“Use of Vibrational Energy For Charging Electric Car "

1. A
SEMINAR REPORT
ON
“Use of Vibrational Energy For Charging Electric
Car "
BY
MR. Dinesh Krishna Babar.
(Roll No. 39)
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. DHOTRE V.S.
DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING,
S B PATIL POLYTECHNIC
VANGALI, INDAPUR
2017-2018

2. CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the seminar entitled “USE OF
VIBRATIONAL ENERGY FOR CHARGING ELECTRIC CAR” being
submitted by Mr. DINESH K. BABAR to MSBTE for the partial
fulfillment of award of Diploma in Polytechnic with specialization in
Mechanical is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under our
supervision and guidance. Further it is certified that the work done by him is
original and carried out under my guidance.
MR. DHOTRE V.S.
GUIDE
MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.
FORWARDED BY
PROF. KASHID S. S. PROF.
BODHALE U. N.
H.O.D.
PRINCIPAL
MECHANICAL ENGG. DEPT.

3. Acknowledgement
I have great pleasure in delivering the report on the topic “Use Of Vibrational Energy For
Charging Electric Car ". This report has helped me to express my gratitude towards Honorable
Principal PROF. BODHALE U. N. & PROF. KASHID S. S. for their support.
I would like to thanks specially to my seminar guide MR. DHOTRE V.S. sir. for his timely
help and guidance towards successful completion of my report.
Mr.Dinesh Krishna Babar.
( T.Y.Mechanical)
Date :
Place: S.B.patil Polytechnic Indapur
ii

4. Abstract
In todays world, Electric cars are gaining a great demand with increasingly new
features established in them and rising demand of eco-friendly status for each one of us.
Electric cars which uses electricity to charge up their batteries; have replaced gasoline and
diesel cars with features like high speed, less carbon emission, less maintenance, up to certain
level with better mileage etc. but brought a great disadvantage of a big threat to non-
renewable electrical energy.
So, in this seminar, our focus is on charging electric cars via some source which
exist in long and does not become costly i.e. vibrating energy which totally replaces elec-
tricity and uses vibrations present around us which are harvested economically. According to
World Bank Report 4,50,000 vehicle passes from the busiest highways which produces plenty
of vibrations. Thus here we are trying to use this vibration energy with piezo-electric
transducers (which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy) with springs which nally
results in electrical energy.
iii

5. Contents
1 Introduction 1
2 Literature Review 2
3 Piezoelectricity 4
3.1 What causes piezoelectricity? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4 Piezoelectric Materials 7
5 METHODS FOR GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY USING PIEZO-
ELECTRIC MATERIAL 9
5.1 POWER GENERATION ON PAVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.2 POWER GENERATION ON ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
5.3 POWER GENERATING SHOES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4 POWER GENERATION ON SITTING CHAIRS AND VEHICLE SEATS 10
6 Converting Vibrational Energy to Electric Energy 11
7 Springs 13
8 Vibration Energy to Electric Energy 14
8.1 METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.1.1 ENERGY STORAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9 APPLICATIONS 17
10 FUTURE SCOPE 18
11 CONCLUSION 19
12 REFERENCES 20
iv

6. List of Figures
3.1 A crystal material in undeformed state (A), and the same material, now de-
formed (B), showing that the average location of the positive and negative
charges do not change. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2 A crystal material in undeformed state (A) and the same material, now de-
formed (B), showing that the average location of the positive and negative
charges are no longer the same, resulting in a piezoelectric response. . . . . 6
4.1 Showing energy generation through vibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.2 Generation of piezoelectricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.1 Electric cars charged via vibrating energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
7.1 Spring Actions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
8.1 Graph no.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
v

7. Chapter 1
Introduction
Car, Today has become a necessary part for todays world. Automobile has pro-vided
us with so many advancements and freedom as far as mobility and transportation is
concerned. It makes the life of people all together very easy dynamic and energy depen-dent
Thus automobile has become an important part in todays competition and business world also
shows ones social and economic status in the market, But at the same time when it shows so
much of positivity it shows few disfavors also. Firstly, cars operate using fossil fuel i.e. cars
run on fuel obtained from fossil in which huge amount of carbon and green house complex are
present. According to the report of International Transport Or-ganization approximately there
are 210 million vehicles on Roads of India till 2011 which according to another survey was
around 155 million in 2009.
For such a large number of motor vehicles lot of petrol/diesel is used which is very
limited, non-renewable resource and adds massively to greenhouse e ects and Impact on
Climate in long run. With change in time, came a new trend of electric cars which uses
electricity as its fuel, and this consumption in early days was in a very mere scale but as the
trend moved towards electric cars gradually, the use of electricity as fuel for it increased. Thus
in this paper we have introduced a new concept of charging electric cars using some
alternative source of energy, vibrating energy. With the invention of new technologies in 1900
for electric car 40 percent of American automobiles were powered by steam, 38 percent by
electricity and 22 percent by gasoline, and now electric vehicle scale rose up to an
approximation of 30,000 in 20th century.
1

8. Chapter 2
Literature Review
A huge number of vehicles pass from highway which produces vibrations which are
further used to generate electrical energy.And this redeem our electricity to a great extend.
piezoelectric devices, which converts mechanical energy into electrical energy with
piezoelectric materials through piezoelectric e ect. Piezoelectric devices are used in many
applications such as power harvesting shoes, Piezoelectric fans etc.In electric cars vibration
energy produced while their running can also be converted into electricity by piezoelectric
devices (harvesters). This electricity can be stored in batteries. In this paper,we discuss about
electric car then how the electric car can be charged through vi-brations using piezoelectric
devices.
White, N.M.,Glynne-Jones,P.Beeby, S.P. (2001) A novel thick- lm piezoelectric
micro-generator.Smart Materials and Structures,10,(4),850-852.
Abbasi,Aqsa."Application of Piezoelectric Materials and Piezoelectric Network for
Smart Roads."International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol.3,No.6(2013),pp. 857-862.
V.Hugo Schmidt,Piezoelectric energy conversion in windmills,in Proc.Ultrasonic
Symp.,1992,pp.897904.
The mechanical vibrations which are produced by the automobiles can be utilized as
a source of energy for generating electrical energy that can be utilized by these elec-tronic
equipment to operate.These vibrations are produced by di erent vehicles around us which is
going as a waste. This technique utilizes piezoelectric components where deforma-tions
produced by vibrations are directly converted to electrical charge via piezoelectric e ect.
Vijay Laxmi Kalyani,Anjali Piaus,Preksha Vyas Journal of Management Engi-
neering and Information Technology (JMEIT),Volume-2,Issue-4,Aug. 2015.
2

9. Vibration energy (mechanical energy) that is generated by vehicle movement on the
road converted into electric energy by piezoelectric e ect.Piezoelectricity is the elec-tric
charge that accumulates in certain solid material (notably crystal, certain ceramic and
biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical
stress. The aim of this research work is to make power generation more sus-tainable,
economical and ecological by utilizing the advancement in the technology.
Mukti Nath Gupta,Suman,and S.K. Yadav,Electricity Generation Due to Vi-bration
of Moving Vehicles Using Piezoelectric E ect,Advance in Electronic and Electric
Engineering,ISSN 2231-1297,Volume 4,Number 3 (2014), pp. 313-318
3

10. Chapter 3
Piezoelectricity
The word piezoelectricity is derived from the ancient Greek words piezo, "to squeeze or
press," and electric. So, piezoelectricity literally means electricity from pressure. The
piezoelectric e ect was discovered by brothers Pierre and Jacques Curie in 1880 when ex-
periments demonstrated that electrical charge was produced when natural crystals were
subjected to mechanical stress.
The piezoelectric e ect is a type of electromechanical coupling. This means that any
mechanical load on the material results in an electrical response. In piezoelectric materials,
when a mechanical stress (pressure) or strain (deformation) is applied to the material, the
response is the generation of an internal charge. This charge can be de-scribed as electrical
potential energy (voltage) that can be used like any other energy source. The conversion of
mechanical forces into electrical potential is called the direct piezoelectric e ect. On the other
hand, if a piezoelectric material is subjected to an external electric eld, the response is
mechanical deformation of the materialcalled the converse piezoelectric e ect.
3.1 What causes piezoelectricity?
First, let's clearly de ne electric potential. In simple terms, electric potential en-ergy
exists anytime two opposite signed (positive and negative) charges exist, separated by some
distance. When multiple charges are present, the problem may be simplied by taking the
average position of the positive charges and the average position of the negative charges and
then considering a system with only two charges at these locations. Electric
4

11. potential can also be called voltage, which makes the concept more relatable.
The mechanism responsible for the piezoelectric response of certain materials can be
clari ed by looking at the atomic structure. Piezoelectric materials are not com-pletely
symmetric. That means that they are symmetric in some directions, but not in all directions.
Figure 3.1: A crystal material in undeformed state (A), and the same material, now deformed
(B), showing that the average location of the positive and negative charges do not change.
Consider Figure 3.1A. We see a crystal containing four total atoms, two posi-tively
charged and two negatively charged, arranged in a diamond pattern. When we look at the
average location of the negative charges and the average location of the positive charges, we
notice that they are the same. Thus, no electric potential exists. Similarly, when the crystal is
mechanically deformed, as in Figure 3.1B, no change results in the average locations of the
charges. This material shows no electrical response to a mechan-ical force and thus is not
piezoelectric. The symmetry can be demonstrated by drawing an arrow to any of the four
atoms with a starting point in the center of the crystal, and then drawing the same arrow in the
opposite direction. If they point to the same type of atom, it is symmetrical.
Now consider the crystal shown in Figure 4A. If we calculate the average location of
the positive and negative charges, we nd that they are the same. However, when the
5

12. Figure 3.2: A crystal material in undeformed state (A) and the same material, now deformed
(B), showing that the average location of the positive and negative charges are no longer the
same, resulting in a piezoelectric response.
material is deformed, as shown in Figure 4B, we see that the average positions of the charges
are di erent. Performing the same arrow-drawing exercise as before, we nd that while this
material may look symmetric, drawing the opposite arrow does not point to the same type of
atom. Thus, this material has an electrical response to a mechanical force (and vice versa) and
is piezoelectric.
6

13. Chapter 4
Piezoelectric Materials
The word piezoelectricity de nes electricity produced due to pressure. Piezoelectric e
ect is the generation of electrical charge resulting from mechanical strain (force) , and the
materials which are used to show this type of property are termed as piezoelectric material or
crystals. Piezoelectric materials have a crystalline structure with the help of which we can
produce electrical energy from mechanical vibrations. The materials showing this property as
inherent property are crystals of tourmaline, quartz, topaz, and Rochelle salt. Since
piezoelectric materials directly convert mechanical strain to electrical energy, they have now
become most attractive functional materials for sensors and actuators.
When vibrations through spring is produced on the piezoelectric material through
mechanical stress like through load from vehicles, humans foot, railway tracks, dance oors,
etc. then positive and negative charge centres shift which results in an external electrical eld.
For such conversion rstly, mechanical strain causes generation of me-chanical energy which is
then converted into a.c voltage and then again converted to d.c voltage. Thus electronic charge
gets accumulated in response to mechanical strain applied. When certain crystals are strained,
polarization takes place and the amount of polarization is directly proportional to the stress
applied. And thus piezoelectric crystals are used to harvest the energy produced by the
vibrations from tra c on the road or moving vehicles on highways expressways.
7

14. Figure 4.1: Showing energy generation through vibration
Figure 4.2: Generation of piezoelectricity
8

15. Chapter 5
METHODS FOR GENERATION OF
ELECTRICITY USING PIEZOELECTRIC
MATERIAL
POWER GENERATION ON PAVEMENTS
POWER GENERATION ON ROADS
POWER GENERATING SHOES
POWER GENERATION ON SITTING CHAIRS AND VEHICLE SEATS
5.1 POWER GENERATION ON PAVEMENTS
In this model a sheet of piezoelectric material is placed underneath the pavement so that
when the pedestrians walk on the pavements produces a harmonic stress on mate-rial result in
generation of electricity which can be stored in batteries and used for other purposes. But the
amount of input vibrations produced is limited since the concrete pavements absorb most of
the vibrations result in less transfer of vibrations to material.
5.2 POWER GENERATION ON ROADS
Innowattech an Israel based research lab got success in generation of electricity by
using piezoelectric generators placed underneath the road.When vehicles passed on these
9

16. materials energy is produced based on force acted by vehicles on piezomaterials.
5.3 POWER GENERATING SHOES
In United States Defense Advance Research Project Agency (DARPA) initiated an
innovative project on Energy harvesting which attempts to power battle eld equipment by
piezoelectric generators embedded in soldiers' boots. However, these energy harvesting
sources put an impact on the body. DARPA's e ort to harness 1-2 watts from continuous shoe
impact while walking were abandoned due to the discomfort from the additional energy
expended by a person wearing the shoes
5.4 POWER GENERATION ON SITTING CHAIRS
AND VEHICLE SEATS
The weight of human body which acts as source of energy is used for generation of
electricity.In this method a piezo sheet is placed on chair which converts potential en-
ergy(human weight)to electric power.
10

17. Chapter 6
Converting Vibrational Energy to Electric Energy
Unlike other electric cars that rely on special charging stations or an extension cord
plugged into an outlet at home, the electric car charged by the vibration energy relies on
piezoelectric devices to charge the cars battery as it moves.
The vehicles on road waste a major fraction of energy that can be
Figure 6.1: Electric cars charged via vibrating energy
11

18. harvested for good use. For every second a vehicle whether electric semi auto or manual
moves or passes by the road, its bounces vibrations are the movements that could be
harnessed by piezoelectric devices to generate electricity that could recharge the battery. With
piezo-electric devices located on both sides of each passenger seat, this concept car could
keep it running e ciently with no additional expense for electricity or gasoline as it can be
reverted from Vibration energy a form of waste energy as It goes in vane and further only
damages the road by continuous impact on it. The electric car would obviously need another
source of energy as a back-up but the load can be decreased up to 30-35 percent of present
need by eventually using up all the capable vibration energies.
12

19. Chapter 7
Springs
Spring plays very crucial role as far as this methodology is concerned. Here, in this
method the spring contracts and expands which results in production of electric ux. Also,
when spring contracts and expands continuously several number of times, it taps and gives
mechanical strain, which creates a mechanical stress on the piezo- electric crystal placed just
below the springs. This leads to electromagnetic induction nally resulting into electric voltage.
Contrary, we use carbon nano tubes-tube shaped molecules of pure carbon which can be
formed into tiny springs. The main reason behind using carbon-nano tubes is that they are
capable of storing a large amount of energy (in several pounds) and are more durable and
reliable. In an comparison, for the same weight nano-tubes can produce and store in them
more than 1000 times as compared to steel springs. These springs are temperature resistant
that is they are not a ected by temperature changes.
Figure 7.1: Spring Actions
13

20. Chapter 8
Vibration Energy to Electric Energy
We are harvesting this vibration energy using piezoelectric crystals, working on
piezoelectric e ect. That is, when no pressure is applied on the crystals of piezoelectric
material, the centers of the negative and positive charges concurs on each other. The overall e
ect is cancelled and thus that material is neutral.
After when pressure is exerted on the piezoelectric crystals, they force to change the
internal structure and now positive and negative charges do not coincide as earlier, which
results in generation of dipoles which further results in a polarized molecule. This polarized
molecules in the material itself when come in majority that is most of the molecules are
polarized, it generates an electric eld whose intensity or electric line of forces depends on
degree of polarization which further depends on the quantity of vibra-tions or displacement
occurred. This electric eld generated transforms mechanical energy directly into electrical
energy. The a.c voltage generated over here is then converted into d.c voltage using recti ers.
8.1 METHODOLOGY
Conversion of vibration energy caused by vehicles into electrical energy occurs in the
given manner. When vehicles/tra c passes on through the chosen particular area, it tends to
contract the springs placed at the level of the road sometimes just below the road (one with
increased sensitivity and long lasting life can be buried (05-1.5 m). Now when vehicle passes,
spring continuously expands and contracts, which continuously comes in contact with
piezoelectric crystals which creates a pressure on the crystals. When pres-sure is exerted, it
results in deformation and movement of positive and negative charges
14

21. which induces electric eld and nally electrical energy. This output is further fed to recti er
which converts a.c into d.c. either of the half wave or full wave recti er can be used in for this
purpose. Further microcontroller displays the live status of battery that is, what percentage of
battery gets charged whenever vehicle passes on from the layer of piezoelectric transducers.
After this output is fed to inverters; an electrical device that converts d.c to a.c. and nally
electrical energy gets saved in inverters only and can be used further when needed. The output
obtained from a single piezoelectric crystal is in mili volts range. So, we arrange many
piezoelectric crystals in series so as to obtain higher voltage. And the received energy is
stored in lithium batteries.
A general experiment was conducted in for Piezoelectric material used under di
erent loads and a graph between Piezoelectric voltage and Load was plotted which is shown in
Graph no.-1.This experiment gave a clear picture as what level of voltage can be gained out
from the piezoelectric material under the roads having load of thousands of tonnes per day
sometimes per hour.
The present invention relates generally to methods of electrical power
Figure 8.1: Graph no.1
generation, and more particularly is a method and device to generate electricity by using tra c
on existing roadways to drive an electrical generator. Energy demand and heavy tra c
correlation motivate to dream about a device in the road that would harvest the energy from
the vehicles driving over it. For this, embed piezoelectric material beneath a road can provide
the magic of converting pressure exerted by the moving vehicles into electric current. The
method uses an electrical generation device installed beneath the roadbed.
15

22. 8.1.1 ENERGY STORAGE
The harvested energy can be stored in rechargeable batteries or super capacitors, or
both. The range of products available is vast, ranging from systems that can start a truck with
a at battery from cold, to subminiature devices operating at the V level. If an application
requires high level of power, then a fast charge/discharge super capacitor may be the best
solution. If low levels of power are required to be released slowly over a long period of time,
then rechargeable batteries are a better best solution.
16

23. Chapter 9
APPLICATIONS
Piezoelectric road harvests tra c energy to generate electricity. Israeli engineers are
about to begin testing a 100 meter stretch of roadway embedded with a network of
Piezo Electric Generators
Practical application of Piezo smart roads :-The piezoelectric energy-generating roads
have been proposed in the car capitol of the world California. This design is based on
the concept of piezoelectricity that is produced in response to the me-chanical stress
applied on some solid materials like crystals and some ceramics. The design proposes
the placement of piezoelectric sensors beneath the road sur-face which would produce
electricity from the vibrations caused by the movement of vehicles on the road. When
applied on roads, the piezoelectric technology could produce up to 44 megawatts of
electricity per year from one kilometer stretch of the road and meet the energy demand
of about 30,800 households.
To light up street lights in this we used this energy to charge electric cars, at that place
we can use this energy to light up street lights.
Power generating sidewalk the piezoelectric crystal arrays are laid underneath pave-
ments where a huge crowd passes creating vibrations.
In Railway tracks A moving train produces an ample amount of vibrations. Thus
piezoelectric crystals are mounted nearby to use those vibrations.
17

24. Chapter 10
FUTURE SCOPE
This idea plays a vital role in saving electricity for future generations. This stored
electrical energy can be used to power other devices also or can be stored for further use. Also
there are many other ways present for us besides electricity to charge up elec-tric cars. These
ways can also act as a better substitute to electricity and can be used when electrical energy is
not present or in areas where the electricity has not yet reached. We can charge our electric
cars by mounting solar panels and charging via solar energy. Also, we can use a turbine
mounted at the top of the car so whenever car runs, turbine rotates due to wind energy present
which is converted into electrical energy by transducer.
18

25. Chapter 11
CONCLUSION
From this seminar i tried to give an attention towards the new way in which a new
technology which is present in front of us for generating electrical energy. This technology is
based on a form of energy which is yet treated as a error or waste in terms of science and has
got a social status of un-useful. Since electrical energy is non- renewable hence there is a
great need to save electrical energy e ciently and e ectively. Thus, by collaborating this
vibration energy with electric cars can save a huge amount of electricity which might have
been used in recharging the cars and that saved electricity can be used to light up many lives
hopes as still nearly 2 out of 17 people in India are in uncovered shed of light (Non electri ed
zone) against the world average of around 42 percent. In this concept the Piezoelectric
materials plays a very crucial and important role. The Piezoelectric materi-als have the ability
to sense the mechanical strain and transform it into mechanical energy and further converted
to electrical energy. The amount of energy generated depends on the number of passing
vehicles and the number of piezoelectric elements on and around the road. Then this received
energy is stored in batteries. This idea can be used anywhere to generate electricity and is also
very cost e ective.
19

26. Chapter 12
REFERENCES
1. Vijay Laxmi Kalyani, Anjali Piaus, Preksha Vyas Journal of Management Engi-neering
and Information Technology (JMEIT), Volume -2, Issue- 4, Aug. 2015.
2. Dr. K. B. Waghulde and Dr. Bimlesh Kumar, Vibration Analysis For Damage Detection
In Composite Plate by Using Piezoelectric Sensors, International Journal of Mechanical
Engineering and Technology, 5(12), 2014, pp. 2735
3. F A hill, T F havel and C Livermore- modeling mechanical energy stored in springs
based on carbon nanotubes- iop publishing ltd. Volume 20,no-25 [3]
4. ANALYTICAL MODELS TO PREDICT POWER HARVESTING WITH PIEZO-
ELECTRIC MATERIALS,Masters Thesis by timothy eggborn, etd-05192003-150202,May
2003, Blacksburg, Virginia .
5. White, N.M., Glynne-Jones, P. and Beeby, S.P. (2001) A novel thick- lm piezoelec-tric
micro-generator. Smart Materials and Structures, 10, (4), 850-852.
6. Abbasi, Aqsa. "Application of Piezoelectric Materials and Piezoelectric Network for
Smart Roads." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE)
Vol.3, No.6 (2013), pp. 857-862.
20