1. Kingdom Plantae
Botany - the study of plants.

2. Plants
Body type: multicellular with cell walls made of
cellulose
Prokaryotic / Eukaryotic: Eukaryotic
Food consumption: photosynthesis (absorbs light)
Reproduction: both sexual and asexual
Environments: land and water
Hetero / Chemo / Autotrophic: Autotrophic

3. Characteristics
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Organisms within Kingdom Plantae are
multicellular, eukaryotic, autotrophic and they lack
mobility.
Plants produce food via photosynthesis and have cell
walls composed of cellulose.
The history of life on earth and the success of many
organisms depend on the success of plants.
Plants are loosely organized into 4 groups based on
the presence or absence of vascular tissue and seeds.

4. Evolution of Plants
Flowering
plants
Cone-bearing
plants
Ferns and
their relatives
Flowers; Seeds
Enclosed in Fruit
Mosses and
their relatives
Seeds
Water-Conducting
(Vascular) Tissue
Green algae
ancestor

5. Diversity of Plants
Cone-bearing plants
760 species
Ferns and
their relatives
11,000 species
Flowering
plants
235,000 species
Mosses and
their relatives
15,600 species

6. Evolution of Plants

The evolution of plants has resulted in
increasing levels of complexity, from the
earliest algal
mats, through bryophytes, lycopods, ferns to
the complex gymnosperms and angiosperms of
today. While many of the groups which
appeared earlier continue to thrive, especially
in the environments in which they evolved, for
a time each new grade of organization became
more "successful" than its predecessors.

7. Three Main Parts of Plants

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Roots penetrate the
soil and anchor the
plant to the ground.
The roots absorb
minerals and water
from the soil to be
used in
photosynthesis.

8. Three Main Parts of Plants


Leaves provide a
large surface area for
the absorption of
sunlight.
Photosynthesis
occurs inside the
chloroplasts of the
cells of the leaves

9. Three Main Parts of Plants


Stems are composed
of rigid tissue that
raise and support the
leaves.
Stems also transport
substances from the
roots to leaves and
from the leaves to
roots.

10. Classification of Plants

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Plants are divided into the four main groups
based on two major characteristics: presence
or absence of vascular tissue and seeds.
Vascular tissue - tissue that transports water
and sugars throughout an entire plant.
Seeds are structures that contain an embryo,
stored food and an outer coat.

11. Vascular tissue

Vascular tissue - tissue that transports water
and sugars throughout an entire plant.

Plants lacking vascular tissue are called
bryophytes.
Plants which have vascular tissue are called
tracheophytes.


12. 
Vascular tissue is made up of xylem and
phloem cells.


Xylem carries water and minerals to the leaves.
Phloem transports food synthesized in leaves
throughout the plant.

13. Plant Structures


Plants contain structures other than the three
main parts mentioned earlier and these
structures have very specific functions.
Plant structures include rhizoids, xylem,
phloem, cuticle and stomata.

14. Plant Structures

Rhizoids
Rhizoids are small
hair-like structures
that transport
materials and anchor
the plant.

15. Plant Structures


Xylem and Phloem
Xylem are hollow tubes
made of dead cells that
transport water from
roots to leaves.
Phloem are hollow
tubes made of living
cells that transport
glucose made during
photosynthesis from the
leaves to the rest of the
plant.

16. Plant Structures


Cuticle
The cuticle is a waxy
covering on the
stems and leaves of
plants.
The cuticle prevents
water loss in plants

17. Plant Structures


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Stomata
Stoma are microscopic
openings or pores in
leaves.
The stoma are the pores
through which the
exchange of gases
occurs in plants.
Some water is also lost
through the stoma in a
process known as
transpiration.

19. Plant Reproduction
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Sexual Reproduction
Plants carry out sexual reproduction which means the
meeting of male and female gametes.
Mosses and ferns rely on rain and dew to transport
the male gametes.
Seed producing plants rely on wind and insects to
carry the male gametes to the female parts of plants.
After fertilization the zygote develops in the seed
where it can remain dormant for long periods of time
and survive drought, freezing and even fire.

20. Plant Reproduction

Asexual Reproduction
produces new individuals without the fusion of
gametes, genetically identical to the parent
plants and each other, except when mutations
occur. In seed plants, the offspring can be
packaged in a protective seed, which is used as
an agent of dispersal.

21. Life Cycles of Plants

An alternating cycle of both a haploid gamete
stage (Gametophyte) and a diploid spore stage
(Sporophyte). This cycle is known as the
Alternation of Generations


Sporophytes produce haploid spores through
meiosis (division of the chromosome) that can
grow without any fertilization.
The spore grows into a gametophyte that produce
male and female gametes that can fuse and develop
into another sporophyte

22. Alternation of Generations

23. Division of Kingdom Plantae

24. Bryophytes

Non-vascular plants:

Mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

25. BRYOPHYTES
(Phylum Bryophyta)


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Nonvascular land plants use diffusion and osmosis to
transport materials throughout the plant.
small in size they grow close to the ground in moist,
shaded areas.
lack true roots, stems and leaves, they are anchored to
the ground by structures called rhizoids.
Bryophytes are the only plants to have a life cycle that is
predominantly in the haploid gametophyte stage. They
produce male and female gametes that require water to
allow the sperm to swim to an egg creating a zygote that
will develop into a new sporophyte.

26. Tracheophytes

Vascular plants:

Ferns, gymnosperms, and angiosperms
Sporophyte dominated life cycle

Seedless (spore bearing)

Seeded Plants

27. TRACHEOPHYTES
(Phylum Tracheophyta)


Tracheophytes have vascular tissues (xylem &
phloem). That allow plants to grow much
taller, by being able to draw water up through
their bodies.
Means of reproduction:

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spores: for club mosses, horsetails, and ferns.
seeds: for flowering plants (angiosperms) and
conifers (gymnosperms).

28. Seedless Vascular Plants (Ferns)

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Reproduce by spores, and have an
alternation of generations that is dominated
by the sporophyte life cycle. (opposite nonvascular)
Ferns are the most diverse seedless vascular
plant. (dinner to decorations)

31. Seed Producing Tracheophytes

There are two main groupings for seed
producing plants:


Gymnosperms (conifers and relatives)- cone
bearing plants that have seeds exposed on their
cones scales.
Angiosperms (flowering plants) – plants with
protected reproductive structures that have
adaptations to increase the likelihood of
reproduction.

32. 

Plant Distribution
Plants are distributed worldwide in varying numbers.
While they inhabit a multitude of biomes and ecoregions, few can be found beyond the tundras at the
northernmost regions of continental shelves. At the
southern extremes, plants have adapted tenaciously to
the prevailing conditions. (See Antarctic flora.)
Plants are often the dominant physical and structural
component of habitats where they occur. Many of the
Earth's biomes are named for the type of vegetation
because plants are the dominant organisms in those
biomes, such as grasslands and forests.

33. Importance of Plants

The study of plant uses by people is termed
economic botany or ethno botany; some
consider economic botany to focus on modern
cultivated plants, while ethnobotany focuses
on indigenous plants cultivated and used by
native peoples. Human cultivation of plants is
part of agriculture, which is the basis of human
civilization. Plant agriculture is subdivided
into agronomy, horticulture and forestry.

34. What distinguishes Kingdom Plantae
from all the other kingdoms?

The cells of kingdom plantae have cell walls made of
cellulose that are used to support the plant. This cell wall is
not a semi-permeable membrane and the cell cannot
transport material and nutrients in and out of the cell walls.
For this function there is the large central vacuole that stores
water and chemicals for use inside of the cell. Another
characteristic belonging only to kingdom plantae is their
chloroplasts, the organelle that converts light energy into
chemical energy inside the plant where the energy is stored
as sugar. Their ability to convert inorganic matter
(atmospheric CO2) to organic matter using photosynthesis
keeps us humans in kingdom animalia alive.

36. Plants are nothing but life, so
take good care for us to survive.

37. The End 
Keep Calm and Thank you for
listening 

38. Members- AC101
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Michelle Ortiz
Christine Lopez
Kyleeh Dequino
Elaiza Olegario
Joanna Punzalan
Jessa Molarto
Christina Tale
Jamil Saquilayan

42. What is a Seed?
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A seed is a multi-cellular structure containing
an embryo and a food source.
The embryo consists of a:
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An immature root
An immature shoot
One or two seed leaves
Seeds have hard protective structures and can
survive without water for years. They can also
be carried great distances by animals etc…

43. Gymnosperms
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Have all normal plant
characteristics
Have seeds on their
cone scales
Most are coniferous
trees (pines, spruce,
etc…)

44. Survival Strategies
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Reproduction with male pollen and pollen tubes
removes the need for moisture.
Protective bark prevents water loss
Shape helps prevent snow/ice damage, and
increases the area for photosynthesis to occur.
Needle-like leaves have thick cuticle and sunken
stomata to prevent water loss.
Do not loose their needles so photosynthesis can
begin earlier and they do not need extra nutrients
to grow new leaves.

45. Angiosperms (flowering plants)
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Plants that protect their seeds within the body
of a fruit.
Make up ¾’s of all plants, including:
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Trees, shrubs, herbs, grasses, water plants, etc…
Divided into two large classes based on the
number of seed leaves (cotyledons)
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
Monocots – one seed leaf (grasses, lilies)
Dicots – two seed leaves (roses, peas, maple trees)

47. Diversity and success of the
Angiosperms :


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The angiosperms are the most diverse plant
group.
They can self-pollinate (clone) or crosspollinate with another plant.
Also, this diversity is due to a variety of other
factors, such as:

48. 1) Presence of specialized structures

Plants attract animal pollinators with colour and a
supply of food (often nectar) to carry pollen from
plant to plant
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
Different flower colors, smells, and shapes attract
different pollinators.
Eg. Bees can’t see red, so they are often on blue or
yellow flowers.
Flies are attracted to flowers such as stink-cabbage.
Many insects see UV spectrum. (See Fig. 6.14, pg.
177)

49. 2) Seeds are protected


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Flowers are sporophytes that do not produce
spores.
The pollen grains, and the eggs are all that remain
of the gametophyte generation.
The embryo is enclosed in hard tissue to form a
seed. The seed case enables the embryonic plant to
survive adverse weather conditions such as
drought, hot or arid periods and cold.

50. 3) Function of the fruit in seed
dispersal
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Some seeds in fruits are easily dispersed by
wind and by water. Eg. Coconut
Some fruits are eaten and dispersed by
animals. The seed resist digestion and will
pass intact in an animal’s feces to germinate in
a new spot.

51. 4) The presence of specialized tissues

Some plants possess special tissues and
behaviours to help them survive heat, cold, and
droughts.

Eg. small leaf hairs and sunken stomata help to
reduce water loss.

52. Now make like a tree and leave!!