From states' rights to equal protection under the law.

1. The 14th Amendment From states’ rights toequal protection under the law

2. James Madison Wrote the First Amendment

3. James Madison Wrote the First Amendment Wanted to protect against state action

4. James Madison Wrote the First Amendment Wanted to protect against state action Failure to do so was a huge setback

5. Thomas Jefferson Wrote the Kentucky Resolutions

6. Thomas Jefferson Wrote the Kentucky Resolutions Said states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws

7. Thomas Jefferson Wrote the Kentucky Resolutions Said states could nullify unconstitutional federal laws States’ rights also used to defend slavery

8. Marbury v. Madison (1803) John Marshall (left) established idea of judicial review

9. Marbury v. Madison (1803) John Marshall (left) established idea of judicial review Constitutional law must trump laws passed by Congress

10. Marbury v. Madison (1803) John Marshall (left) established idea of judicial review Constitutional law must trump laws passed by Congress No one seriously questions the Court’s role today

11. Barron v. Baltimore (1833) Barron sought redress under the “just compensation” clause of the Fifth Amendment

12. Barron v. Baltimore (1833) Barron sought redress under the “just compensation” clause of the Fifth Amendment Supreme Court, under Justice Marshall, said the U.S. Constitution can’t be applied to state laws

13. Barron v. Baltimore (1833) Barron sought redress under the “just compensation” clause of the Fifth Amendment Supreme Court, under Justice Marshall, said the U.S. Constitution can’t be applied to state laws A major boost for states’ rights

14. Post–Civil War amendments 13th Amendment abolished slavery

15. Post–Civil War amendments 13th Amendment abolished slavery 15th Amendment granted voting rights

16. Post–Civil War amendments 13th Amendment abolished slavery 15th Amendment granted voting rights 14th Amendment, passed in 1868: Citizens of the United States “Due process” and “equal protection” cannot be abridged by the states The United States becomes an it instead of a they — a union at last

17. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “Separate but equal”

18. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “Separate but equal” Justice Brown ruled there was no issue involving the 14th Amendment

19. Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) “Separate but equal” Justice Brown ruled there was no issue involving the 14th Amendment Justice Harlan wrote a stirring dissent to Brown’s “pernicious” decision

20. Brown v. Board of Education(1954) Ended separate but equal

21. Brown v. Board of Education(1954) Ended separate but equal NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall (right) represented defendants

22. Brown v. Board of Education(1954) Ended separate but equal NAACP lawyer Thurgood Marshall (right) represented defendants Turned the promise of the 14th Amendment into reality

23. Gitlow v. New York (1925) Gitlow (left) loses, but Justice Sanford paves the way for future victories

24. Gitlow v. New York (1925) Gitlow (left) loses, but Justice Sanford paves the way for future victories The 14th Amendment is incorporated into the First Amendment

25. Justice Sanford “[W]e may and do assume that freedom of speech and of the press … are … protected by the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment from impairment by the States.”

26. Justice Holmes “The great principle of free speech, it seems to me, must be taken to be included in the Fourteenth Amendment”

27. Justice Holmes “The great principle of free speech, it seems to me, must be taken to be included in the Fourteenth Amendment” “Every idea is an incitement”