is
the temperature? How
is it affecting
everyone?
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators,
retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Build a Questionnaire
Plan your Observations:
Build a Questionnaire
Having a good conversation with a stranger is not
always easy. When speaking with research
participants, you have to both build trust and help
them feel comfortable while collecting relevant
information. Carefully prepare for your
conversations in order to manage this delicate
balance.
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators,
retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Build a Questionnaire
Plan your Observations:
Build a Questionnaire
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators,
retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
1.  Identify Topics
What do you need to learn
about your challenge? What
are you hoping to
understand about people’s
motivations and
frustrations? What do you
want to learn about their
activities?
2.  Develop Questions
Formulate open-ended
questions that explore these
topics, such as:
» “Tell me about an experience...”
» “What are the best/worst parts
about…?”
» “Can you help me understand
more about…?”
3. Organize Your Questions
Use the following structure:
» Start with specifics: ask
questions your participants
are comfortable answering
» Go broad: ask more
profound questions about
hopes, fears and ambitions.
» Probe deep: explore your
challenge or any interesting
theme. Consider prompting
thoughts with “what if”
scenarios.
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Be Prepared
Plan your Observations:
Build a Questionnaire
Be Prepared!
Austin Center for Design (2009-2011), Design Research Tools in
Design Research Toolkit, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from
http://www.ac4d.com/2010/12/06/design-research-toolkit/
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Explore and Take Notes
Plan your Observations:
Explore and Take Notes
Try to blend in with everyone else during your
observation.
§  Find a spot that’s
out of the way.
§  Take notes and
photos. Capture
interesting quotes.
§  Draw sketches,
plans and layouts.
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved
September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Explore and Take Notes
Plan your Observations:
Explore and Take Notes
Being a good “apprentice”:
§  Be a keen observer
§  Don’t be afraid to ask questions
§  Maintain an attitude of inquiry and learning
§  Admire the Master as an expert in his/her work
§  Aspire to see the World as they do
Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997), Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems,
Morgan Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann;
1 edition (April 22, 2003)
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Collect
Explore and Take Notes:
What to Collect
The tools they use. Note whether the tools are be
used as they’re designed or repurposed. How do the
tools interact? What are the brands? What kind of
Post-its they have around their monitor/desk?
Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition
(April 22, 2003)
Medeiros, I., (2010), People, Tools, Process & Artifacts in User Research
retrieved 5 November 2013 from
http://designative.info/project/user-research/
Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997),
Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan
Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Collect
Explore and Take Notes:
What to Collect
The sequences in which actions occur. The order of
action is important in terms of their understanding
about the task. Is there a set order that’s dictated by
the tools or by office culture? When does the order
matter?
Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition
(April 22, 2003)
Informatics@Northwestern (2012), IKEA Instructions
in My checklist for deploying mission critical web apps, retrieved 5 November 2013
from http://informatics.northwestern.edu/blog/tag/step-by-step-instructions/
Copyright status: Unknown (pending investigation).
Retrieved November 27th 2013 from
http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/contextual_design.html
Kolko, J. (2008), Workflow Model of Getting a Tattoo in INF385T | Methods
of Design Synthesis, Lecture 2: Ethnography, Contextual Inquiry, and Work
Flow Modeling, UT Austin: School of Information
Medeiros, I. (2007-2013), Swimlane Diagrams in Data Visualization,
retrieved November 27th, 2013 from
http://designative.info/project/data-visualization/#Swimlane_Diagrams
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Collect
Explore and Take Notes:
What to Collect
Their methods of organization. People cluster some
information for convenience and some out of
necessity. The clustering my be shared between
people, or it may be unique to the individual being
observed. How do they organize the information
elements they use?
Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition
(April 22, 2003)
Murray, K. (2010), The Pit and the Password Pendulum
in Kevin’s Security Scrapbook retrieved 5 November 2013 from
http://spybusters.blogspot.de/2010_09_01_archive.html
Contextual Inquiries
Costumer Visit at an Electric Distribution Utility Company to understand the
artifacts produced by Electric Distribution Designers in the Utility Design domain.
Contextual Inquiries
Costumer Visit at an Electric Distribution Utility Company to understand the
artifacts produced by Electric Distribution Designers in the Utility Design domain.
Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997),
Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan
Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Collect
Explore and Take Notes:
What to Collect
Artifacts. The non-digital tools people user to help
them accomplish the tasks they’re trying to do.
Documenting and collecting people’s artifacts can be
enlightening.
Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition
(April 22, 2003)
Medeiros, I., (2010), People, Tools, Process & Artifacts in User Research
retrieved 5 November 2013 from
http://designative.info/project/user-research/
Contextual Inquiries
Costumer Visit at an Electric Distribution Utility Company to understand the
artifacts produced by Electric Distribution Designers in the Utility Design domain.
Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997),
Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan
Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
Huang, K. H., & Deng, Y. S. (2008). Chinese Tradition of Tea Drinking Artifact
Model in Social interaction design in cultural context: A case study of a
traditional social activity. International Journal of Design, 2(2), 81-96.
Holtzblatt, K., (2001). Artifact Model of a Car in Beyond the Tower of Babel.,
retrieved September 21st, 2011 from
http://incontextdesign.com/articles/beyond-the-tower-of-babel/
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Look for
Explore and Take Notes:
What to Look for
§  Workarounds
§  Mismatch between what people say and do
§  Offhand, under the breath comments
§  Sighs
§  Rolling of eyes
§  Confessions
Kolko, J. (2008), INF385T | Information Design Studio, Lecture 4: Ethnography, Contextual
Inquiry, and Contextual Design, UT Austin: School of Information
§  Workarounds
§  Mismatch between what people say and do
§  Offhand, under the breath comments
§  Sighs
§  Rolling of eyes
§  Confessions
§  Wants, Needs, Goals,
Motivations
§  Touch Points
§  Sequences
§  Workarounds
§  Pain / Break Points
§  Feelings
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » Capture What You’ve Seen
Explore and Take Notes:
Capture What You’ve Seen
Things you must do immediately after your
observation:
§  Take some time to
capture the things
you found most
interesting.
§  Write them on Post-it
Notes (or any re-
sortable media) so you
will be able to
reorganize them later.
IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved
September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
Kolko, J. (2008), INF385T | Information Design Studio, Lecture 4: Ethnography, Contextual
Inquiry, and Contextual Design, UT Austin: School of Information
Young, Indi. 2008. Contextual Inquiry notes in
Mental Models: Aligning Design Strategy with Human Behavior. New York:
Rosenfeld Media.
Young, Indi. 2008. Affinity Diagrams in
Mental Models: Aligning Design Strategy with Human Behavior. New York:
Rosenfeld Media.
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Create » Plan your Observations » Exercise
Plan your Observations:
Exercise #1
Let’s finalize the preparation of our research.
The output of this exercise should be:
§  A refined Design Challenge
§  A clear Definition of Your Audience
§  A questionnaire to guide you through the
contextual inquiry interviews
Plan your Observations:
Exercise #2
Once all that is defined, let’s plan our Pilot Interview.
The output of this exercise should be:
§  Audio/Video Records;
§  A list of “Labeled Facts” or post-it notes
§  An updated questionnaire
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Create » Plan your Observations » Exercise
Go to the KISD Space for this course and share with
the group:
1.  Any updates to Design Challenge
2.  Any updates to definition of Your Audience
3.  The questionnaire that will guide you through
the contextual inquiry interviews
Itamar Medeiros
http://designative.info/
http://twitter.com/designative
itamar.medeiros@designative.info
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Donate » Disseminating Results
Donate:
Disseminating Results
Go to the KISD Space for this course and share with
the group:
4.  Audio/Video Records of your Pilot interview;
5.  A list of “Labeled Facts” or post-it notes of your
Pilot interview;
6.  An updated questionnaire
Itamar Medeiros
http://designative.info/
http://twitter.com/designative
itamar.medeiros@designative.info
{ Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” }
Youareat: Donate » Disseminating Results
Donate:
Disseminating Results

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Designing Interactions / Experiences: Lecture #02

  • 2. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Introduction » Learning Objectives and Outline Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” Learning Outcomes §  You will understand all the preparation necessary to conduct user research; §  You will understand the basics of conducting Contextual Inquiry Studies Class Outline §  Understand the Design Challenge §  Define Your Audience §  Prepare for Research §  Contextual Inquiry
  • 3. Introduction: Collect / Create / Relate / Donate Collect Learn from previous experiences ! Relate Consult with peers and mentors " # $ Create Explore, compose, and evaluate possible solutions Donate Disseminating results Shneiderman, B. (February 1999), Creating Creativity for Everyone: User Interfaces for Supporting Innovation, ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction 7, 1 (March 2000), 114-138. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Introduction » Collect / Create / Relate / Donate
  • 4. IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 5. IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 6. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Discovery Discovery builds a solid foundation for your ideas, opening up to new opportunities, and getting inspired to create new ideas. Discovery IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 7. Sharon, T., (2014), “Tools for Entrepreneurs: Flying Cars, UX Research, Attitude and Behavior” in Google for Entrepreneurs, retrieved on April 4th, 2014 from http://www.google.com/entrepreneurs/onlinelearning/
  • 8. Tomer, S., (2012), It's Our Research: Getting Stakeholder Buy-in for User Experience Research Projects, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition (April 2, 2012)
  • 9. IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 10. IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 11. Let’s review what we’ve go so far: §  A Design Challenge §  A Definition of Your Audience §  A list of Assumptions §  A list of Research Questions { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Relate » Discovery » Prepare for Research Discovery: Prepare for Research
  • 12. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Definitions Ethnography (from Greek ἔθνος ethnos = folk/people and γράφω grapho = to write) is the science of contextualization Ethnography: Definitions Greenhouse, Carol (2009). Ethnographies of Neoliberalism. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780812241921.
  • 13. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Definitions It is often employed for gathering empirical data on human societies and cultures. Data collection is often done through participant observation, interviews, questionnaires, etc. Ethnography: Definitions Wikipedia (2011), Ethnography, retrieved on September 13th, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography
  • 14. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Definitions A qualitative description of the human social condition, based on fieldwork and observation. Ethnography: Definitions Kolko, J. (2008), INF385T | Information Design Studio, Lecture 4: Ethnography, Contextual Inquiry, and Contextual Design, UT Austin: School of Information
  • 15. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » How we know what to design Ethnography: How we know what to design? Kolko, J. (2008), INF385T | Information Design Studio, Lecture 4: Ethnography, Contextual Inquiry, and Contextual Design, UT Austin: School of Information All ethnographic techniques attempt to understand and document user behavior: What People Do? Why they Do it?
  • 16. Kolko, J., (2011), Thoughts on Interaction Design, Second Edition, Morgan Kaufmann; 2nd edition (February 8,2011)
  • 17. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » What can it do and what it cannot Ethnography: What can it do and what it cannot Ethnography is good for: §  Understanding problems within existing designs; §  Understanding how people work, play and live; §  Understanding why people do the things they do with a service, product or system; Ethnography is bad for: §  Determining if someone would buy a certain product or service; §  Identifying how much someone would pay for a certain product or service; §  Understanding what color, texture, material, size, or shape to make a certain product;
  • 18. Young, Indi. 2008. User Research Types Matrix in Mental Models: Aligning Design Strategy with Human Behavior. New York: Rosenfeld Media.
  • 19. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Tools & Techniques Ethnography: Tools & Techniques 1.  Contextual Inquiry Context, Partnership, Interpretation & Focus. 2.  Interviews No context for observation. 3.  Passive Observation Anthropological: become invisible and simply watch. 4.  Evaluative Ethnography Introduce a new object in the environment to understand its effects 5.  Kinesics Understanding the non-verbal behavior related to the human movement.
  • 20. Portigal, S., (2013), Interviewing Users, Rosenfeld Media; 1st edition (May 2, 2013)
  • 21. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Tools & Techniques Ethnography: Tools & Techniques 1.  Contextual Inquiry Context, Partnership, Interpretation & Focus. 2.  Interviews No context for observation. 3.  Passive Observation Anthropological: become invisible and simply watch. 4.  Evaluative Ethnography Introduce a new object in the environment to understand its effects 5.  Kinesics Understanding the non-verbal behavior related to the human movement.
  • 22. Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997), Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
  • 23. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Ethnography » Contextual Inquiry Ethnography: Contextual Inquiry Contextual inquiry defines four principles to guide the interaction with users: §  Context Interviews are conducted in the user’s actual workplace. §  Partnership User and researcher collaborate to understand the user’s work. §  Interpretation The researcher shares their interpretations and insights with the user during the interview §  Focus The researcher steers the interaction towards topics which are relevant to the team’s scope.
  • 24. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Contextual Inquiry » Advantages Contextual Inquiry: Advantages Contextual inquiry offers the following advantages over other customer research methods: §  Reveals tacit knowledge §  Produces highly reliable information §  Produces highly detailed information §  It is a very flexible technique
  • 25. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Contextual Inquiry » The Context Contextual Inquiry: The Context The researcher watches users do their own work tasks and discusses any artifacts they generate or use with them. In addition, the researcher gathers detailed re-tellings of specific past events when they are relevant to the project focus Wikipedia (2011), Contextual Inquiry, retrieved on September 13th, 2011 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contextual_inquiry
  • 26. Medeiros, I., (2010), People, Tools, Process & Artifacts in User Research retrieved 5 November 2013 from http://designative.info/project/user-research/
  • 27. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » The Context » People and Culture are Incredibly Complex The Context: People and Culture are Incredibly Complex Ethnography offers a way to make sense of this complexity. It lets us see beyond our preconceptions and immerse ourselves in the world of others. Most importantly, it allows us to see patterns of behavior in a real world context—patterns that we can understand both rationally and intuitively. AIGA (2011), An Ethnography Primer, retrieved on September 13th, 2011 from http://www.aiga.org/ethnography-primer/
  • 28. TED Conferences, LLC, 2011, “Jan Chipchase on our mobile phones”, in TED2007, retrieved on July 5th, 2011, http://www.ted.com/talks/view/lang/eng//id/190
  • 29. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » The Context » Gather Inspiration The Context: Gather Inspiration With a curious mindset, inspiration and new perspectives can be found in many places […] Sharpen your skills in observing the world around you. IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 30. Medeiros, I. (2009), Living in China: Shanghai’s Pajamas Sightings in { design@tive } thoughts on Design, Technology & Culture, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://designative.info/2010/03/25/living-in-china-shanghais-pajamas-sightings/
  • 31. Medeiros, I. (2010), Blind-dating in China: parents "setting their kids up”, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/3957914152/
  • 32. Medeiros, I. (2010), Blind-dating in China: "tall handsome guy looking for love... or for somebody with 2 masters degrees”, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/3957600785/
  • 33. Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled [Photograph; The Dubai Mall Courtesy Policy Notice, Dubai (UAE).]
  • 34. Medeiros, I. (2009), Untitled in Trips: Hong Kong 2009-2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9203967056/
  • 35. Medeiros, I. (2010), Untitled in Trips: Japan 2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9200540319/
  • 36. Medeiros, I. (2010), Untitled in Trips: Japan 2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9201902447/
  • 37. Medeiros, I. (2010), Untitled in Trips: Seoul 2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9203723240/
  • 38. Medeiros, I. (2010), Untitled in Trips: Seoul 2010, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.flickr.com/photos/designative/9200973227/
  • 39. Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled in Itamar Medeiros's Photos, retrieved October 31st , 2013 from https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=10151118302052493&l=e97dd0dd46
  • 40. Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled [Photograph; Pedestrian Crossing Button, Bonn (Germany).]
  • 41. Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled [Photograph; Pedestrian Crossing Button, Dubai (UAE).]
  • 42. Medeiros, I. (2012), Untitled [Photograph; Pedestrian Crossing Button, Atlanta GA (USA).]
  • 43. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » The Context » Plan your Observations The Context: Plan your Observations Think of certain aspects of your experience you want to capture, such as: §  What emotions do you experience? Surprise? Frustration? Motivation? Decision making factors? And why? §  What interactions do you observe, and how do they feel? §  What is the mood of the room? What is the lighting like? What is the temperature? How is it affecting everyone? IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 44. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Build a Questionnaire Plan your Observations: Build a Questionnaire Having a good conversation with a stranger is not always easy. When speaking with research participants, you have to both build trust and help them feel comfortable while collecting relevant information. Carefully prepare for your conversations in order to manage this delicate balance. IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 45. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Build a Questionnaire Plan your Observations: Build a Questionnaire IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/ 1.  Identify Topics What do you need to learn about your challenge? What are you hoping to understand about people’s motivations and frustrations? What do you want to learn about their activities? 2.  Develop Questions Formulate open-ended questions that explore these topics, such as: » “Tell me about an experience...” » “What are the best/worst parts about…?” » “Can you help me understand more about…?” 3. Organize Your Questions Use the following structure: » Start with specifics: ask questions your participants are comfortable answering » Go broad: ask more profound questions about hopes, fears and ambitions. » Probe deep: explore your challenge or any interesting theme. Consider prompting thoughts with “what if” scenarios.
  • 46. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Be Prepared Plan your Observations: Build a Questionnaire Be Prepared!
  • 47. Austin Center for Design (2009-2011), Design Research Tools in Design Research Toolkit, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.ac4d.com/2010/12/06/design-research-toolkit/
  • 48. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Explore and Take Notes Plan your Observations: Explore and Take Notes Try to blend in with everyone else during your observation. §  Find a spot that’s out of the way. §  Take notes and photos. Capture interesting quotes. §  Draw sketches, plans and layouts. IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 49. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Plan your Observations » Explore and Take Notes Plan your Observations: Explore and Take Notes Being a good “apprentice”: §  Be a keen observer §  Don’t be afraid to ask questions §  Maintain an attitude of inquiry and learning §  Admire the Master as an expert in his/her work §  Aspire to see the World as they do Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997), Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
  • 50. Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition (April 22, 2003)
  • 51. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Collect Explore and Take Notes: What to Collect The tools they use. Note whether the tools are be used as they’re designed or repurposed. How do the tools interact? What are the brands? What kind of Post-its they have around their monitor/desk? Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition (April 22, 2003)
  • 52. Medeiros, I., (2010), People, Tools, Process & Artifacts in User Research retrieved 5 November 2013 from http://designative.info/project/user-research/
  • 53. Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997), Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
  • 54. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Collect Explore and Take Notes: What to Collect The sequences in which actions occur. The order of action is important in terms of their understanding about the task. Is there a set order that’s dictated by the tools or by office culture? When does the order matter? Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition (April 22, 2003)
  • 55. Informatics@Northwestern (2012), IKEA Instructions in My checklist for deploying mission critical web apps, retrieved 5 November 2013 from http://informatics.northwestern.edu/blog/tag/step-by-step-instructions/
  • 56. Copyright status: Unknown (pending investigation). Retrieved November 27th 2013 from http://www.interaction-design.org/encyclopedia/contextual_design.html
  • 57. Kolko, J. (2008), Workflow Model of Getting a Tattoo in INF385T | Methods of Design Synthesis, Lecture 2: Ethnography, Contextual Inquiry, and Work Flow Modeling, UT Austin: School of Information
  • 58. Medeiros, I. (2007-2013), Swimlane Diagrams in Data Visualization, retrieved November 27th, 2013 from http://designative.info/project/data-visualization/#Swimlane_Diagrams
  • 59. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Collect Explore and Take Notes: What to Collect Their methods of organization. People cluster some information for convenience and some out of necessity. The clustering my be shared between people, or it may be unique to the individual being observed. How do they organize the information elements they use? Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition (April 22, 2003)
  • 60. Murray, K. (2010), The Pit and the Password Pendulum in Kevin’s Security Scrapbook retrieved 5 November 2013 from http://spybusters.blogspot.de/2010_09_01_archive.html
  • 61. Contextual Inquiries Costumer Visit at an Electric Distribution Utility Company to understand the artifacts produced by Electric Distribution Designers in the Utility Design domain.
  • 62. Contextual Inquiries Costumer Visit at an Electric Distribution Utility Company to understand the artifacts produced by Electric Distribution Designers in the Utility Design domain.
  • 63. Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997), Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
  • 64. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Collect Explore and Take Notes: What to Collect Artifacts. The non-digital tools people user to help them accomplish the tasks they’re trying to do. Documenting and collecting people’s artifacts can be enlightening. Kuniavsky, M. (2003), Observing the User Experience, Morgan Kaufmann; 1 edition (April 22, 2003)
  • 65. Medeiros, I., (2010), People, Tools, Process & Artifacts in User Research retrieved 5 November 2013 from http://designative.info/project/user-research/
  • 66. Contextual Inquiries Costumer Visit at an Electric Distribution Utility Company to understand the artifacts produced by Electric Distribution Designers in the Utility Design domain.
  • 67. Beyer, H., Holtzblatt, K., (1997), Contextual Design: Defining Customer-Centered Systems, Morgan Kaufmann; 1st edition (September 15, 1997)
  • 68. Huang, K. H., & Deng, Y. S. (2008). Chinese Tradition of Tea Drinking Artifact Model in Social interaction design in cultural context: A case study of a traditional social activity. International Journal of Design, 2(2), 81-96.
  • 69. Holtzblatt, K., (2001). Artifact Model of a Car in Beyond the Tower of Babel., retrieved September 21st, 2011 from http://incontextdesign.com/articles/beyond-the-tower-of-babel/
  • 70. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » What to Look for Explore and Take Notes: What to Look for §  Workarounds §  Mismatch between what people say and do §  Offhand, under the breath comments §  Sighs §  Rolling of eyes §  Confessions Kolko, J. (2008), INF385T | Information Design Studio, Lecture 4: Ethnography, Contextual Inquiry, and Contextual Design, UT Austin: School of Information
  • 71. §  Workarounds §  Mismatch between what people say and do §  Offhand, under the breath comments §  Sighs §  Rolling of eyes §  Confessions §  Wants, Needs, Goals, Motivations §  Touch Points §  Sequences §  Workarounds §  Pain / Break Points §  Feelings
  • 72. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Collect » Explore and Take Notes » Capture What You’ve Seen Explore and Take Notes: Capture What You’ve Seen Things you must do immediately after your observation: §  Take some time to capture the things you found most interesting. §  Write them on Post-it Notes (or any re- sortable media) so you will be able to reorganize them later. IDEO (2011), Design Thinking Process in Design Thinking Toolkit for Educators, retrieved September 1st , 2011 from http://www.designthinkingforeducators.com/
  • 73. Kolko, J. (2008), INF385T | Information Design Studio, Lecture 4: Ethnography, Contextual Inquiry, and Contextual Design, UT Austin: School of Information
  • 74. Young, Indi. 2008. Contextual Inquiry notes in Mental Models: Aligning Design Strategy with Human Behavior. New York: Rosenfeld Media.
  • 75. Young, Indi. 2008. Affinity Diagrams in Mental Models: Aligning Design Strategy with Human Behavior. New York: Rosenfeld Media.
  • 76. { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Create » Plan your Observations » Exercise Plan your Observations: Exercise #1 Let’s finalize the preparation of our research. The output of this exercise should be: §  A refined Design Challenge §  A clear Definition of Your Audience §  A questionnaire to guide you through the contextual inquiry interviews
  • 77. Plan your Observations: Exercise #2 Once all that is defined, let’s plan our Pilot Interview. The output of this exercise should be: §  Audio/Video Records; §  A list of “Labeled Facts” or post-it notes §  An updated questionnaire { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Create » Plan your Observations » Exercise
  • 78. Go to the KISD Space for this course and share with the group: 1.  Any updates to Design Challenge 2.  Any updates to definition of Your Audience 3.  The questionnaire that will guide you through the contextual inquiry interviews Itamar Medeiros http://designative.info/ http://twitter.com/designative itamar.medeiros@designative.info { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Donate » Disseminating Results Donate: Disseminating Results
  • 79. Go to the KISD Space for this course and share with the group: 4.  Audio/Video Records of your Pilot interview; 5.  A list of “Labeled Facts” or post-it notes of your Pilot interview; 6.  An updated questionnaire Itamar Medeiros http://designative.info/ http://twitter.com/designative itamar.medeiros@designative.info { Designing Interactions: Discovery “Mode” } Youareat: Donate » Disseminating Results Donate: Disseminating Results