1. Photography
By:
Donte Lewis
Nestor Tuazon , Alicia Donohue, Jeffrey Phelps
Kevin Lao
2. How Film Affects Your
Picture
The most important ingredient is the reducing
agent, or developing agent.
Each crystal contains silver atoms combined with a
halogen such as bromine, chlorine, or iodine in
light-in light-sensitive compounds like silver
bromine.
After development, fixer makes the image on the
film permanent.
4. Continued
The longer the development time, the darker and
more contrasty the negative becomes.
Three other factors also influence the amount of
development, which in turn controls contrast and
density.
A higher temperature of the developer solution,
more concentration of developing agent in the
solution, and greater agitation-all will increase
development.
5. Exposure and Development
A correctly exposed and properly developed
negative will make your next step-scanning or
darkroom printing-much easier.
Changing the development time has little effect on
shadow areas, but it has a strong effect on highlight
areas.
Changing the exposure affects both highlight and
shadow areas.
7. Black-and-White Printing
Darkrooms for printing are set up with a dry side
and a wet side.
Dust is a common problem on the dry side.
Contamination can cause a plague of spots, stains,
and weakened chemicals.
The most noticeable difference between diffusion
and condenser enlargers in in contrast.
8. Continued
The focal length of the enlarger lens must be
matched to the size of the negative.
Condensers must be matched to the lens for even
illumination.
The light source in an enlarger is usually a tungsten
or quartz-halogen bulb.
A stable and correctly aligned enlarger is a vital link
in the printing process.
9. Printing Papers
Black-and-White printing papers vary in texture,
color, contrast, and other characteristics.
Variable-contrast paper is more economical than
graded-contrast paper because you have to
purchase only package of paper.
Resin-Coated (RC) papers require much less
washing time than fiber-base papers.
11. A Contact Sheet
A contact sheet, or proof, is useful when you want
to choose a negative to enlarge.
The back of the contact sheet is a good place to keep
notes.
Contact sheets are easy to make.
Makin a test strip will help you determine the
correct exposure for your first contact prints.
12. Setting Up an
Enlargement
Personal judgments are important when selecting
negatives for enlargement when you have many
shots of the same scene.
Standardized exposure exposure and development
of your contact sheets will help you evaluate the
individual frames.
A standardized contact sheet can also help you
estimate what filter to use with variable-contrast
paper or what contrast grade of graded paper to
use.
13. A Test Strip for Your Print
A test strip will give you some exposure choices for
your final print.
Stop down the enlarger lens a few stops from its
widest aperture.
Due to the intermittency effect, five separate
exposures of 5 seconds each may not produce
exactly the same effect as a single 25-second
exposure.
14. Evaluating Density and
Contrast in a Print
Prints are judged-and adjusted-for density and
contrast.
Density refers to the overall darkness or lightness of
the print.
Contrast is the difference in brightness between
light and dark areas within the print.