SlideShare une entreprise Scribd logo
1  sur  19
Télécharger pour lire hors ligne
The Pressor
  Response:
Large vs. Small
Muscle Exercise
      Dustin Grinnell
  Physiology Department
Pennsylvania State University
Background
         The challenge of exercise
• During exercise, cardiovascular system must:
  – Deliver adequate oxygen to working muscles
  – Remove waste products (lactate, CO2)
  – Regulate body temperature
  – Maintain arterial pressure
• In other words, maintain homeostasis
Background
              Arterial Blood Pressure
• Pressure: force exerted by
  blood against arterial walls
• Systolic
   – Pressure generated as blood
     is ejected from the heart
     during systole
• Diastolic
   – Pressure during ventricular
     relaxation
Background
       Blood Pressure with Exercise
• 120/80 mmHg at rest
• 200/60 mmHg at max aerobic exercise
Introduction
• The Pressor Response
     - This blood pressure response to exercise is called the
       “pressor response”

    Topic: Today I am going to talk about the blood
  pressure response to two modes of dynamic exercise
   and why we see a heightened response with small
                muscle dynamic exercise.
Aim of the Study
• It was the aim of this study to:

       1) Explore the blood pressure response to two
       modes of dynamic exercise.

          - The first exercise model used was the treadmill
            running exercise, which employs the use of many
            large muscles.

          - The second exercise was a one-leg knee extension
            exercise, which contracts only a few small muscles.

       2) Understand if the pressor response was determined by
       the active muscle mass.
Methods
   Large vs. Small Muscle Exercise




VO2max Test         Knee Extension Exercise
Methods
• The Proctor lab’s “fitness study”
      -recruited 56 normotensive healthy men and women.
      -Subjects fell into 6 groups based on age and fitness level.
      -Young men, young women, low fit old men, high fit old men, low fit old
      women, and high fit old women.

• All subjects performed:
      - a large muscle exercise, a VO2max treadmill running test
      - a small muscle exercise, a one-legged knee extensor exercise.

• Variables recorded:
       -Heart rate
       -systolic blood pressure
       -diastolic -blood pressure
       -mean arterial blood pressure was calculated post-
       exercise.
Results
                          Pressor Response to Large Muscle Treadmill
                                            Running
                                Systolic Blood Pressure                                                                 Mean Arterial Blood Pressure
                     70                                                                                          35



                     60                                                                                          30



                     50                                                                                          25
d S B P (m m H G )




                                                                                            d M A P (m m H g )
                     40                                                                                          20



                     30                                                                                          15



                     20                                                                                          10



                     10                                                                                           5



                      0                                                                                           0
                              YM     YW   O M (LF )   O W (LF )   O M (H F )   O W (H F )                              YM     YW   O M (L F )   O W (L F )   O M (H F )   O W (H F )

                                             A g e G ro u p                                                                            A g e G ro u p

                            dS B P                                                                                    dM AP
Results
                            Pressor Response to Small Muscle Knee
                                           Extension
                                 Systolic Blood Pressure                                                                   Mean Arterial Blood Pressure
                     60                                                                                           35



                                                                                                                  30
                     50


                                                                                                                  25
                     40
d S B P (m m H G )




                                                                                             d M A P (m m H g )
                                                                                                                  20

                     30

                                                                                                                  15

                     20
                                                                                                                  10


                     10
                                                                                                                   5



                      0                                                                                            0
                           YM       YW   O M (L F )   O W (L F )   O M (H F )   O W (H F )                              YM     YW   O M (L F )   O W (L F )   O M (H F )   O W (H F )

                                             A g e G ro u p                                                                             A g e G ro u p

                          dSBP                                                                                         dM AP
Results
Large Muscle Exercise vs. Small Muscle Exercise
                                              Systolic Blood Pressure vs. MET
                          180




                          170
       S B P (m m H g )




                          160




                          150




                          140




                          130
                                0             2                        4         10   12   14   16

                                                                           MET

                                    T re a d m ill - S lo p e = 8 .0
                                    K n e e K ic k - S lo p e = 2 6



  More pronounced systolic blood pressure response during small muscle exercise
Results
Large Muscle Exercise vs. Small Muscle Exercise
                                        Mean Arterial Blood Pressure vs. MET
                            125


                            120


                            115
         M A P (m m H g )




                            110


                            105


                            100


                             95


                             90


                             85
                                  0            2                      4         10   12   14   16

                                                                          MET

                                      T re a d m ill - S lo p e = 4
                                      K n e e K ic k - S lo p e = 1 6


More pronounced mean arterial blood pressure response during small muscle exercise
Results
• Pressor Response
  • In response to both large muscle and small muscle exercise all
    groups showed significant increases in:
      -Systolic blood pressure
      -Mean arterial blood pressure


• Mode-specific Response
  • The blood pressure response was more pronounced during the
    small muscle knee extension exercise compared to the large
    muscle treadmill running exercise.
Summary
  Why is the pressor response exaggerated in small muscle exercise
                       when compared to large?

• Treadmill Running
   – An aerobic activity like running, involves the rhythmic and alternative
     contraction and relaxation of many muscles which causes systemic
     vasodilatation and a reduction in total peripheral resistance and a large
     drop in blood pressure.


• Knee Extension
   – During a knee kicking exercise, which involves the contraction and
     relaxation of only a few small muscles only local, not systemic,
     vasodilatation is seen, which results in little or no change to total
     peripheral resistance and much higher pressor response.
Clinical Significance
• Why is an exaggerated blood pressure response a problem?

• Cardiovascular Risk
   -   The effects of an increased, or exaggerated pressor response to
       exercise, in healthy people has important consequences in
       cardiovascular disease such as coronary heart disease.


• Literature
   -   Many studies have looked at this exaggerated blood pressure response
       to graded dynamic exercise in healthy people and have found it to be a
       predictor of future hypertension and risk of cardiovascular mortality.
Clinical Significance
• Bond, et at.
    – showed a higher pressor response to physical stress is found in
      normotensives with a family history of hypertension.

• Stewart, et al.
    – showed that the exaggerated blood pressure response is related to
      impaired endothelial vasodilator function.

• Chang et al.
    – showed that patients with exercise-induced hypertension have impaired
      endothelium-dependent vasodilatation.

• Jae et al.
    – showed that inflammation may be associated with an exaggerated blood
      pressure to exercise.
Conclusions
• The pressor response during small muscle exercise,
  during knee extension, exceeds the response seen in
  exercise using many large muscles seen during
  treadmill running.

• This exaggerated blood pressure response seen in
  small muscle exercise has important cardiovascular
  implications.
Future Directions
• Individual pressor responses may differ between the
  fitness study’s 6 groups.

• Factors that can alter the blood pressure response to
  exercise are:
  • Age
  • Sex
  • Fitness levels.

• It is the aim of an upcoming paper, and the seminar talk
  to present the data concerning these results.
Acknowledgements
Research Team
David Proctor, PhD (PI)
Joaquin Gonzales, PhD (Postdoc)
Sandy Smithmyer (Study Coordinator)
Julie Miedlar (Doctoral Candidate)


Collaborators

GCRC (University Park, Hershey)

Funding



                                      Training Grants in Physiology,   Seed Grant in
                                               Gerontology             Gerontology

Contenu connexe

Tendances

Tendances (8)

LHC (Large Hadron Collider
LHC (Large Hadron ColliderLHC (Large Hadron Collider
LHC (Large Hadron Collider
 
Membuat kerajinan
Membuat kerajinanMembuat kerajinan
Membuat kerajinan
 
Definisi dan Jenis Skizofrenia
Definisi dan Jenis SkizofreniaDefinisi dan Jenis Skizofrenia
Definisi dan Jenis Skizofrenia
 
Case report-rinitis-alergi
Case report-rinitis-alergiCase report-rinitis-alergi
Case report-rinitis-alergi
 
Obat antipsikosis
Obat antipsikosisObat antipsikosis
Obat antipsikosis
 
Edem pulmo
Edem pulmoEdem pulmo
Edem pulmo
 
Radiofotografi 2 Duplikasi Radiograf
Radiofotografi 2 Duplikasi RadiografRadiofotografi 2 Duplikasi Radiograf
Radiofotografi 2 Duplikasi Radiograf
 
Hormon tiroid
Hormon tiroidHormon tiroid
Hormon tiroid
 

Plus de dgrinnell

The Genius Dilemma (Excerpt)
The Genius Dilemma (Excerpt) The Genius Dilemma (Excerpt)
The Genius Dilemma (Excerpt) dgrinnell
 
Age And Fitness On The Pressor Response In Elderly
Age And Fitness On The Pressor Response In ElderlyAge And Fitness On The Pressor Response In Elderly
Age And Fitness On The Pressor Response In Elderlydgrinnell
 
Fitness Affects The Pressor Response To Dynamic Exercise In Older Adults In A...
Fitness Affects The Pressor Response To Dynamic Exercise In Older Adults In A...Fitness Affects The Pressor Response To Dynamic Exercise In Older Adults In A...
Fitness Affects The Pressor Response To Dynamic Exercise In Older Adults In A...dgrinnell
 
U Of Sussex Summer Research
U Of Sussex Summer ResearchU Of Sussex Summer Research
U Of Sussex Summer Researchdgrinnell
 
Progressive Effect Of Endurance Training On Metabolic Adaptations In Working ...
Progressive Effect Of Endurance Training On Metabolic Adaptations In Working ...Progressive Effect Of Endurance Training On Metabolic Adaptations In Working ...
Progressive Effect Of Endurance Training On Metabolic Adaptations In Working ...dgrinnell
 
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...dgrinnell
 
The Historical And Clinical Significance Of The 6 Minute Walk Test
The Historical And Clinical Significance Of The 6 Minute Walk TestThe Historical And Clinical Significance Of The 6 Minute Walk Test
The Historical And Clinical Significance Of The 6 Minute Walk Testdgrinnell
 
Research May Lead To Better U Vradiation Blocking In Eyeglasses
Research May Lead To Better U Vradiation Blocking In EyeglassesResearch May Lead To Better U Vradiation Blocking In Eyeglasses
Research May Lead To Better U Vradiation Blocking In Eyeglassesdgrinnell
 
Spider Mite Predators Serve As Biological Control
Spider Mite Predators Serve As Biological ControlSpider Mite Predators Serve As Biological Control
Spider Mite Predators Serve As Biological Controldgrinnell
 
Penn State Researchers Code Targets Stealthy Computer Worms
Penn State Researchers Code Targets Stealthy Computer WormsPenn State Researchers Code Targets Stealthy Computer Worms
Penn State Researchers Code Targets Stealthy Computer Wormsdgrinnell
 
Anxiety And Depression Article
Anxiety And Depression ArticleAnxiety And Depression Article
Anxiety And Depression Articledgrinnell
 

Plus de dgrinnell (11)

The Genius Dilemma (Excerpt)
The Genius Dilemma (Excerpt) The Genius Dilemma (Excerpt)
The Genius Dilemma (Excerpt)
 
Age And Fitness On The Pressor Response In Elderly
Age And Fitness On The Pressor Response In ElderlyAge And Fitness On The Pressor Response In Elderly
Age And Fitness On The Pressor Response In Elderly
 
Fitness Affects The Pressor Response To Dynamic Exercise In Older Adults In A...
Fitness Affects The Pressor Response To Dynamic Exercise In Older Adults In A...Fitness Affects The Pressor Response To Dynamic Exercise In Older Adults In A...
Fitness Affects The Pressor Response To Dynamic Exercise In Older Adults In A...
 
U Of Sussex Summer Research
U Of Sussex Summer ResearchU Of Sussex Summer Research
U Of Sussex Summer Research
 
Progressive Effect Of Endurance Training On Metabolic Adaptations In Working ...
Progressive Effect Of Endurance Training On Metabolic Adaptations In Working ...Progressive Effect Of Endurance Training On Metabolic Adaptations In Working ...
Progressive Effect Of Endurance Training On Metabolic Adaptations In Working ...
 
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
Blood Pressure Responses To Small And Large Muscle Dynamic Exercise In Older ...
 
The Historical And Clinical Significance Of The 6 Minute Walk Test
The Historical And Clinical Significance Of The 6 Minute Walk TestThe Historical And Clinical Significance Of The 6 Minute Walk Test
The Historical And Clinical Significance Of The 6 Minute Walk Test
 
Research May Lead To Better U Vradiation Blocking In Eyeglasses
Research May Lead To Better U Vradiation Blocking In EyeglassesResearch May Lead To Better U Vradiation Blocking In Eyeglasses
Research May Lead To Better U Vradiation Blocking In Eyeglasses
 
Spider Mite Predators Serve As Biological Control
Spider Mite Predators Serve As Biological ControlSpider Mite Predators Serve As Biological Control
Spider Mite Predators Serve As Biological Control
 
Penn State Researchers Code Targets Stealthy Computer Worms
Penn State Researchers Code Targets Stealthy Computer WormsPenn State Researchers Code Targets Stealthy Computer Worms
Penn State Researchers Code Targets Stealthy Computer Worms
 
Anxiety And Depression Article
Anxiety And Depression ArticleAnxiety And Depression Article
Anxiety And Depression Article
 

The Pressor Response Large Vs. Small Muscle Exercise

  • 1. The Pressor Response: Large vs. Small Muscle Exercise Dustin Grinnell Physiology Department Pennsylvania State University
  • 2. Background The challenge of exercise • During exercise, cardiovascular system must: – Deliver adequate oxygen to working muscles – Remove waste products (lactate, CO2) – Regulate body temperature – Maintain arterial pressure • In other words, maintain homeostasis
  • 3. Background Arterial Blood Pressure • Pressure: force exerted by blood against arterial walls • Systolic – Pressure generated as blood is ejected from the heart during systole • Diastolic – Pressure during ventricular relaxation
  • 4. Background Blood Pressure with Exercise • 120/80 mmHg at rest • 200/60 mmHg at max aerobic exercise
  • 5. Introduction • The Pressor Response - This blood pressure response to exercise is called the “pressor response” Topic: Today I am going to talk about the blood pressure response to two modes of dynamic exercise and why we see a heightened response with small muscle dynamic exercise.
  • 6. Aim of the Study • It was the aim of this study to: 1) Explore the blood pressure response to two modes of dynamic exercise. - The first exercise model used was the treadmill running exercise, which employs the use of many large muscles. - The second exercise was a one-leg knee extension exercise, which contracts only a few small muscles. 2) Understand if the pressor response was determined by the active muscle mass.
  • 7. Methods Large vs. Small Muscle Exercise VO2max Test Knee Extension Exercise
  • 8. Methods • The Proctor lab’s “fitness study” -recruited 56 normotensive healthy men and women. -Subjects fell into 6 groups based on age and fitness level. -Young men, young women, low fit old men, high fit old men, low fit old women, and high fit old women. • All subjects performed: - a large muscle exercise, a VO2max treadmill running test - a small muscle exercise, a one-legged knee extensor exercise. • Variables recorded: -Heart rate -systolic blood pressure -diastolic -blood pressure -mean arterial blood pressure was calculated post- exercise.
  • 9. Results Pressor Response to Large Muscle Treadmill Running Systolic Blood Pressure Mean Arterial Blood Pressure 70 35 60 30 50 25 d S B P (m m H G ) d M A P (m m H g ) 40 20 30 15 20 10 10 5 0 0 YM YW O M (LF ) O W (LF ) O M (H F ) O W (H F ) YM YW O M (L F ) O W (L F ) O M (H F ) O W (H F ) A g e G ro u p A g e G ro u p dS B P dM AP
  • 10. Results Pressor Response to Small Muscle Knee Extension Systolic Blood Pressure Mean Arterial Blood Pressure 60 35 30 50 25 40 d S B P (m m H G ) d M A P (m m H g ) 20 30 15 20 10 10 5 0 0 YM YW O M (L F ) O W (L F ) O M (H F ) O W (H F ) YM YW O M (L F ) O W (L F ) O M (H F ) O W (H F ) A g e G ro u p A g e G ro u p dSBP dM AP
  • 11. Results Large Muscle Exercise vs. Small Muscle Exercise Systolic Blood Pressure vs. MET 180 170 S B P (m m H g ) 160 150 140 130 0 2 4 10 12 14 16 MET T re a d m ill - S lo p e = 8 .0 K n e e K ic k - S lo p e = 2 6 More pronounced systolic blood pressure response during small muscle exercise
  • 12. Results Large Muscle Exercise vs. Small Muscle Exercise Mean Arterial Blood Pressure vs. MET 125 120 115 M A P (m m H g ) 110 105 100 95 90 85 0 2 4 10 12 14 16 MET T re a d m ill - S lo p e = 4 K n e e K ic k - S lo p e = 1 6 More pronounced mean arterial blood pressure response during small muscle exercise
  • 13. Results • Pressor Response • In response to both large muscle and small muscle exercise all groups showed significant increases in: -Systolic blood pressure -Mean arterial blood pressure • Mode-specific Response • The blood pressure response was more pronounced during the small muscle knee extension exercise compared to the large muscle treadmill running exercise.
  • 14. Summary Why is the pressor response exaggerated in small muscle exercise when compared to large? • Treadmill Running – An aerobic activity like running, involves the rhythmic and alternative contraction and relaxation of many muscles which causes systemic vasodilatation and a reduction in total peripheral resistance and a large drop in blood pressure. • Knee Extension – During a knee kicking exercise, which involves the contraction and relaxation of only a few small muscles only local, not systemic, vasodilatation is seen, which results in little or no change to total peripheral resistance and much higher pressor response.
  • 15. Clinical Significance • Why is an exaggerated blood pressure response a problem? • Cardiovascular Risk - The effects of an increased, or exaggerated pressor response to exercise, in healthy people has important consequences in cardiovascular disease such as coronary heart disease. • Literature - Many studies have looked at this exaggerated blood pressure response to graded dynamic exercise in healthy people and have found it to be a predictor of future hypertension and risk of cardiovascular mortality.
  • 16. Clinical Significance • Bond, et at. – showed a higher pressor response to physical stress is found in normotensives with a family history of hypertension. • Stewart, et al. – showed that the exaggerated blood pressure response is related to impaired endothelial vasodilator function. • Chang et al. – showed that patients with exercise-induced hypertension have impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilatation. • Jae et al. – showed that inflammation may be associated with an exaggerated blood pressure to exercise.
  • 17. Conclusions • The pressor response during small muscle exercise, during knee extension, exceeds the response seen in exercise using many large muscles seen during treadmill running. • This exaggerated blood pressure response seen in small muscle exercise has important cardiovascular implications.
  • 18. Future Directions • Individual pressor responses may differ between the fitness study’s 6 groups. • Factors that can alter the blood pressure response to exercise are: • Age • Sex • Fitness levels. • It is the aim of an upcoming paper, and the seminar talk to present the data concerning these results.
  • 19. Acknowledgements Research Team David Proctor, PhD (PI) Joaquin Gonzales, PhD (Postdoc) Sandy Smithmyer (Study Coordinator) Julie Miedlar (Doctoral Candidate) Collaborators GCRC (University Park, Hershey) Funding Training Grants in Physiology, Seed Grant in Gerontology Gerontology