Air Pollution

1. Environmental
Governance
Prepared by Lt Cdr Shoboocktagin
Ferdous sir, 2nd
Class

2. Air pollution
 Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities
of substances including gases, particles, and biological
molecules are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may
cause diseases, allergies and even death to humans; it may
also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals
and food crops, and may damage the natural or built
environment. Both human activity and natural processes
can generate air pollution.
 According to the 2014 World Health Organization report,
air pollution in 2012 caused the deaths of around 7 million
people worldwide.

3. Pollutants/source of air pollution
 An air pollutant is a material in the air that can have adverse effects on
humans and the ecosystem. The substance can be solid particles, liquid
droplets, or gases. A pollutant can be of natural origin or man-made.
Pollutants are classified as primary or secondary. Primary pollutants are
usually produced by processes such as ash from a volcanic eruption. Other
examples include carbon monoxide gas from motor vehicle exhausts or
Sulphur dioxide released from the factories. Secondary pollutants are not
emitted directly. Rather, they form in the air when primary pollutants react
or interact. Ground level ozone is a prominent example of secondary
pollutants.
 Effects of air pollution: (1) greenhouse effect, (2) particulate contamination,
(3) increased UV radiation, (4) acid rain, (5) increased ground-level ozone
concentration, (6) increased levels of nitrogen oxides.

4.  Carbon dioxide (CO2) – Because of its role as a greenhouse gas it has been
described as "the leading pollutant"[5] and "the worst climate pollution".
 Sulfur oxides (SOx) – particularly sulphur dioxide, a chemical compound with the
formula SO2.
 Nitrogen oxides (NOx) – Nitrogen oxides, particularly nitrogen dioxide, are
expelled from high temperature combustion, and are also produced during
thunderstorms by electric discharge.
 Carbon monoxide (CO) – CO is a colorless, odorless, toxic yet non-irritating gas.
 Volatile organic compounds (VOC) – VOCs are a well-known outdoor air
pollutant.
 Particulate matter / particles, alternatively referred to as particulate matter (PM),
atmospheric particulate matter, or fine particles, are tiny particles of solid or liquid
suspended in a gas.
 Persistent free radicals connected to airborne fine particles are linked to
cardiopulmonary disease.
 Toxic metals, such as lead and mercury, especially their compounds.
 Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) – harmful to the ozone layer; emitted from products

5.  Use of fossil fuels, coal increases
 Carbon emission increases with development
 Urbanization
Industrialization
Transportation
Agriculture-power
Carbon emission cause increase of cfc gas that
damage ozone layer and cause green house effect.

6. Health effect
 In 2012, air pollution caused premature deaths on average of 1 year in
Europe, and was a significant risk factor for a number of pollution-related
diseases, including respiratory infections, heart disease, COPD, stroke and
lung cancer.
 Children aged less than five years that live in developing countries are the
most vulnerable population in terms of total deaths attributable to indoor
and outdoor air pollution.
 Mortality: The World Health Organization estimated in 2014 that every year
air pollution causes the premature death of some 7 million people
worldwide.
 Cardiovascular disease: A 2007 review of evidence found ambient air
pollution exposure is a risk factor correlating with increased total mortality
from cardiovascular events (range: 12% to 14% per 10 microg/m3
increase).
 Lung disease: Research has demonstrated increased risk of developing

7. Effect of air pollution
 Agricultural effects
In India in 2014, it was reported that air pollution by black carbon and ground level
ozone had reduced crop yields in the most affected areas by almost half in 2011
when compared to 1980 levels.
 Economic effects
Air pollution costs the world economy $5 trillion per year as a result of productivity
losses and degraded quality of life.

8.  Seven million people suffer premature deaths due to household and outdoor air
pollution every year around the globe, according to the World Health
Organization.
 The South East Asian region accounts for 2.4 million of the seven million premature
deaths, the WHO estimates after analysing data collected between 2011 and 2015.
 Nine out of 10 people breathe air containing high levels of pollutants, the WHO
said in a statement issued in Geneva yesterday.
 Global energy related carbon emission 32.5 gigatons
 Global energy demand rose by 2.1 percent. Energy demand rose by 0.9 percent
in 2016 and 0.9 percent on average over the previous five years.
 90% people inhales polluted air.
 1.4degree temperature will be increased by 2040
 Temperature increase of 2.5 degree projected in bd by WB
 ECONOMIC loss of bd is 3.4% of GDP because of pollution
 75% wet lands, cannels and rivers narrowed down by last 40 years.
 2010-16: 41% flood flow zones, 21% water retention zone in Dhaka filled up.

9. Control of air pollution
 Preventive measures for air pollution: Use of
renewable energy, leading simple life
 Curative Measures: Forestation, effective
implementation of environmental law,
Source of pollution: zoom cultivation,
Anthropologic source of pollution, motor vehicle,
aircraft, water vessel, aerosol spray.
 Military Source of Air Pollution: Nuclear weapons,
weapons of mass destruction, hydrogen gas.

10. Control of air pollution
 Various air pollution control technologies and strategies are available to reduce
air pollution. At its most basic level, land-use planning is likely to involve zoning
and transport infrastructure planning. In most developed countries, land-use
planning is an important part of social policy, ensuring that land is used efficiently
for the benefit of the wider economy and population, as well as to protect the
environment.
 Because a large share of air pollution is caused by combustion of fossil fuels such
as coal and oil, the reduction of these fuels can reduce air pollution drastically.
Most effective is the switch to clean power sources such as wind power, solar
power, hydro power which don't cause air pollution.
 Efforts to reduce pollution from mobile sources includes primary regulation (many
developing countries have permissive regulations), expanding regulation to new
sources (such as cruise and transport ships, farm equipment, and small gas-
powered equipment such as string trimmers, chainsaws, and snowmobiles),
increased fuel efficiency (such as through the use of hybrid vehicles), conversion
to cleaner fuels or conversion to electric vehicles.

11. Control of air pollution
 Cleaning Smokestack, Flue-gas desulfurization and Carbon capturing technology
 Exhaust System Maintains: Vehicles with gasoline powered engines should be
fitted with catalytic converters on the exhaust pipe to reduce the exhaust gas
emissions.
 Road construction and public transportation: Government should construct
enough widen road and improve public transportation systems.
 Clean energy resources and Coal based power industry: Government should
encourage and provide grants or loan to use clean energy resources like solar,
wind and geothermal. People should also emphasis to use this source of energy.
 Ban reconditioned and unregistered vehicles: Reconditions and unregistered
vehicles should be banned. The number of approved vehicles should not be
exceed than capacity.


12.  Modern pollution control technology: New power plants should use good pollution
control technologies when they will design the industry. For instances, new coal-
fired power plants can capture up to 98% SO2 and 90% of NO2 emissions relative
to uncontrolled levels.
 Give priority to all towns: Extra pressure on Dhaka and Chittagong city should
come down. Some industries and important organizations should shift in different
cities. Various city and towns also should get priority with new plans.
 Rules and regulations: Environmental law should be strictly maintained and
environment-friendly rules should be taken, maintained and developed.
 Raising awareness: Since most of the Bangladeshi are not properly educated,
awareness creation is the vital factor. It will make people to realize and
understand the causes of air pollution and its effects as well as the personal
responsibility to control it.

13. Air pollution in Bangladesh Air Pollution
 A report of WHO states that, Bangladesh is the 4rth position with worst air quality among 92
countries. It is shown from many scientific studies that air pollution and daily death rates in cities are
positively linked. Air pollution is one of the most challenging problems and this pollution kills 15000
Bangladeshis each year. Especially, in large cities like Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, air pollution is a
major environmental hazard. Anne Weaver reported that ‘Respiratory infections are the leading
cause of death in children under the age of five worldwide and in Bangladesh. Exposure to air
pollution is believed to be a major risk factor for respiratory infections’ on her article ‘Risk Factors
for Air Pollution Exposure in Bangladesh’. In rural Bangladesh, brick kilns and cooking stoves are
the major sources of air pollution whereas in urban areas the principal sources of air pollution are
industrial emissions and vehicular emissions. There are 35,993 manufacturing industries in
Bangladesh and only in Dhaka city there are 65000 baby-taxies and more than 296000 motor
vehicles. Among these, there are about 65722 vehicles are registered motor cycle and private car.
In Bangladesh, since the length of road is not enough widen, traffic jam is common scenario in large
cities. Air pollution causes respiratory and heart problem, global warming, acid rain,
eutrophication, effect on wildlife, depletion of ozone layer, psychological hazards etc. We all should
come forward to protect air-pollution.