1. jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 1

2. tLtf] –;To
laefudf ePsf pks/)fx¿ klg lalu|xfn] .
k^^'s'df/L È cfp¤bf] rf}aL; #G^fsf]
df};d eljiojf)fL &ofSs ldNg]u/L lgsfn t È
elji
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
kof{ j /)f ÷ 2

3. kf7ssf] cf“vfdf
pTs[i6 k|ltlqmof k7fpgf];, Ps jif{sf] ;b:otf lgMz'Ns kfpgf];
;DkfbsHo", u/]sf] 5' . Osf]–g]kfnaf6 k|sflzt o; klqsfk|lt klg ;'?–
kof{j/0f dfl;s jftfj/0f lzIffsf nflu pTs[i6 klqsf nfu]sf] ;'?df o:t}vfn] ljrf/ p7]sf] lyof] . Ps jif{eGbf klxn]
5 . ;DejtM of] g} jftfj/0f;Fu ;DalGwt ljifo af]s]/ lj/f6gu/ hfFbf klqsf k;ndf kN6fPsf] lyPF o;nfO{ . t/
k|sflzt x'g] g]kfnsf] PSnf] klqsf xf]nf . Hofld/] ufpF ljsf; kl5 klqsf k;ndf xf]Og, xfd|f] ufpF ljsf; ;ldltdf klg kfPF .
;ldltdf lgoldt cfpg] u/]sfn] d klg of] klqsfsf] lgoldt d}n] yfxf kfPF, ufpFdf sf]xL klg u|fxs ag]sf 5}gg / uflj; klg,
kf7s ag]sf] 5' . hg;ªVof tyf jftfj/0f dGqfnon] k|sflzt t/ klqsf Ps jif{otf lgoldt¿kdf cfpFb5 . d]/f] e|d o;sf/0f
}
ug] { …6' s LÚ sf] t' n gfdf kof{ j /0f lgs} pRr:t/sf] 5 . lgjf/0f eof] ls of] klqsfn] s'g} /fhgLlts k"jf{ux af]ssf] 5}g
| ]
kof{j/0fsf lgoldt cªs xfdLsxfF l9nf] cfP klg 6'sLsf] / x]bf{ cfFvf nf]Eofpg] l;g]dfsf lx/f] lx/f]Ogsf] kmf]6f] klg 5}g .
t'ngfdf l56} cfpF5g . d w]/} gk9]sf] dfG5] eP klg uflj; sfof{nodf lgoldt k95' of]
kof{j/0fsf] k"0f{ªs #^ n] g]kfndf k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf] kL8fnfO{ klqsf . leqL 1fgsf s'/f lgs} /x]5g .
phfu/ kf/]sf] 5 . o:tf n]vn] k|fs[lts k|sf]k lgoGq0f ug{ o;df k|sflzt x'g] ;fdu|Lsf ljifodf s'/f ug'{ eg]sf] …OGb|sf
u|fdL0f ;dfhdf lgs} ;xof]u ug]{ s'/f lglZrt 5 . To;df cufl8 :ju{sf] aofgÚ ug'{h:t} x'g]5, lsgeg] xfdLn] hfg]sf
klg klqsfsf] aLrdf /x]sf] kf]:6/ hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug]{ s'/f yf]/} 5g . t/ jftfj/0f;DagwL ljZjsf /f]rs s'/f eg]
k|of;sf nflu lgs} pkof]uL 5 . ljleGg ;dodf x'g] k|fs[lts TolQ k9g kfOFb}g . x'/Latf;af6 aRg] pkfob]lv ;'? ePsf]
k|sf]kaf6 aRg] tf}/tl/sf / 36gfkl5sf] sfo{ ug{ o;n] dfu{– aLr efudf /flvPsf] kf]:6/n] ¿k dfq km]/]sf] 5}g, r]tgf
lgb]{z u/]sf] 5 eGg] nfu]sf] 5 / o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg a9fpg] /fd|f] pkfo klg ckgfPsf] 5 . t/ af9Lklx/f]sf] kL8f
cg' / f] w ub{ 5 ' . dflg;sf] ;fyL eg] / lrlgg] 8lNkmg / k5fl8 cfPsf] To;af6 aRg] pkfon] s'g} nfe lbg ;s]g .
l;d;f/;DaGwL ;fdu|Ln] /fd|f] 1fg lbPsf] 5 .
o:tf pkof]uL lrh;dod} cfP ufpFdf To;n] 7"nf] k|z+;f
;du|df eGg'kbf{ of] klqsfn] o;}u/L lg/Gt/tf kfOlbP kfpg] 5 . cfufdL cª s k| s fzg ubf{ ;DkfbsLo kIfn]
jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf 7"nf] of]ubfg ldNg]5 . ;fdlostftkm{ ljrf/ k'¥ofpg] g} 5 .
–hos'df/ s'O“s]n, Hofld/]–$, l;Gw'kfNrf]s . kof{j/0fh:tf] ljifodf /fHon] nufgL ug'{kg]{df tkfO{+x¿n]
;DkfbsHo", ug'{ePsf] nufgLn] kf7snfO{ /fd|f] nfe lbPsf] 5 . cfzf 5,
g]kfndf jftfj/0f ;+/If0fsf If]qdf sfd ug]{ w]/} ;+:yfx¿ of] qmd lg/gt/ rNg]5 .
5g . k};f sdfpgs} nflu o:tf ;+:yf btf{ x'g] s'/f ;'Gg] –x]dGt l3ld/], s;]gL uflj;–!, s;]gL, df]/ª .
;DkfbsHo", b]vfPsf] 5 / ;/sf/ yk gfnfos ag]sf] 5 eg]/ :ki6
jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfnåf/f k|sflzt of] u/fpF5 . o:tf] x'g' jf:tjd} b'MvbfoL s'/f xf] . o:tf s'/f
klqsf d}n] rf/ jif{b]lv lgoldt k9]sf] 5' . ljut ^ yfxf kfPkl5 eljiodf o:tf] gxf]; eg]/ ;/sf/n] ljz]if
dlxgfb]lv klqsfsf] :t/df lgs} ;'wf/ cfPsf] kfP/ v';L Joj:yf u/f]; eg]/ o;} klqsfdfkm{t cfu|x ub{5' .
nfu]sf] 5 . klqsfsf] aLrdf /flvPsf] kf]:6/n] k|fs[lts g]kfnsf] ;Dk"0f{ t/fO{ If]q l;d;f/leq} kb{5h:tf] nfu]sf]
k| s f] k sf ljifodf lgs} /fd| f ] hfgsf/L lbPsf] 5 . 5 . kof{j/0fn] l;d;f/h:tf] dxŒjk"0f{ k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf
kof{j/0fdfkm{t o:tf] ;fdu|L ufpFdf k7fP/ PS;gP8 af/]df lbPsf] hfgsf/L Hofb} pkof]uL 5 . ;/sf/n] xfn;Dd
g]kfnn] /fd|f] sfd u/]sf] 5, Tof] ;+:yfnfO{ d]/f]tkm{af6 l;d;f/ gLlt NofPsf] 5}gh:tf] nfU5, o;tkm{ klg cfjfh
wGojfb . p7fP/ p;sf] sfgdf t]n xfNg'knf{ xf]Og < ljåfg n]vs
xfd|f] t/fO{sf] kL8f k|foM ;a}nfO{ yfxf 5 . k|To]s jif{ cfpg] 8f= t]hs'df/ >]i7sf] cfbz{ hnr/sf] gfnLa]nL pTs[i6 5,
af9Ln] xhf/f}F la3f v]t aufP/ w]/} ls;fgnfO{ ;'s'Daf;L o:tf ;fdu|Lsf] lg/Gt/tf kmnbfoL x'g]5 .
klg agfO/x]sf] 5 . klx/f]sf] kL8f g] k fndf sfo{ / t w] / } h ;f]
kxf8n] lg/Gt/ ef]u]sf] ;dfrf/ ;'Gg o; cªssf] pTs[i6 k|ltlqmof ;ª3;+:yfx¿n] cfˆgf ;xof]uLnfO{
/ k9 g kfOG5 . kof{ j /0fn] ljut s] x L cª s x¿df v';L kfg{sf nflu g} xf]nf, cªu|]hL efiff k|of]u u/]sf]
af9Lklx/f]sf] sf/0f, /f]syfdsf nflu x'g'kg]{ k|of; / kfOG5 . g]kfndf g]kfnLsf nflu sfd ug]{ xf] eg] ;x/df a:g]
k|ljlwsf ljifonfO{ lnP/ /fd|f ;fdu|L lbPsf] 5, xfdL of] g]kfnLsf] dfq enf] ;f]r/ x'bg / To:tf] sfo{n] b]znfO{ s'g}
] F}
u'g la;{g ;Sb}gf}F . k"0ff{ªs #^ df uf]kfnk|;fb b'nfnn] kmfObf klg x'bg . g]kfnleq g]kfnLsf nflu sfd ug]n] g]kfnL
F} {
n]Vg'ePsf] …af9Lklx/f]n] u/]sf] ljWj+; M /fxt tyf lbuf] efiffdf klqsf lgsfn] To;n] ufpFsf dflg;nfO{ 1fg lbg]5 /
Joj:yfkgsf] k|ZgÚ ;do;fk]If dfq xf]Og, To;}cGtu{t ljsf;df ;xof]u k'Ug]5 . s]jn /fhgLlts / dgf]/~hgsf
5flkPsf w]/} ;fdu|Ln] o:tf k|fs[lts k|sf]k lgoGq0f klqsf k9]/ s]xL klg ldNb}g . Osf]–g]kfnsf] of] k|of; o;}sf/0f
:yfgLo:t/af6} klg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg] pbfx/0fx¿ lbPsf klg ;/fxgLo 5 / of] klqsf lg/Gt/ k9g kfOof]; .
5g . 8fS6/;fÚan] /fxt lxgfldgf u/]sf] ;dfrf/n] eg] –c?0f sfsL{,
;dfhdf s:tf gfnfos dflg; klg x' F b f/x] 5 g eGg] hgtf lgDgdfWolds ljBfno, ao/jg–^, df]/ª
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 3

4. sxf“ s] <
sf=lh=sf= b=g+= @).)$(.)%)
dfl;s r'l/ofsf] r'/Lk'm/L
Paryawaran Monthly
Vol. 11, No.10, Jan/ Feb 2004
jif{ !!, cªs !), df3 @)^) k"0ff{ªs #*
;Nnfxsf/
8f= ljgfos eb|f
8f= sdn l/hfn
k[i7 M %
8f= hgsnfn sdf{rfo{
k|f= 8f= /fdk|;fb rf}w/L
>L x]d/fh kf}8n
]
k|wfg ;Dkfbs ■ k|fs[lts k|sf]k
/fdrGb| Gof}kfg]
g]kfndf P]ltxfl;s tyf k"j–P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoog (
{
;Dkfbs
uf]kfnk|;fb b'nfn e'Orfnf]af6 s:tf 3/ ;'/lIft x'G5g <
“ (
ahf/ Joj:yfks k|sf]k Go"g ug{ cfd;~rf/ dxŒjk"0f{ !$
/fh]Gb| cfrfo{ e'O“rfnf] M lgoGq0f ug{ ;ls“b}g aRg] pkfo u/f}“ !%
sg'gL ;Nnfxsf/ e'Orfnf]cl3sf] k"jtof/L -leQ]kf]:6/_
“ {
rGb| a:g]t
■ gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
ljz]if ;xof]uL
ofbj yklnof ;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nL k|0ffnL @!
ljz]if k|ltlglw ■ k|fs[lts ;Dkbf
6k]Gb| sfsL{ g]kfnsf] /fli6«o l;d;f/ gLlt– @)%( @&
sf6'{g÷kf]:6/ lrq
/d]z bfxfn
■ cfo'jb
{]
:d/0fzlQm a9fpg] jg:klt a|fxdL ##
k|sfzs
jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf–g]kfn ■ vf]tnvftn
sf7df8f}“ dxfgu/kflnsf– #!, wf]lawf/f dxfgu/, gu/lktf / lju|x #%
kf]= a= g+= !(&@), sf7df8f}+
kmf]g M $$$%#@)
■ ;Gbe{–;dfrf/
kmofS; M (&&–!–$@^%$%% ● kfx' g f r/fn] tfn 5kSs}
E-mail: eco_nepal@hotmail.com ● cfZro{sf] kf]v/L]– ltDa's
econepal@publicgroup.net ● ah'{ tfnsf] ;+/If0f / df5f dfg]{ k|ltof]lutf
http://www.econepal.org ● o;/L g} gfl;g] xf] eg] s] af“sL /xnf <
d'b|s ● k]6fnkDkdf clhªu/
«]
;"of]bo 5fkfvfgf
{ ● 6«nLa; geOx'Gg
kf]= a= g+= @)&$%, kmf]gM $#$(&! ● lu2 lsg x/fP <
wf]lawf/f, sf7df8f}+
● xft] ljZn]if0faf6 df};d k"jf{gdfg
'
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 4

5. cfkmgf] snd
321
k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg P]gsf] k'gk{l/efiff h?/L
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
hf8f]ofddf vf;u/L t/fO{sf] ;dy/ If]qdf rNg] l;tnx/sf] k|sf]k slxn]b]lv rNg yfn]sf] xf] eGg] olsg
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
x'g g;s] klg o;af6 x'g] Iflt eg] x/]s jif{ j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 . ljut jif{x¿df ;"rgf k|jfxsf] cefjsf
321
321
321
321
sf/0f xf]; jf d[To'sf] jf:tljs sf/0fsf] klxrfg x'g g;s]/ xf];, l;tnx/af6 dg]{x¿sf] vf; ;ªVof
321
321
321
321
321
k|sfzdf cfpg g;s]sf] klg x'g;Sb5 . x'g t xfn;Dd klg k|To]s jif{ l;tnx/sf] k|sf]kaf6 slthgfsf]
321
321
321
321
321
d[To' eO/x]5 / cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs If]qdf o;n] slt xflg k'¥ofO/x]sf] 5 eg]/ cWoog–cg';Gwfg x'g
321
321
321
321
321
;s]sf] b]lvFb}g, g o;af6 x'g] Ifltsf] tYofªs s;}n] /fv]sf] kfOG5 . tyflk, k|To]s jif{ lxpFbofddf
g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf rNg] l;tnx/sf sf/0f dg]{ dflg;sf] ;ªVofdf cªs ylkFbf] 5 / cfly{s tyf
321
321
321
321
321
;fdflhs Iflt klg To;/L g} j[l4 eO/x]sf] 5 .
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321 hf8f]ofddf afSnf] s'lx/f]n] e"–;txnfO{ 9fSg] sf/0fn] 3fd gnfUg], tfkqmd c;fdfGo ¿kn] tn emg]{ /
321
321
321
321
321
klZrdL lr;f] xfjf l;/{–l;/{ rn]/ pTkGg x'g] lr;f] cj:yfnfO{ l;tnx/ elgG5 . o; k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6
321
321
321
321
321
dg]{x¿ k|foM kf}li6s vfgf, Gofgf] n'uf / pko'Qm af;:yfgsf] hf]xf] ug{ g;Sg] ljkGg hgtf g} x'g] u/]sf
321
321
321
321
321
5g . To;df klg j[4, /f]uL, czQm, a"9fa"9L / s]6fs]6L lr;f] vKg g;s]/ a9L dg]{ u/]sf 5g . o;
jif{sf] k'; dlxgf;Dd o; k|sf]kaf6 dg]{x¿sf] ;ªVof ;f7LeGbf dfly k'lu;s]sf] 5 . df3 dlxgfel/
321
321
321
321
321
l;tnx/ rln/xg] ;Defjgf ePsf]n] o;df cem} cªs ylkg] cj:yf 5 .
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
k|To]s lxpFbofddf lgoldt¿kdf g} rNg] o; k|fs[lts k|sf]kn] olt 7"nf] ;ªVofdf dflg; dg]{ /
321
321
321
321
321
lxpFb]afnL g/fd|/L k|efljt eO{ 7"nf] cfly{s Iflt k'Ug] u/]sf] eP klg o;df g t ;/sf/n] s'g} rf;f]
321
321
321
321
321
/fv]sf] b]lvG5, g k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf If]qdf sfd ug]{ /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx¿sf
321
321
321
321
321
of]hgf–kl/of]hgfdf Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf nflu s'g} sfo{qmd /x]sf] kfOG5 . gful/s ;dfh klg o; ljifodf
cgle1 g} /x]sf] cg'e"lt x'G5 . o;/L lgoldt¿kdf rNg] k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0f /
321
321
321
321
321
Joj:yfkgsf ljifodf ;a} kIfn] df}gj|t lnPsf] b]lvG5 . ;/sf/n] juL{s/0f u/]sf] k|sf]kdf l;tnx/
321
321
321
321
321
gkg]{ sf/0f hgfO{ k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f / /f]syfds} nflu eg]/ v8f ul/Psf] ;/sf/sf] …b}jLk|sf]k Joj:yfkg
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
ljefuÚ n] klg d"sbz{s aGg'afx]s sxL ug{ g;Sg' emg b'vb kIf /x]sf] 5 .
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
g]kfndf ut jif{ l;tnx/af6 dg]{sf] ;ªVof c;L k'u]sf] ;dfrf/ aLaL;Ln] lbPsf] lyof] . clxn];Ddsf]
cj:yf x]g]{ xf] eg] o; jif{n] ut jif{sf] ;ªVofnfO{ pl5Gg] ;ªs]t ldln;s]sf] 5 . 7"n} ljWj+; geP;Dd
321
321
321
321
321
sfgdf t]n xfn]/ a:g] afgL k/]sf xfdLx¿n] l;tnx/af6 dfgjLo Ifltsf cnfjf s[lif, pBf]u, Joj;fo,
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321 xjfO{ tyf :yn oftfoft / jftfj/0fh:tf w]/} kIfdf k'lu/x]sf] Ifltsf] dfqf a]n}df af]w ug{;s] w/}sf]
321
321
321
321
321
321
Hofg hf]lug ;SYof] . dfgjLo / cGo If]qdf x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0f tyf /f]syfdsf nflu s'g} kIfaf6 klg
kxn geO/x]sf] jt{dfg cj:yfdf cfˆgf gful/ssf] k|f0f/Iff ug]{ bfloTj ;/sf/s} ePsf] x'bf u[xdGqfnosf]
F
321
321
321
321
321
b}jLk|sf]k P]gnfO{ tTsfn k'gk{l/eflift ug'{ cfjZos t 5Fb}5, o; k|sf]ksf] df/df kg{;Sg] hgtfsf] klg
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
klxrfg u/L a]n}df ;'/Ifsf k|efjsf/L pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos b]lvG5 . gful/s ;dfhsf
321
321
321
321
321
x'g]x¿n] gx'g]nfO{ ;fgf] ;xof]u u/]/ ltgsf] k|f0f/Iff ubf{ k|fKt x'g] k'0o c¿ s]xLaf6 sdfpg ;lsGg
321
eg]/ klg a'‰g}kg]{ x'G5 . ;fdflhs ;]jfsf] nIo lnP/ v'n]sf /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o u/}/;/sf/L ;+:yfn]
321
321
321
321
klg o; k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"g ug]{tkm{ Wofg s]lGb|t ul/lbP …cfTdf ;fIfL /fvL dg jrg / sd{n] ;]jfÚ
321
321
321
321
321
321
321
321 ug]{ jrga4tf;d]t ;fy{s x'g] 5 .
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
kof{ j /)f ÷ 5

6. h}ljs ljljwtf
lsg jiff+;Dd r'l/of cfdrf;f]sf] ljifo aGg ;s]g < lsg of]
{}
g]] kfnsf cflbaf;L r] k fª hflt hlQs} ltgsf]
af;:yfg r'l/of If]q -r'/] >[ªvnf_ klg w]/} jif{;Dd
ljsf; sfo{qmd / ;+/If0f of]hgfx¿af6 cf]em]ndf k¥of] <
ef}uf]lns :j¿k
cfdhg;d'bfob]lv n's]/ a:of] . ltgsf ljifodf yf]/}n]
dfq rfv lnP . t/, xfn}sf jif{df eg] tL b'j}n] t/fO{sf] ;dtn d}bfgb]lv ;n{Ss p7]sf r'l/ofsf k'mRr]
bft[;+:yf / cGo /fli6«o tyf cGt/f{li6«o ;+:yfsf ljsf; kxf8x¿ lxdfno kj{tdfnfsf ;aeGbf sfG5f ;Gtfg
sfo{qmd / ;ef–uf]i7Lx¿df rrf{ kfpg yfn]sf 5g . x'g . To;f] t lxdfno cfkm}F ljZjsf] sfG5f] kj{tdfnfdf
rf/ jif{cl3 ;g !((( df l/;f];]{; lxdfnodfkm{t ulgG5 . o;sf] hGd To:t} kfFr s/f]8 jif{cufl8 ef/tLo
r'l/of;DaGwL kfF r r/0f;Dd lj:t[t cg';Gwfg k|oTg pkdxfåLk ltAatsf] e"–eful;t h'Wg uP/ ePsf]
yflnFbf;Dd klg olt l56} r'l/ofsf jghªunx¿ ;+/If0f e"ue{ljbx¿ atfpFb5g . lxdfnosf] clxn]sf] d"n :j¿k
cfof]hgfsf zAbfjnLx¿df ufFl;Pnfh:tf] nfu]sf] lyPg . sl/a b'O{ s/f]8 jif{cl3 lgdf{0f ePsf] / o;} ;dob]lv
cfhef]ln r'l/ofsf ljifodf slDtdf klg dlxgfdf blIf0f Pl;ofsf] xfjfkfgLsf] d"n sf/s dg;'gL jiff{ k|f/De
Psrf]l6h:tf] cfd;~rf/ dfWodx¿df ;dfrf/ 5flkG5g . ePsf] dflgG5 . lxdfno kj{tdfnfsf] blIf0fL sfvdf /x]sf]
r'l/ofsf] r'/Lk'm/L 8f= lbg]z/fh e'h" ✍
If]qLo l;dfgf
lxdfnL If]q
pRr kxf8
dWo kxf8
r'l/of÷lzjflns
t/fO{
★
g]kfnsf] r'l/of cWoogsf k|d'v cg';Gwfgstf{ 8f= e'h"n] hfkfgsf] rLaf ljZjljBfnoaf6 Osf]nf]hLdf kLPr8L ug'{ePsf]
5 . pxfF xfn /f]gf:6df sfo{/t x'g'x'G5 .
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 6

7. h}ljs ljljwtf
r'l/of eg] To:t} Ps s/f]8 jif{cl3 p7]sf] cg'dfg ul/G5 . cfsif{s jGohGt' g} kfOG5, g t lxdfndf h:tf]
r'l/of klZrddf OGb; gbLb]lv k"j{df a|Xdk'q;Dd lxdfR5flbt r'r'/fx¿ g} . Ps lsl;dn] r'l/of dfgj
cyf{t em08} lxdfnohlQs} nfdf] 5 . o;sf] rf}8fO a:tLsf lglDt pko'Qm :yfg aGg ;s]g . r'l/ofsf] of]
st}st} km}lnP/ %) lsld;Dd k'u]sf] 5 eg] st}st} a}u'g t/ p;}sf nflu eg] j/bfg ;fljt eof]– dfgjLo
;fF 3 ' l /P/ %)) ld6/d} ;Lldt b] l vG5 . r' l /ofsf cltqmd0f gePsf] sf/0f ToxfFsf hªunx¿ dfl;Pgg .
8fF8fx¿sf] ;fnfvfnf prfO !%)) ld6/ elgP tfklg h]–h:tf] k|fs[lts cj:yfdf lyof], ToxLcg';f/ ToxfF jg
klZrddf hDd"If]qlt/ $))) ld6/;Dd cUnf] / k"j{lt/ / jg:klt df}nfO/x] / k|s[lt ;Fu;Fu} ltgdf kl/jt{g
!))) ld6/eGbf sd /x]sf] e]l6G5 . g]kfnL e"efuleq klg cfO/x] .
r'l/of s}nfnLlt/ r'lnP/ !*)) ld6/;Dd k'u]sf] 5 . r'l/ofsf] lrGtf
r'l/ofsf sltko 7fpFdf gbLsf 7"nf– t/ kl/l:ylt ;w}F p:t} /x]g . ;'?df
7" n f pkTosfx¿ klg 5g , h:t} M x'g klg r'l/ofdf dflg;x¿ kxf8sf] sl7g psfnL–
lrtjg, /fKtL, aaO{ / e]/L gbLsf t/fO{sf] hªundfh:tf] cf]/fnL hLjgaf6 qf0f kfpg t/fO{sf
pkTosfx¿ . g cfsif{s jGohGt' g} d}bfglt/ em/] . t/fO{df hg;ªVof
j[l4 x'Fb} uPkl5 s]xL kl/jf/ kxf8
r' l /ofsf] e" : j¿k d" n tM gbLn] kfOG5 g t
cyf{t r'l/oflt/ kmls{P, s]xL dfly
aufP/ NofPsf u]u|fg, anf}6] 9'ªuf / lxdfndfh:tf] kxf8af6 cfpF b fcfpF b } r' l /ofd}
b'd6 df6f]n] ag]sf] 5 . o;k|sf/sf] lxdfR5flbt r'r'/fx¿ cl8P . klZrd g]kfnlt/ Pp6f s:tf]
;+ o f] h gnfO{ l;jflns ;d" x klg g} . Ps lsl;dn] r'l/of rng dflkms /x]5 eg] ;aeGbf
elgG5 . r' l /ofsf sltko dfjg a:tLsf lglDt klxn] cUnf b'u{d kxf8af6 ;'ud
7fpF x ¿af6 cflbsfnsf :tgwf/L pko'Qm :yfg aGg kxf8 cyf{ t t/fO{ glhssf] r' / ]
-afF b /, cflbd dfgj, df+ ; fxf/L, ;s]g . r'l/ofsf] of] kxf8lt/ cfpFbf /x]5g . kl5, cfˆgf]
rf} k fof, xfQL cflb_ hLjx¿sf a}u'g t/ p;}sf nflu cfly{s Ifdtfg';f/ qmdzM t/fO{lt/
dxŒjk"0f{ hLjfjz]if km]nf k/]sf 5g . eg] j/bfg ;fljt eof] – embf{/x]5g . dflg;x¿ cf]Ol/Pkl5
s] x L jif{ c l3 g] k fndf e] l 6Psf a:tL / v] t af/Lsf nflu s] x L
cflbdfgj /fdflky]s;sf] vKk/ klg dfgjLo cltqmd0f
gePsf] sf/0f ToxfFsf hªunx¿ dfl;g' :jfefljs g} x'g]
r'l/of If]qaf6} pTvgg ul/Psf] lyof] .
hªunx¿ dfl;Pgg . eof] . dflg;sf sf/0f gfªuf ePsf
g]kfnsf kfFr k|d'v ef}uf]lns If]qx¿ r'/]kxf8x¿ cfhef]ln k"j{–klZrd
-t/fO{, r'l/of, dWokxf8, pRrkxf8 h]–h:tf] k|fs[lts
/fhdfu{sf] pQ/tkm{ klZrd g]kfnsf]
/ lxdfn_ dWo] ;aeGbf a9L hªun cj:yfdf lyof] ToxL
b] p v' / Llt/ 5 o fª u } b] l vG5g ,
ePsf] If]q r'l/of g} xf] . If]qkmnsf cg';f/ ToxfF jg / To:t} v fn] gfª u f] r' / ] k xf8 k" j { d f
lx;fan] r'l/ofn] -If]qkmn M !$,$%) jg:klt df}nfO/x] / pbok'/lt/ klg b]lvG5 .
ju{ ls=ld=_ ;aeGbf sd cyf{ t k|s[lt ;Fu;Fu} ltgdf
b]zsf] s'n e"efusf] !# k|ltzt dfq xfn} s f jif{ d f g] k fnL 5fkfx¿n]
kl/jt{g klg cfO/x] . r'l/ofsf jgx¿ kftlnFb} uPsf] s'/f]
cf]u6]sf] 5 . tyflk plNnlvt kfFr
If]qdf r'l/ofsf] ;aeGbf a9L cyf{t &^ k|ltzt e"– p7fPsf 5g . lg;Gb]xM o;n] :yfgLo hg;d'bfosf]
efudf jghªunn] 9fs]sf] 5 . t/ w]/}sf nflu r'l/of lrGtfnfO{ ;d]6]sf] 5 . r'l/of If]qsf] ;+/If0faf/] ;+o'Qm
vx/] pn{g], klx/f] uO/xg] / v]tLsf nflu sfd gnfUg] /fi6«;ª3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdnufot s]xL cGt/f{li6«o
kxf8sf ¿kdf kl/lrt /lx/Xof] . s' g } k~rjifL{ o ;+:yfx¿n] klg rf;f] lnPsf] kfOG5 . hd{g k|fljlws
of]hgfdf klg Tof] kg{ ;s]g / ckjfbsf ¿kdf s]xL ;xof]u ;+:yf -lhl6h]8_ n] t Ps bzscl3b]lv g}
ljsf; sfo{qmdafx]s j}1flgs cg';Gwfg klg ToxfF pbok'/lt/sf] r'/] If]qsf] ;+/If0f sfo{df ;+nUg 5, xfn}
ePg . x'g klg r'l/ofdf t/fO{sf] hªundf h:tf] g cfP/ ljZj;+/If0f ;ª3 -cfOo";LPg_ k"jL{ g]kfnsf] r'/]
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 7

8. h}ljs ljljwtf
>[ ª v nfdf, l:j; ljsf; ;xof] u ;+ : yf -P;8L;L_ plNnlvt ;a} @@@ :yfgdf sDtLdf Pp6f 7"nf] -gfk M
x} 6 f+ } F 8 flt/sf] r' / ] k xf8, / ljZj jGohGt' sf] i f @% ld × ×@% ld_, b'O{j6f demf}nf -gfk M % ld ×
-8An"8An"Pkm_ klZrd / dWog]kfnsf] t/fO{ hf]8g] t/fO{ % dL_ / rf/j6f ;fgf -gfk M ! ld × ! ld_ rf}sf];fx¿
cfs{ NofG8:s]k -tfn_ sfo{qmddf ;+nUg ePsf 5g . nufO{ To;leqsf ;Dk"0f{ af]6la?jf, a'6ofg / kf]y|fx¿sf]
l/;f]{;]; lxdfnon] ;g !((( df klxnf]kN6 g]kfnsf] gfk, ;ªVof, ltgn] cf]u6]sf] If]q -se/]h_ cflbsf]
k"j{ d]rLb]lv klZrd dxfsfnL;Ddsf] r'l/of If]qsf] tYofªs lnOPsf] lyof] . o;sf cltl/Qm ofqfsf a]nf
kl/j[QLo tYofªs cfwf/ -Osf]nf]lhsn 8f6fa];_ tof/ vf;u/L psfnL–cf]/fnLx¿df k|To]s !)) ld6/sf]
kfg]{ k|:tfjgf cl3;f¥of] . o;/L k|fKt j}1flgs ;"rgf / prfOdf ¿vx¿sf] ;+of]uaf/] tYofªs ;ªsng ul/Psf]
1fg cGttf]uŒjf To; If]qsf] ;+j4{g / ToxfF cfl>t lyof] . ;fy}, tL :yfgx¿sf] glhs kg]{ ufpF – a:tLdf
hgtfsf] hLjg ;'wf/lglDt nfebfos x'g] ck]lIft 5 . uO{ ToxfFsf afl;Gbfx¿l;t 5nkmn u/L cf}iflwd"nf] tyf
kfFr r/0fdf k"/f ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] pQm k|:tfjgfsf] cGo k|of]hgsf nflu pkof]u ul/g] la?jfx¿af/]sf] ;"rgf
clek|]/0ff d'Votof lgDg tLg sf/0fdf c8]sf] 5 – klg ;ª s ng ul/Psf] lyof] . kz' k G5Lsf xsdf
!= k" j { b ] l v klZrd;Dd Psgf; km} l nPsf] t/fO{ s f] jGohGt'sf kfOnfx¿, b]lvPhlt / cfjfh ;'lgPhltsf
hªun ca vl08t eO;s]sf] 5 . r/fx¿sf] tYofªs /flvPsf] lyof] . s'n %#* dfgj–lbg
vlr{Psf] o; cjlwdf jg:klt;DaGwL dfq sDtLdf $$
@= vl08t hªun / cnlUuP/ /x]sf ;+/lIft If]qx¿
xhf/ tYofªs a'bfx¿ l6lkPsf lyP . e"–pkof]lutfsf]
F
e"–b[Zo:t/ -NofG8:s]k n]en_ df ;+/If0flglDt
kl/jt{g / jGohGt' tyf kG5Lsf ;"rgfx¿ a]Un} 5g .
ckof{Kt ePsf 5g . /,
#= g]kfnsf] t/fO{ If]qdf /x]sf ;+/lIft Pjd t/fO{ / k|f/lDes glthf
kxf8sf k|fs[lts af;:yfgx¿nfO{ hf]8g] Psdfq oBlk ;ªsng ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ tYofªs s]nfpg afFsL
;]t' r'/] >[ªvnf ePsf] 5 . g} 5, k|f/lDes glthfcg';f/ r'l/ofdf jgIf]q 36]/
uPsf] 5 eg] s[lifIf]q lgs} a9]sf] 5 . h:t}M k"jL{
l/;f]{;]; lxdfnoåf/f cl3;fl/Psf] k|:tfjgfsf g]kfnlt/ ;g !(%) sf] bzsdf r'l/ofdf *! k|ltzt
d"n b'O{j6f p2]Zo 5gM jgn] 9fs]sf] lyof] h'g ;g !(&) sf] bzsdf 36]/ &!
k|ltzt / ;g !(() sf] bzsdf cem 36]/ %^ k|ltzt
!= ;g !(%), !(&) / !(() bzssf] ;docGt/fndf
k'u]sf] b]lvG5 . oxL #% jif{sf] cjlwdf ToxL If]qdf
r'l/of If]qdf ePsf] e"–pkof]lutfsf] kl/jt{g /
dfgj ;ª3ftsf] d"Nofªsg ug]{ . /,
@= r'l/of If]qsf] jgsf] cjl:ylt / ToxfF kfOg] hLj
ljljwtfsf] ;"rgf ;ªu|x / To;;DaGwL :yfgLo
hgtfdf /x]sf] 1fgsf] clen]v /fVg] .
cWoog ljlw
o; tLg jif{sf] cjlwdf l/;f]{;]; lxdfnon] k"jL{ If]qdfdf
#%, dWoIf]qdf *%, dWoklZrd If]qdf #( / ;'b"/klZrd
If]qdf ^# u/L s'n @@@ :yfgx¿af6 jgsf] cjl:ylt /
hLj ljljwtf;DaGwL ljljw :ynut tYofªs ;ªsng
u/]sf] 5 . tL :yfgx¿sf] lgSof]{n gS;fdf ef}uf]lns
cIff+ z / tYofª s tflnsfsf] /] G 8d ;ª V ofx¿sf a9bf] cltqmd0fdf r'l/of
cfwf/df ul/Psf] lyof] eg] :ynut klxrfgsf nflu e"– k"jL{ g]kfnsf] r'l/of If]qdf ljut #% jif{df s[lif If]q
pku|xsf] dfWodåf/f ;~rfng x'g] hLkLP; elgg] !@) k|ltztn] j[l4 eof] eg] jg If]q *! k|ltztaf6
oGqnfO{ k|of]udf NofOPsf] lyof] . 36]/ %^ k|ltztdf em¥of] .-kmf]6f] M n]vs_"_
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 8

9. h}ljs ljljwtf
j}1flgs rfvsf] ljifo xf] . r'l/ofsf] v's'nf] df6f]df
/d0fLo tfn klg b]Vg kfOof] . df]/ªsf] 6fF8L uflj;df
cjl:yt r'nLkf]v/L -gfk M @ x]S6/, prfO{ ^%) ld_
g]kfnsf] l;d;f/ ;"rLdf gofF gfd ylkPsf] 5 .
r'l/of If]qsf clwsfªz afl;Gbf tL If]qdf kfOg]
af]6la?jfsf] pkof]lutf / k|sl[ taf/] ulx/f] 1fg /fVb5g .
k"jdf /fO{, lnDa", dWodf tdf8=, du/, klZrddf afx'g,
{
If]qL / du/sf] afx'No b]lvP klg 7fpF7fpFsf r]kfª,
s5f8]h:tf cNk;ªVos hfltsf] a;f]af; b]lvG5 . k'?if–
dlxnf, :s'n] s]6fs]6L / 3/ ?ªg] a'9fa'9L ;a} cfˆgf] 3/
jl/kl/ kfOg] cf}iflwhGo la?jfl;t kl/lrt 5g . 3fp–
rf]6 nfUbf v'a} hftL x'g] l;sf/L nx/f]sf] la?jf gd"gf
xfdLnfO{ klxnf]rf]l6 !! jif]{ :s'n] 5fqn] NofOlbPsf] lyof] .
s'g} 7fpFdf xfd|f] :yfgLo ufO8 g} lgDgdfWolds ljBfnosf
ljBfyL{ x'Gy] . To;f] t ghfg]/} xf]nf, 88]Nw'/fsf :s'n]
s]6fs]6Lx¿n] kTy/L /f]udf pkrf/ x'g] kfif0fe]bsf km"nx¿
af6f]df kmofNb} lxF8sf klg b]lvP . o;/L l;6fdf]nsf
]
rSsLx¿n] ?lbnf]sf] /;nfO{ qmdzM lj:yflkt ug{ yfn]sf]
gld7f] cg'ej klg r'l/ofn] u/fPsf] 5 .
g]kfnsf nflu b'ne jg:klt /fgL yfsn -;fOs;
{
k]lS6gf6f_ k"jL{ g]kfnsf] r'/] jgsf] uxgf . -kmf]6f]M n]vs_
s[lif If]qdf eg] !@) k|ltzt cyf{t bf]Aa/eGbf a9L
cg'kftdf j[l4 ePsf] b]lvG5 . To; If]qdf ¿vx¿sf]
;ªVof k|ltx]S6/ sl/a ^(! ePsf] kfOof] h;dWo] (=*
k|ltzt sfl6Psf 7'6f lyP . k"j{sf] oxL kl/l:ylt afFsL
r'l/of If]qdf klg x'g] cfzªsf ul/Psf] 5 .
t/ cWoogn] ;Dk" 0 f{ lg/fzfdfq xf] O g, cfzfk| b
glthfx¿ klg cufl8 NofPsf] 5 . t/fO{ s f
hª u nx¿af6 x/fpF b } uPsf wg] i f k" j L{ r' l /ofsf]
nfnemf]8f jgdf pl8/x]sf b]lvP eg] k"jL{ r'l/ofs} g]kfnsf] l;d;f/ ;"rLdf gof“ gfd
;f]lQmdsf] dfOvf]nf / zflGt8fF8fsf vf]nf5]plt/ ¿v– 6f“8L uflj; df]/ªdf /x]sf] r'nLkf]v/L . -kmf]6f]M n]vs_
pmGo" -6«L kmg{_ clg l;ªkm]/] / d}gfr'nLlt/ /fgL yfsn
-;fOs; k]lS6gf6f_ sf 3f/Lx¿ g} e]l§P . ¿v–pGo" / r' l /ofsf] cWoogsf oL k| f /lDes glthfn] Pslt/
/fgL yfsn g]kfnsf nflu b'n{evfn] la?jf x'g / tL r'l/ofsf] h}ljs ljljwtfnfO{ phfu/ u/]sf] 5 eg]
b' j } ;fOl6;sf] kl/lzi6df ;" l rt 5g . To:t} , csf{lt/ a9bf] jgljgf;sf] tYonfO{ klg cl3 t]:of{Psf]
dWog]kfnsf] r'l/ofdfO{ If]qlt/ %)) ld6/sf] sd 5 . r'l/ofsf] …;+/If0fÚ df bft[;+:yfx¿ cfslif{t ePsf]
prfOd} ;Nnfsf jg e]l6P eg] rGb|lgufxk'/b]lv dfly b]lvG5 t/ cg';Gwfgsf] If]qdf tL cem klg pbfl;g
u8fg;L/lt/ ^)) dL6/sf] 6'Kkf]df kxf8sf b'j} le/fnf 5g . tL ;+:yfx¿ cfˆg} k|fyldstfsf] 3]/f / ljsf;]
kfvfdf vo/sf hªunx¿ kfOof] . ;fdfGotof g]kfndf gf/fdf ?dlNnPsf 5g . ;g @))@ sf] kj{t jif{n]
;Nnf ()) ld6/eGbf dfly / vo/ t/fO{lt/ gbL5]p ljZjsf] Wofg kxf8sf] pkof]lutf / ltgsf] ;+/If0ftkm{{
kfOg] ¿v eg] / lrlgG5g . ;' b " / klZrdsf] r' l /of cfslif{t u¥of] . xfn} dfq klg xfdLn] kxf8 lbj;
kxf8sf] a:tL ;'u/vfn -!#)) ld6/_ sf] jgdf afFem dgfof} + . s] r' l /of kxf8sf] cWoog xfd| f ] ;+ / If0f
/ ;fn ;Fu;Fu} pld|Psf e]l§P h'g cfkm}Fdf Pp6f sfo{;"rL x'g ;Sb}g <
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 9

10. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
e'Orfnf]af6 s:tf 3/ ;'/lIft x'G5g <
“
ljho pkfWofo
gf/fo0f–gf/fo0f Û x] k|e" arfpm, P afa' xf], pm7 pm7, u'dfpg k'U5g . cflv/, of] e'OFrfnf] xf] s] < lsg
;a} aflx/ lxF8 nf}, e'OFrfnf] cfof] . cfdf Û P cfdf Û uO/xG5 af/Daf/ / nfvf}Fsf] wgdfn df6f]df ldnfOlbG5,
cF == cfF nf} g lg s;/L xlNnPsf] < pm== x]/ ¿vsf] sltn] Hofg u'dfpF5g / cem slt t ckfªu x'gk'U5g .
6'Kkf]n] e'O{+ 5'g cfF6of] . n == n == ;fgf] sfG5f]sf] 3/ s] o:tf] ljgf;sf/L e'OFrfnf] /f]Sg ;lsGg < o:tf
t un{Dd} kf] n8]5 . x/] lzj lzj Û pm == pm x]/ Û k|nosf/L e'Orfnf]af6 aRg] s'g} pkfo 5}g t <
F
;fOFnfbfOsf] 3/ t wh}whf eP/ lrl/P5, n85 ls Sof kGw| jif{cl3 @)$% ;fn ebf} % ut] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] 7"nf]
xf] < P]of afaf Û x] O{Zj/ nf} g arfpm sf] 5 aflx/ e"–efudf Pp6f dWodvfn] e'OFrfnf] uPsf] lyof] . pQm
< dnfO{ lems, nf} g afaf d/]F lg . n x]/, 7"nf] sfsfsf] e'OFrfnf]df &@! hgfn] Hofg u'dfPsf lyP, !,$@!
5f]/fn]s t ‰ofnaf6 xfdkmfn]/ v'§} kf] efFr]5 . u}/] hgfnfO{ uDeL/ rf]6 nfu]sf] lyof] / %,!#! hgf 3fOt]
sfG5fsf] 5f]/frflxF dflyaf6 cf]n{gnfUbf ln:g' v;]/ ePsf lyP eg] %,^(@ hgfnfO{ ;fwf/0f rf]6k6s nfu]sf]
n8]5, cfFlQP/ a]xf]; ePsf] 5 c/] .Æ lyof] . ;f] e'OFrfnf]af6 @!,@$# 3/x¿ Wj:t ePsf lyP
e'OFrfnf] jf e"sDk hfFbf o:t} lsl;dsf lrTsf/ tyf / nueu ^^,))) a;f]af; ug{ gx'g]u/L rls{Psf lyP .
b'Mvsf :j/x¿ ;'lgg] u5{g . sf]xL xtfl;P/ a]xf]; To;}u/L !,@)@ ljBfno, !,!%( ;fj{hlgs ejgx¿ ;f]
x'G5g, sf]xL 3/n] k'l/P/ d5{g eg] slt t 3/af6 efUbf e'OFrfnf]sf] rk]6fdf k/]sf lyP eg] @,!#( 3/kfn'jf
n8]/ jf w]/}hgf Ps}kN6 efUg vf]Hbf k]lnP/ Hofg hgfj/ d/]sf lyP . To;eGbf * jif{klxn] cyf{t @)#&
g]kffndf P]ltxfl;s tyf
k"j–P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoog
{
;f]dgfy ;fksf]6f, dfwj/fh kf08]
/fli6«o e"sDk dfkg s]Gb|, vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, n}grf}/, sf7df8f}+ .
sl/a @) s/f]8 jif{cl3 ;'? ePsf] ef/tLo pkdxfåLk e" s Dk / !(#$ sf] laxf/–g] k fn e" s Dk o;sf
cyf{t OlG8og Kn]6 pQ/tk{m lg/Gt/ ultzLn xF'b} hfg] pbfx/0fx¿ DfflgG5g . lxdfnL >[Înfdf ljutdf uPsf
k|s[of (Plate Tectonics) df sl/a % s/f]8 jif{clw cGo e"sDkx¿sf] vf]hL u/L To:tf e"sDkx¿ k'g/fj[lQ
o'/f]l;og Kn]6sf] blIf0fL pkv08 -ltAatLog Kn]6_ ;Fu x'g] ;do, :yfg / e"sDksf] dfg cflbsf] cWoog–
7Ss/ vfg uof] . ttkZrft OlG8og Kn]6 jflif{s @) cg';Gwfg ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o:tf cfFs8fx¿n] e"sDkLo
ldlnld6/sf b/n] ltAaltog Kn]6d'lg 3':g hfFbf o; k|sf]ksf]] ;xL d"Nofªsg u/L o; If]qdf e"sDksf]
If]qdf adf{b]lv lxGb's'z;Dd sl/a @,%)) ls=ld= c;/af6 x'g;Sg] dfgjLo ;|f]t–;fwg Pj+ lhpwgsf]
nfdf] lxdfno >[Înf aGg uPsf] xf] . oL kxf8x¿ IfltnfO{ Go"gLs/0f ug{ ;3fp k'¥ofpF5 .
ef} u le{ s ;dosf] lx;fan] gofF l;lh{ t kxf8x¿ 7"nf tyf demf}nf e"sDkx¿ ef}ule{s b/f/x¿sf]
dflgG5g . OlG8og Kn]6 ltAaltog Kn]6d'lg 3':g] lqmofzLntfaf6 pTkGg x'g] x'Fbf lxdfnL If]qdf e"sDk
k|lqmofdf ;l~rt e"sDkLo ann] dxfe"sDksf] ¿k lng] pTkGg ug{ ;Ifd o:tf lqmofzLn b/f/x¿sf] klxrfg
xF'bf of] If]q e"sDkLo hf]lvd If]qdf kb{5 . ljut ug'{ cTofjZos 5 . o:tf b/f/x¿sf] lqmofzLntfsf]
!)) jif{leq o; If]qdf uPsf dxfe"sDkx¿ h:t} ;g k' g /fj[ l Q;d] t ljleGg tl/sf ckgfO{ d" N ofª s g
!*(& / !(%) sf] cf;fd e"sDk, !()% sf] sfªu8f ug'{kb{5 . ;fwf/0ftof hlt 7""nf] e"sDksf] dfg eof],
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 10

11. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
;fndf klZrd g]kfndf uPsf] e'OFrfnf]sf sf/0f !)# e";txsf] s'g} sdhf]/ :yfgaf6 Hjfnfd'vL k'm6g]u5{ .
hgfsf] hofg uPsf], #(! hgf 3fOt] ePsf / @%,)*^ o;/L Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6 x'Fbf To;j/k/sf] hldg
3/ eTs]sf lyP . ljqmd ;Djt !(() sf] df3 @ ut] xlNnguO{ e' O F r fnf] cfpF 5 . o:tfvfn] e' O F r fnf]
;f]daf/ g]kfnsf] dWoefu tyf laxf/df Ps eoªs/ Hjfnfd'vL lj:kmf]6g x'g] ;Defljt If]qx¿df hfg]u5{ .
ljWj+;fTds e'OFrfnf] uPsf] lyof] . h;df nueu *,%!( o;}u/L, k[YjLsf] ;txdf 7"nf–7"nf rnfodfg r§fgsf
hgfn] Hofg u'dfpg'sf ;fy} nfvf}F kl/jf/ 3/af/ljxLg ;txx¿ cyjf e"v08 -6]S6f]lgs Kn]6_ x¿ 5g . oL
ePsf lyP . To; e'OFrfnf]n] *),*(# 3/ kftfndf ljzfn e"v08x¿ Pscfk;df vlK6Fbf jf 5'l§Fbf k[YjLsf]
wl;Psf lyP eg] !@^,#%% 3/ a:g gldNg]u/L Ifltu|:t dflyNnf] ;tx;Dd k'Ug]u/L hf]8bf/ sDkg k}bf x'G5 /
x'gk'u]sf lyP . o;}nfO{ e'OFrfnf] elgG5 . kf}/fl0fs syg / j}1flgs
;j{k|yd e'OFrfnf] s] xf] / s;/L hfG5, To;sf] ljifodf JofVof a]Unfa]Un} eP tfklg e'OFrfnf] dflg;n] /f]s]/
s]xL rrf{ ug'{ plrt xf]nf . kf}/fl0fs ls+jblGtcg';f/ g/f]lsg] tyf slxn] hfG5 eg]/ eljiojf0fL ug{ g;lsg]
ljzfn s5'jfsf] 9f8dfly plePsf rf/ eLdsfo xfQLn] k|fs[lts k|lqmof xf] eGg] ljifo eg] ;dfg 5 .
k[YjLnfO{ af]ls/fv]sf 5g . tL xfQLnfO{ af]ls/fVg] o:tf k|nosf/L k|fs[lts k|lqmofx¿sf sf/0f e";txdf
s5' j f jf k[ Y jLnfO{ cfˆgf] 9f8df c8 o fpg] rf/ cg]s kl/jt{g cfpg] u5{ . g]kfnsf] pQ/L e]udf kg]{
xfQLdWo] s;}n] s'g} klg sf/0fn] clnslt klg xnrn lxdfno >[ªvnfx¿ o:t} k|lqmofx¿sf sf/0f ;d'b|L
u/] eg] k[YjL xlNnG5, kmn:j¿k e'OFrfnf] hfG5 . ptf, ;txaf6 p7]/ ag]sf x'g eg]/ e"ue{zf:qLx¿ atfpF5g .
j}1flgsx¿sf] syg eg] a]Un} 5 . k[YjLsf] leqL ;txdf !(() ;fnsf] dxfe"sDk klg ef/tLo e"v08 -OG8f]
ljBdfg clt pRrtfkqmdsf sf/0fn] x/]s j:t'x¿ Uofªufl6s Kn]6_ ltAatL e"vG8 -l6a]l6og Kn]6_ lt/
klUnP/ t/n cj:yfdf plDn/x]sf x'G5g . e"–ue{sf] of] ;+;/0f -;g]{ k|lqmof_ sf sf/0fn] pTkGg ePsf] lyof] .
cj:yfaf6 ToxfF pTkGg pRrrfk clws ePkl5 ;f] dxfe"sDksf sf/0fn] k"jL{ g]kfnsf lxd>[ªvnfx¿
plt nfdf] k'g/fj[lQ ;do x'G5 . pbfx/0f :j¿k sl/a P]ltxfl;s tyf k"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDkx¿sf] cWoog
* /]S6/:s]nsf] e"sDksf] k'g/fj[lQ ;do sl/a #)) ltgn] 5f8]/ uPsf ef}ule{s c;/x¿sf] vf]h tyf
b]lv %)) jif{;Dd x'G5 . ctM nfdf] k'g/fj[lt ePsf cGj] i f0faf6 ug{ ;lsG5 . vf] h sf] l;nl;nfdf
e"sDkx¿sf] d"NofÍg ug{ nfdf] cjlwsf] e"sDkLo cGj] i f0ffTds pTvgg klg ug' { k g] { x' G 5 . o;/L
cfFs8fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . cfjZos k/]df pTvgg u/L k[YjLsf] ;txsf] :j¿k
o:tf e"sDkx¿ dfgj;Eotfsf] ljsf; eO;s]kl5 o; tyf ef}ule{s ;"rsx¿sf] cGj]if0f u/L P]ltxfl;s tyf
If]qdf sltk6s uP eGg] cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{ k"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] cWoog tyf cg';Gwfg ug]{
e"sDkLo cfFs8fsf] ljleGg ;|f]tdf cfwfl/t x'g'kb{5 . ljwfnfO{ Paleoseismology elgG5 .
To;sf nflu ljleGg kf}/fl0fs u|Gy, lznfkq / tfd|kq e"sDk hfFbfsf] ;dodf 5f8]/ uPsf c;/x¿df hldg
cflbsf] cWoog u/L P]ltxfl;s e"sDksf] vf]hL ug'{kg]{ wl;g] (Liquefaction), klx/f] hfg] (Landslide), hldgsf]
x'G5 . lnlvt Oltxf;sf] cefjn] ubf{ P]ltxfl;s ;tx lau|g] (Surface Deformation), e"sDk ;Fu;Fu}
b:tfj] h af6 w] / } k' / fgf e" s Dksf] d" N ofª s g ug{ hldg ;g]{ (Co-seismic Slip) cflb kb{5g . logsf]
;lsFb}g . pbfx/0f:j?k, g]kfn lxdfnodf ;aeGbf cWoogaf6 ljutdf pTkGg ePsf e"sDkx¿sf] ljleGg
k'/fgf] pNn]v ePsf] e"sDk ;g !@%% df /fhf ceo ;"rs Pj+ tYofªssf af/] hfgsf/L kfpg ;lsG5 .
dNnsf] kfnfsf] b]lvG5 . o;df plNnlvt j0f{gx¿ g]kfndf e"sDk;DaGwL cWoog–cg';Gwfg vfgL tyf
klg j}1flgs lgis;{ lgsfNg kof{Kt / ljZj;gLo klg e"ue{ ljefusf] /fli6«o e"sDkdfkg s]Gb|, n}grf}/n]
b]lvFb}gg . e"sDk gfKg] oGqaf6 ;+slnt cfFs8faf6 k|mfG;sf] DASE ;Fusf] ;+o'Qm ;+nUgtfdf ub}{ cfPsf]
klg ;fwf/0ftof ;g !(^) sf] bzskl5sf 5 . o; s]Gb|n] g]kfn clw/fHosf] k"j{b]lv klZrd;Dd
e"sDkx¿sf] dfq dfg Pjd s]Gb|laGb' ;"Idtfk"j{s dWokxf8 / r'/]kxf8sf] If]qdf :yfkgf ul/Psf @!
lgwf{/0f ug{ ;Dej 5 . b/f/x¿ lqmofzLn eO{ e"sDk j6f ;fOl:ds :6];gx¿ ;+rfng u/L e"sDkx¿sf]
hfFbf s'g} g s'g} ef}ule{s c;/ 5f8]/ hfg] x'Fbf lg/Gt/ cWoog ul//x]sf] 5 . ljut !) jif{otf
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 11

12. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
ef/tLo d}bfgL efux¿eGbf nueu % ld6/ dfly p7]sf kl/jt{g x'Fb} uO/x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf olb b'O{ ;o
lyP . ljqmd ;Djt !#!! b]lv !(() ;Ddsf] ^&( jif{df jif{;Dd 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] guPsf] v08df ;+;/0f jf
g]kfnn] !(() ;fnsf] dxfe"sDk hlQs} zlQmzfnL !) ;ª3if{0fsf sf/0f oL e"v08x¿ @)) x @ = $)))
j6f e'OFrfnf] a]xf]/]sf] Oltxf; 5 . ul0ftLo cf};tsf] ;]lG6ld6/ cyjf $ ld6/hlt wl;g] x'G5 . o:t}u/L, kfFr
l;4fGtcg' ; f/ ;/b/ ^&=( jif{ d f Psk6s o:tf] ;o jif{;Dd klg s'g} 7"nf] e'OFrfnf] guPsf] v08df eg]
ljgf;sf/L dxfe"sDk uPsf] b]lvG5 . jf:tjdf o;/L !) ld6/hlt wl;g] x'G5, h;sf] kl/0ffd cf7 /]S6/:s]n
lglZrt ;dosf] cGt/fndf e'OFrfnf] uOlbg] eP ;fob a/fa/sf] e'OFrfnf]df kl/0ft x'g]5 . cyf{t o; If]qdf
eljiojf0fL ug{ ;lsGYof] xf]nf . t/, l:ylt o:tf] 5}g . s'g} b'O{ dxfe"sDkaLrsf] ;dofGt/ hlt a9of], plt
t}klg Oltxf;sf] n]vfhf]vf / xfn;fn} ePsf ljleGg cfufdL e'OFrfnf]sf] c;/ cem ljgf;sf/L x'g] x'G5 .
cWoogx¿n] eg] &) b] l v !)) jif{ ; Dddf Pp6f o;sf] dtna e'Orfnf] hlt l9nf] uof], To;sf] kl/0ffd
F
dxfe"sDk cfpg] alnof] ;Defjgf b]vfPsf] 5 . !(() jf dfk plt g} a9g uO{ To;af6 x'g] ljgf;sf] tLj|tf
;fnsf] e'OFrfnf] uPsf] cfh &) jif{ k"/f ePsf] 5 . emg–emg a9b} hfG5 . kfNkf, a'6jn, e}/xjfh:tf
g]kfnsf] klZrdf~rn tyf dWoklZrdfQrn If]qdf eg] 7fpFx¿df clxn];Dd e'Orfnf] guPsfn] eljiodf klg
F
s'g} 7"nf] dxfe"sDksf] lnlvt cyjf k|fdfl0fs Oltxf; hfFbg eg]/ 9'Ss x'g' s'g} klg xfntdf a'l4dfgL 7xl/Fbg .
} }
k|fKt x'g g;s]sf] sf/0faf6 of] If]q cem} k|nosf/L lsgeg] g]kfnsf] s'g} klg e"–efu e'Orfnf]sf] vt/faf6
F
dxfe"sDksf] rk]6fdf kg]{ ;Defjgf alnof] x'Fb} uO/x]sf] d'Qm 5}g / g]kfnel/ g} ;fgf, demf}nf tyf 7"nf–7"nf
5 . o;sf] sf/0f s] eg] ef/tLo e"v08 ltAatL e'Orfnf] uO{ g} /xg]5g . e'Orfnf] g t /f]Sg ;lsG5, g
F F
e"v08lt/ k|ltjif{ @ ;]lG6ld6/sf b/n] ;+;/0f eO/x]sf]n] s'g–s'g ldltdf jf ;dodf sqf e'Orfnf] cfpF5g eg]/
F
g] k fnsf] sf7df8f} F / ef/tsf] b] x /fb' g aLrsf] b" / L ls6fgL;fy eljiojf0fL ug{ g} ;lsg] l:ylt 5 .
;ª s lnt ;fOl:ds cfF s 8f tyf cGo cWoog– txn] 7f8f] sf6]/ dfly hfg] k|lqmof, tyf e"–;txsf]
cg';Gwfgx¿af6 lxdfnosf] ;fOl:ds rqmsf] df]8]n aflx/L :j?k / ljleGg txx¿ aLrsf] cfGtl/s
ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 . h;cg';f/ o; If]qdf uPsf ;+/rgfsf] cfwf/df ul/G5 . dflysf] tYox¿af6 tL
dxfe"sDkx¿ r'l/ofsf] blIf0fL k]mbdf cjl:yt b/f/ e"sDkx¿sf] ;fk]lIfs pd]/ yfxf eP klg ltgsf]
(Himalayan Frontal Thrust, HFT) df xnrn jf:tljs pd]/ cyf{t e"sDk uPsf] slt jif{ klxn] xf]
pTkGg eO{ cyjf cem blIf0fL efudf gofF b/f/sf] eGg] k|:6 x'Fb}g . tL e"sDkx¿sf] jf:tljs pd]/ yfxf
lgdf{0f eO{ ;txdf lg:s]sf] kfOG5 . To;}n] /fli6«o kfpg e"sDkn] c;/ kf/]sf / e"sDkkl5 y'kfl/Psf
e"sDkdfkg s]Gb|n] k|mfG; / cd]l/sfsf j}1flgsx¿;Fu efudf /x]sf k|fËl/s /]l8of]wdL{ tŒj Carbon-14 sf]
ldnL r' l /of kxf8sf] blIf0fL k] m bsf] cf;kf;df cWoogaf6 yfxf kfpg ;lsG5 . h;sf nflu lxdgbL,
Paleoseismological cWoog–cg';Gwfg ug{;d]t ;'? vf]nf xfjf cyjf cGo s'g} ;|f]tn] To; ;dodf NofO{
ul/;s]sf] 5 . y'kf/]sf] sf7sf] 6'qmf k|of]u ul/G5 .
k" j { – P] l txfl;s e" s Dkx¿sf] cWoog ubf{ To:tf pTvgg sfo{ ug{'k"j{ pTvgg ug]{ pko'Qm 7fpFsf]
e"sDkx¿n] 5f8]/ uPsf c;/x¿ xfn vf]nfn] y'kf/]sf] 5gf]6 ug{sf nflu ;Defljt If]qsf] 6f]kf]u|flkms gS;f
y]u|f] (Alluvial Deposit) sf] y'k|f] d'gL / kxf8af6 e"– (Topographical Maps), Pl/on kmf]6f]u|fkm (Aerial
Ifo eO{ kxf8sf] k]mbsf] ;Dd k/]sf] efudf y'kf/]sf] Photos) / ;]6]nfO6 Od]h (Satellite Images) cflbsf]
y'k|f] (Colluvial Deposit) df k'l/g uPsf] x'Fbf To:tf lj:t[t cWoog u/L :ynut lg/LIf0f;d]t ug{'kb{5 .
7fpFdf pTvgg sfo{ u/L tL e"sDkn] 5f8]/ uPsf g]kfn lxdfnosf] ;Gbe{df pTvgg ug]{ 7fpFsf] klxrfg
c;/x¿sf] cWoog ul/G5 . o:tf] pTvgg sfo{ ubf{ lgDg rf/ aF'bfaf6 ug{'kg]{ x'G5 .
Ps jf PseGbf a9L e"sDksf c;/x¿ k]mnf kfg{ != k|fs[lts Scarp / Tectonic Scarp sf] klxrfg
;lsG5 . Paleoseismological cWoog r§fg tyf @= b/f/sf] Foot-wall / Hanging-wall sf] l:ylt
df6f]sf txx¿aLrsf] lj:yfkg, gofF txnfO{ k'/fgf] #= Tectonic Scarp sf] prfO % ld6/eGbf sd
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 12

13. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
;fwf/0ftof e'OFrfnf] cfkm}Fn] s;}nfO{ dfb}{g t/ o;sf] yfxf kfpg' plQs} ;fGble{s x'G5 . e'OFrfnf] hfFbf
sf/0faf6 elTsPsf sdhf]/ 3/, k'n cflb dfgjlgld{t hldgsf] ;tx sDkg x'g] x'Fbf ;aeGbf klxn] 3/sf] hu
;+/rgfx¿sf] eUgfjz]ifn] lsr]/ jf e'OFrfnf]sf] a]nf xlNnG5 . hudfly ag]sf] ufx|f] hlt cUnf] 5, TolQ g}
xtfl;P/ ;fF3'/f] :yfgaf6 w]/}hgf Ps}k6s efUg jf sDkgsf] j]u a95 / ;aeGbf cUnf] efudf of] j]u klg
lg:sg vf]Hbf lslrP/ dflg;sf] Hofg hfg] ub{5 . ;aeGbf tLj| x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf] nflu 7f8f] kf/]/ e'O{+df
ljutsf e'OFrfnf]x¿n] eTsfPsf / To:tf k|nosf/L ufl8Psf] l;wf / !) ld6/ cUnf] kfOknfO{ hldg
k|sf]kx¿df ar]sf ejgx¿sf] lj:t[t cWoog tyf ;tsdf ! ;]lG6ld6/ bfofFafofF ;g]{u/L xNnfPsf] v08df
ljZn]if0f k|fljlwsx¿n] u/]sf 5g . o;sf] lgrf]8sf] To;sf] 6'Kkf]rflxF !) ;l]G6ld6/ bfofFafofF k'UghfG5 .
¿kdf e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds lgdf{0f k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] ctM 3/ hlt cUnf] eof], sDkgsf] j]u TolQ g} 7"nf] x'g]
5 . pQm k| l jlwsf] k| o f] u u/] / agfOPsf 3/x¿ x'Fbf cUnf 3/x¿sf] t'ngfdf xf]rf 3/x¿ e'OFrfnf]af6
e'OFrfnf]sf] a]nf ;fwf/0f tl/sfn] ag]sf 3/x¿sf] a9L ;' / lIft x' G 5g . g] k fndf ePsf 3/x¿sf]
t'ngfdf w]/} ;'/lIft /xG5g / hgwgsf] Iflt klg guGo ljZn] i f0ffTds cWoog ubf{ lgDgcg' ; f/sf]
x' g ] x' G 5 . ;fljss} lgdf{ 0 f ;fdu| L x¿ ;' w fl/Psf] sdLsdhf]/Lx¿sf sf/0f e'OFrfnf]sf] df/af6 aRg
k|ljlwcg';f/ k|of]u u/]/ o:tf e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds g;Sg] s'/f kQf nfu]sf] 5, h'g xfd|f 3/df ePsf
3/x¿ agfpg ;lsG5 . o:tf sdLsdhf] / LnfO{ x6fP/ gofF 3/nfO{ e" s Dk
e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds k|ljlwsf] rrf{ ug'{eGbf klxn] k|lt/f]wfTds agfpg ;lsG5 .
e'OFrfnf]n] ejgdf s;/L c;/ ug{ eg]/ hfGg' h?/L • 3/sf] cfsf/k|sf/ tyf rf}8fOsf] t'ngfdf
x'G5 . ;fljssf 3/x¿df ePsf sdLsdhf]/L tyf nDafO w]/} g} a9L x'g', sdhf]/ lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf]
ltgLx¿nfO{ e'OFrfnf]sf] ;fg} wSsfaf6 n8fpgsf] sf/0f k|of]u ul/g' .
$= ;fgf vf]N;fx¿af6 df6f], l;N6, afn'jf / u|fe]nx¿
vf]N;fn] aufP/ NofPsf] kbfy{x¿ b/f/sf Foot-wall
hDdf x'g] 7fpF df hDdf x'g] xF'bf Hanging-wall df ePsf s8f
r§fgdf eGbf e"sDksf c;/x¿ oL kbfy{x¿df :ki6
o:tf] cj:yf ljleGg 6]S6f]lgs jftfj/0f (Tectonic
b]Vg ;lsG5, ;fy} o:tf kbfy{x¿df k|r'/ dfqfdf
Environment) df km/s–km/s x'g ;Sb5 .
k|fËl/s tŒj (Carbon bearing substance) kfpg
k|fs[lts Scarp ePsf] 7fpFdf pTvgg sfo{ ug{ sl7g
;lsg] ePsf]n] e"sDkx¿sf] pd]/ kQf nufpg;d]t
x'G5 . lsgeg] o:tf Scarp x¿ ;fwf/0ftof vf]nfn]
;lhnf] kb{5 .
sf6b} agfPsf] PstkmL{ lsgf/fdf b]lvG5g . h;df
@)%* ;fnsf] d+ l ;/ dlxgfdf vfgL tyf e" u e{
vf]nfn] w]/}cufl8 y'kf/]sf] k'/fgf] df6f], l;N6 / afn'jf
ljefusf] /fli6«o e"sDkdfkg s]Gb|–n}grf}/, k|mfG;sf]
tx lg/Gt/ vf]nfsf] s6fOn] ubf{ aufP/ n}hfg] xF'bf
DASE / CNRS / cd]l/sfsf] California State
o:tf 7fpFx¿sf b/f/x¿df ;fk]lIfs lj:yfkg b]lvPtf
University sf j}1flgsx¿sf] ;+o'Qm 6f]nLn] dxf]Q/L
klg pQm lj:yfkgsf] qmlds ;do kQf nufpg ufx|f]
lhNnfsf] vo/df/f uflj;cGtu{ t df/f vf] n fdf
x'G5 . t/ o:tf k|fs[lts Scarp x¿n] To; 7fpFj/k/
pTvgg sfo{ ;DkGg u/]sf] 5 . ;f] sfo{df pQ/–
pTvgg sfo{sf nflu pko'Qm 7fpF k]mnf kg{ ;Sg]
blIf0f / k"j{–klZrd lbzfdf u/L sl/a %) ld6/ nfdf],
alnof] ;DefjgfnfO{ lgb]{lzt ub{5 . To;}n] o:tf 7fpF
% ld6/ rf}8f / % ld6/ ulx/fOsf b'O{j6f 6«]Gr vlgPsf
j/k/ % ld6/eGbf sd prfO ePsf Tectonic
lyP . h;sf] k|f/lDes glthfaf6 To; If]qdf ljutdf
Scarps / ;fgf] vf]N;fx¿n] aufP/ NofPsf kbfy{x¿
sDtLdf b'O{j6f e"sDkx¿ uPsf] x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ug{
hDdf x'g] 7fpF k]mnf k/]df tL 7fpFx¿ pTvgg sfo{sf]
nflu pko'Qm dflgG5g . Tectonic Scarps sf] prfO
;lsG5 . t/ oL e"sDkx¿ slxn] uPsf lyP eGg] tYo
% ld6/eGbf a9L ePdf b/f/sf Hanging-wall /
Carbon-14 sf] kl/0ffd k| f Kt ePkl5 dfq eGg
Foot-wall sf] ;DaGw cWoog ug{ w]/} ulx/f] vfN8f]
;lsg] 5 . ;f] kl/0ffd k| f Kt ug{ ljleGg txaf6
vGg'kg]{ x'G5, h'g w]/} vlr{nf] / c;'/lIft x'g ;Sb5 .
Carbon-14 sf gd'gfx¿ ;ªsng u/L k|of]uzfnf
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 13

14. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
• df]6f] tyf w]/} jhg ePsf] leQf / 5fgf] agfpg] agfpg'k5{ . ljleGg ;txdf t];f]{ k|anLs/0f k]6L, s'gf,
rng x'g' hf]gL{ tyf ‰ofn, 9f]sfx¿sf] bfofFafofF 7f8f] k|anLs/0f
• ufx|f]df k|of]u ul/Psf OF6f tyf 9'ªufx¿aLr clgjfo{¿kdf /fVg'k5{ . 3/sf k|d'v cªux¿ hu, ufx|f],
/fd|f] aGwg jf hf]8fOsf] cefj x'g' . rf]6f tyf 5fgfsf] aLrdf /fd|f] aGwg u/]/ agfpg] /
• ufx|f], rf]6f, 5fgf cflb Pscfk;sf aLrdf rf]6f, 5fgfdf ;s];Dd xn'sf lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]u
/fd|f];Fu aGwg gx'g' / s'gf tyf hf]gL{x¿ /fd|f] x'G5 .
sdhf]/ x'g' . o; lsl;dsf] k|ljlwåf/f 3/ agfpFbf % b]lv & k|ltzt
• 3/sf] tNnf] tnfdf k;nsf nflu rf} 8 f a9L vr{ x'G5 . eljiodf cfOkg]{ e'OFrfnf]sf df/af6
9f]sfx¿ /flvg' . x'g] hgwgsf] Iflt sd ug{ olt a9L nufgL u/]/ 3/
• ljutdf k|of]u ul/g] u/]sf sf7sf] t];f]{ aGwg agfpg' a'l4dfgL x'G5 eGg] s'/fdf s;}sf] b'O{ dt
tyf 7f8g] vfFaf / blng tyf lgbfndf /flvg] gxf]nf . e"sDk k|lt/f]wfTds k|ljlwsf] ;fy{stf tyf
u/]sf r's'nsf] rng x/fpFb} hfg' . o;sf] ;+lIfKt k|fylds 1fg k|To]s g]kfnLnfO{ ;'ne
x'g clt cfjZos 5 .
• ‰ofn, 9f]sf, leQ] b/fhh:tf efux¿ ufx|f]df
htftt} /flvg' . alg;s]sf 3/sf] klg e"sDkLo hf]lvd n]vfhf]vf u/L
sdhf]/ ;fljt ePsf 3/x¿nfO{ ;Defljt e'OFrfnf]af6
Pn 6L jf o" cfsf/ jf afFs] k/]sf 3/x¿sf] t'ngfdf arfpgsf nflu ljz]if dd{t;'wf/ ug]{ k|ljlwsf] ljsf;
juf{sf/ jf cfoftsf/ 3/x¿ ;'/lIft x'G5g . rf}8fOsf] eO;s]sf] 5 . o:tf] k|ljlwnfO{ e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f
tLgu'0ff jf ;f]eGbf nfdf] / tLg tnfeGbf cUnf] 3/ elgG5 . klxn] g} alg;s]sf t/ e"sDkLo lx;fjn]
gagfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . olb ;f]eGbf cUnf] 3/ agfpg sdhf]/ b]lvPsf 3/x¿nfO{ geTsfO{sg} yk lgdf{0f
k/]df of]Uo k|fljlwssf] k/fdz{ lnP/ dfq lgdf{0f sfo{ ;fdu|Lsf] k|of]uaf6 e"sDkLo ;'b[9Ls/0f (Sesmic Ret-
ug' { k 5{ . l:y/ tyf vF l bnf] ;txdf plrt gfk / rofitting) ug{ ;lsG5 . alg;s]sf] 3/nfO{ k"/} eTsfP/
cfsf/sf] kSsL hu /fv]/ e/sf] jhg ;s];Dd sd gofF 3/ agfpg cfly{s tyf cGo sf/0fn] ;a}sf nflu
ug]{ lgdf{0f ;fdu|L tyf k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L 3/ agfpg' ;Dej gx'g ;S5 . t/, o:tf 3/df e"sDkLo ;'/Iffsf
kb{5 . plrt gfk, cfsf/ tyf :yfgdf dfq ‰ofn– nflu ‰ofn, 9f] s fx¿sf] gfk / :yfgdf x] / km] /
9f]sf /fVg'k5{ . leQfdf k|of]u x'g] lgdf{0f ;fdu|Lx¿ cTofjZos yk aGwg tyf k|anLs/0fx¿ /fv]/ ;'/lIft
Pjd s' g f tyf hf] g L{ x ¿aLr /fd| f ] aGwg x' g ] u /L agfpg ;lsG5 . ❊
/fli6« e"sDk ;'/Iff lbj; Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf k|of;df ;fy{s agf]; .
cWoogsf nflu ljb]z k7fOPsf] 5 . / California State University cd]l/sfsf] ;+o'Qm
g]kfndf k"j{–P]ltxfl;s e"sDkx¿sf] cWoog sfo{sf] k|of;df lxdfnosf] kl5Nnf] gofF b/f/ (HFT) sf
l;nl;nfdf k|f= 8f= ljzfngfy pk|]tL / tfsf;L ljleGg v08df pTvgg sfo{ u/L P]ltxfl;s / k"j{–
gfsftfn] k"jL{ g]kfnsf] ltdfO{ vf]nf / 6f]snf lrof P]ltxfl;s e"sDkx¿sf] cWoog ug]{ sfo{qmd /x]sf]
aufg If]qdf pTvgg sfo{ u/L sl/a !,@)) b]lv 5 . k| f /lDes cg' d fgcg' ; f/ k" j { b ] l v klZrdL
!,))) jif{ cl3 To; If]qdf e"sDk uPsf] x'g ;Sg] l;dfgf;Dd h;sf] kl/j]zdf g]kfn clw/fHodf sl/a
lgisif{ lgsfn]sf 5g . o:t}, cWoog ef/tsf] b]x/fb'g @) 7fpFdf 6]«Gr pTvgg u/L P]ltxfl;s tyf k"j{–
If]qdf ;]lGyn s'df/ / j]:g':sLsf] l6dn] pTvgg sfo{ P]ltxfl;s dxfe"sDkx¿sf] ef}ule{s c;/ lgwf{/0f ug{
u/L cfheGbf sl/a ^%) jif{otf b'O{j6f e"sDk ;s] ;do;fk]If e"sDk d"NofÍg ug{df 7"nf] ;3fp
uPsf] lgisif{ pTvgg sfo{af6 cfPsf] cfFs8faf6 k'Ug ;Sg] b]lvG5 .
lbPsf 5g . -;fef/ M ;dfrf/ klqsf, cÍ–!(, g]kfn ef}ule{s
cfpFbf jif{df vfgL tyf e"ue{ ljefu, DASE France, ;dfh, j}zfv @)%(_
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 14

15. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
k|sf]k Go"g ug{ cfd;~rf/ dxŒjk"0f{
g]kfnsf] ef}uf]lns cjl:ylt, ljljwfo'Qm df};d / sf]dn hg;fwf/0f;Dd kx' F r /xg] cfd;~rf/sf dfWodsf]
e" – ;txsf sf/0f af9Lklx/f] , v8] / L, e' O F r fnf] h :tf k|efjsf/L pkof]u ug{ cfd;~rf/sdL{nfO{ k|sf]k;DaGwL
k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf b[li6n] hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 . To;df klg tflnd, 1fg, ;"rgf, ;dGjo, n]vgj[lQ cflbsf nflu
;dfh clzIff, c1fgtf / ul/aLn] cfqmfGt ePsfn] gLltut Joj:yf x'gkg]df ;xefuLx¿n] hf]8 lbPsf lyP .
' {
k|fs[lts ;|ftdfly a9]sf] dfgjLo cltqmd0f / ljgf;n]
] sfo{zfnfdf ;"rgf tyf ;~rf/ dGqfnosf ;x;lrj
ubf{ Pstkm{ k|fs[lts k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Ifltdf j[l4 eO/x]sf] ;'zLn l3ld/]n] k|sf]k Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;dod} Wofg
5 eg] csf]tkm{ /f]usf] dxfdf/L, cfunfuL, ef]sd/Lh:tf
{ k'¥ofpg;s] o;af6 x'g] Iflt 36fpg ;lsg] s'/fdf hf]8
k|sf]ksf] Iflt klg al9/x]sf] 5 . o:tf k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt lbFb} o;;DaGwL hgr]tgf clej[l4 ug{ cfd;~rf/sf] pkof]u
Go"g ug{ r]tgf clej[l4n] cxd e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ x'bf F ug'{kg]{df hf]8 lbg'eof] . To;}u/L g]kfn 6]lnlehgsf
cfd;~rf/sf dfWodn] o;df dxŒjk" 0 f{ sfo{ ug{ dxfk|aGws b'uf{gfy zdf{n] g]kfndf ljB'tLo tyf 5fkfsf
;Sb5g . ;~rf/dfWodsf] /fd|f] ljsf; eO;s]sf] x'bf oL dfWodn]
F
/fli6«o e"sDk ;'/Iff lbj;–@)^) sf] cj;/ kf/]/ /fli6«o k| s f] k Joj:yfkg, k" j { t of/L / p4f/sf ;DaGwdf
;dfrf/ ;ldlt, PS;gP8 g]kfn, e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o gful/snfO{ ;r]t u/fpg;Sg] wf/0f JoQm ug'eof] . {
;dfh tyf Pl;og l8hf:6/ lk|k8g]; ;]G6/n] ;+oQm¿kdf' sfo{qmddf /fli6«o ;dfrf/ ;ldltsf cWoIf >L/fdl;+x
cfof]hgf u/]sf] æk|sf]k Joj:yfkgdf cfd;~rf/dfWodsf] a:g]tn] k|sf]knfO{ klg ljsf; kqsfl/tfsf] cleGg cªusf]
e"ldsfÆ ljifos sfo{zfnfsf jQmf tyf sfo{kq k|:tf]tfn] ¿kdf cufl8 a9fpg'kg]tkm{ hf]8 lbFb} k|sf]k b}jLzlQmaf6
{
cfd;~rf/dfWodn] hgtfnfO{ k|sf]k;DaGwL k'g:yf{kgf, geO{ k|fs[lts jf dfgjLo lqmofsnfksf sf/0f cfpg]
k"j{tof/L / p4f/sf If]qdf ;r]t u/fpg;Sg] atfP . x'Fbf o;af6 x'g] Iflt Go"g ug{ hgtfdf r]tgf Nofpg
sfo{zfnfdf k|sf]kaf6 ljZj, Pl;of / g]kfndf ;g !(*@ ;~rf/dfWod k|efjsf/L x'g] atfpg'eof] .
b]lv @))@ sf] cjlwdf ePsf] hgwgsf] Ifltsf] ljj/0f e"sDkljb OlGhlgo/ dx]z gsdL{n] g]kfn e"sDkLo b[li6n]
k| : t' t ub} { g] k fndf hgwgsf] Iflt cTolws x' g ' d f
r]tgfsf] cefj g} k|dv sf/s /x]sf]tkm{ ;ªst ul/Psf]
' ] hf]lvdk"0f{ /x]sf] hgfpFb} g]kfndf !(() ;fnsf] h:t} !!
lyof] . af9Lklx/f]sf] k|sf]k x/]s jif{ cfpg] g]kfndf j6f e'Orfnf] cfO;s]sf] / km]l/ klg To:t} e'Orfnf] cfP
F F
To;af6 jif]{gL sl/a #)) hgfsf] d[To' x'g] / b;f}F xhf/ sf7df8f}Fdf $) xhf/ dflg; dg{;Sg] / 7"nf] cfly{s
dflg; k|efljt x'g]u/]sf 5g . gf]S;fgL x'g] ;Defjgf /x]sf]n] a]ndf ;ts{tf ckgfpg'kg]{
}
s'/fdf hf]8 lbg'eof] . k|sf]kaf/] r]tgf clej[l4n] gf]S;fgL
;g !(*@ b]lv @))@ ;Dddf k|sf]kaf6 ePsf] Iflt Go"g ug{ k|efjsf/L e"ldsf lgjf{x ug]{ x'bf kqsf/x¿nfO{
F
If]q cjlw-;g_ d[To' k|efljt o;df Wofg lbg gsdL{n] cfu|x;d]t ug'{eof] .
g]kfn !(*@–(@ @,#%% (^*,@## 5fkf tyf ljB'tLo cfd;~rf/dfWodsf k|ltlglw, k|sf]k
Go"gLs/0fsf If]qdf sfo{/t ;/sf/L tyf u}/;/sf/L If]qsf
!((#–)@ #,*($ !,!$&,&*% sl/a ^) hgfsf] ;xeflutf /x]sf] ;f] sfo{zfnfdf e"sDk
k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfhsf cWoIf lzjaxfb'/ k|wfgfªu /
Pl;of !(*@–(@ #@^,)&$ !,#((,^*#,%*( dxf;lrj cfdf]bdl0f bLlIftn] cfd;~rf/dfWodn] k|sf]ksf]
!((#–)@ $^@,&*% @,@&$,@@),@@( Iflt Go"g ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsf lgjf{x ug{;Sg]tkm{ Oªlut
ub} { sfo{zfnfaf6 k|fKt ;'emfjsf] sfof{Gjog x'g;s]
ljZj !(*@–(@ !,))^,*$@ !,^@#,)#%,!@@ hgwgsf] Iflt Go"g ug{ ;lsg] s'/f pNn]v ug'eof] . {
!((#–)@ ^@#,(@& @,$(^,*!),&*@ To;}u/L Pl;og l8hf:6/ lk|k8g]; ;]G6/sf a'l4 j]/fl;ªu]
tyf ;+oQm /fi6«;ª3Lo ljsf; sfo{qmdsf dfgaxfb'/ yfkf
'
k|:t't tYofªsnfO{ x]bf{ Iflt Go"gLs/0fsf k|efjsf/L / PS;g P8 g]kfnsf Zofd;'Gb/ 1jfnLn] lbuf] ljsf; /
pkfox¿ cjnDjg gu/]s} sf/0f Pl;ofdf k|sf]kaf6 x'g] ul/aL lgjf/0fsf nflu klg k|sf]k Go"gLs/0f ckl/xfo{ ePsf]
Iflt t'ngfTds ¿kdf cTolws /x]sf] b]lvG5 . k|sf]k tyf cfxtn] /fxt kfpg' gful/s clwsf/ g} ePsf] x'bf F
cj:oDefjL eP klg k|sf]kaf6 x'g] Iflt Go"gLs/0f ug{ kLl8tnfO{ tTsfn /fxt pknAw u/fpg'kg]{ ljifodf hf]8
hgr]tgfn] cxd e"ldsf v]Nb5 . cftM o; sfo{df lbFb} cfd;~rf/;Fu ;a}n] xft]dfnf] ug'kg]{ atfpg'eof] .
{
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 15

16. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
k[ k[ Y jLsf] ef} u f] l ns agfj6, xfjf, kfgLsf]
;+/rgf, h}ljs / ch}ljs j:t'aLrsf] lgoldt
cflb ljifodf klg k"j{cg'dfg ug{ ;lsg] cfj:yfsf]
ljsf; eO;s]sf] 5 . e"ue{sf] cj:yfsf] cWoogåf/f
tyf cfsl:ds lqmof–k| l tlqmofsf sf/0f ljleGg e' O F r fnf] s f] nflu vf; If] q nfO{ s' g xb;Ddsf]
lsl;dsf 36gf tyf b'3{6gf eO/xG5g . log} lqmof– ;Dj]bgzLn If]q xf] eg]/ lgwf{/0f ug{ ;lsg] eP klg
k|ltlqmofsf sf/0fn] x'/Latf; rNg', cl;gfkfgL kg'{, e'OFrfnf] cfpg] ljifodf k"j{cg'dfg ug{ cfh;Dd ePsf]
clt jiff{ x'g', v8]/L kg'{, af9L cfpg', r6oª kg'{, j} 1 flgs pGgltn] ;kmntf kfPsf] 5} g . e' O F r fnf]
l;tnx/ rNg', klx/f] hfg' / e'OFrfnf] cfpg'h:tf cfO;s]kl5 To;sf] pTklQ s]Gb| / Ifdtfsf] dfkg x'g]
k|fs[lts k|sf]ksf 36gf lgoldt eO/xG5g . o:tf w/} k|ljlwsf] ljsf; ePsf] eP klg of] sqf], s'g 7fpFdf /
k|fs[lts k|sf]k k|s[ltsf] ;+/rgfdf x'g] xnrn tyf s'g ;dodf cfpF5 eg]/ cg'dfg ug{ ;lsFb}g . oltdfq
k|s[ltdf cfkm}F pTkGg c;Gt'ngsf sf/0f x'g] ub{5g xf]Og o; k|sf]kn] af9L–klx/f]n]h:tf] s'g} lgwf{l/t
e'Orfnf] M lgoGq0f ug{ ;ls“bg
“ }
aRg] pkfo u/f}“ –kof{j/0f 8]:s
eg] sltko k|fs[lts k|sf]k dfgjLo sf/0fn] klg x'g] If]qnfO{ dfq c;/ kfb}{g . ;dy/ t/fO{, dWo tyf pRr
ub{5g . dflg;n] k|fs[lts sf/0faf6 g} pTkGg x'g] kxf8 / lxdfn, pkTosfh:tf ljleGg ef}uf]ls If]qdf
k|sf]ksf] qf;bL sfnfGt/ b]lv vKg' kl//x]s} 5 . /x]sf k|fs[lts ;fwg / dfgjlgld{t ;+/rgfnfO{ o;n]
To;df klg hg;ªVof j[l4, clgof]lht ljsf;–lgdf{0f, g/fd|/L IftljIft kfg{ ;Sb5 . To;}sf/0f e'OFrfnf]nfO{
bL3{sfnLg ;f]rsf] cefjdf ul/Psf lg0f{o / cGo sfo{, ljZjsf] ;a}eGbf k|nosf/L / ljgf;sf/L k|fs[lts
lg/Gt/ a9b} uPsf ljsf; lgdf{0fsf sfo{n] pTkGg k|sf]ksf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 .
kl/l:ylt tyf k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly al9/x]sf] cltqmd0fn]
eO/x] s f] jftfj/0fLo ljgf;sf sf/0faf6 sltko e'O“rfnf] s] xf] <
k|fs[lts k|sf]k ckm}+n] lgDTofO{ dflg;n] tLgsf] ;fdgf k| f s[ l ts k| s f] k dWo] e' O F r fnf] Psbd} zlQmzfnL,
ul//xg'k/]sf] 5 . xfn;Ddsf] cWoogcg';f/ dfgjLo ljgf;sf/L / qf;bLk"0f{ k|fs[lts k|sf]k xf] . k[YjLsf]
sf/0faf6 geP/ k|fs[lts sf/0faf6} cfpg] e'OFrfnf] ef}ule{s cyjf leqL xnrnsf sf/0f k[YjLsf] ;tx
cyjf e"–sDk k[YjLsf] w/ftndf ck"/0fLo Iflt k'¥ofpg] xlNng] k|lqmofnfO{ e'OFrfnf] elgG5 . g]kfnL efiffsf
eoªs/ ljgf;sf/L k|fs[lts k|no dflgPsf] 5 . x'g t b'O{ zAb– e'O{+ = e"ld cyjf hldg / rfn = rNg',
ljZjdf k| f s[ l ts k| s f] k cfpg] k" j { ; " r gf lbg w/} xlNng'_ sf] ld>0faf6 ag]sf] e'OFrfnf]n] e"ld sfFKg]
j}1flgs k|ljlwx¿ ljsf; eO;s]sf 5g tyflk, ;a} k| l qmofnfO{ hgfpF 5 . e' O F r fnf] s f] kl/efiff lbF b }
k| s f/sf k| f s[ l ts RofDa/sf] @)( cf} F
k|sf]ksf] k"jf{g'dfg ug]{ e'O“rfnf] s] xf] < ;] G r' / L zAbsf] i fn]
sfo{ r'gf}tLk"0f{ g} /x]sf] • k[YjLsf] cfGtl/s tyf ef}ule{s cj:yfdf …hldg xNng' g} e'Orfnf] F
5 . df};dsf ;DaGwdf cfpg] kl/jt{gaf6 l;h{gf x'g] c;Gt'ngsf xf]Ú eg]sf] 5 eg] g]kfn
jfo'sf] cj:yf, rfk, ult, sf/0f pTkGg x' g ] ef} u le{ s sDkgn] /fhsLo
tfkqmddf eO/x] s f] e";txnfO{ lbg] hf]8bf/ wSsfaf6 e"ld xlNng] k|1fklti7fgåf/f
lgoldt kl/jt{ g h:tf lqmofnfO{ e'O“rfnf] elgG5 . k| s flzt a[ x t g] k fnL
ljifosf] cWoog u/] / • k[YjLsf] leqL ;txdf /x]sf] tftf] n]bf] kbfy{ zAbsf] z df …e' O F r fnf] ,
k"jf{g'dfg nufpg ;lsG5 -DofUdf_ aflx/ lg:sg vf]Hbf jf lg:s“bf e" s Dk jf e} F r fnf]
eg] cltj[li6, cgfj[li6 k[YjLsf] ;txdf x'g] xnrn tyf sDkg . Hjfnfd' v L lj:kmf] 6 g
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 16

17. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
cflbsf sf/0fn] k[ Y jLsf] ub{5 . e'OFrfnf]n] k|fs[lts
ultdf c;Gt'ng cfO{ ;tx e'Orfnf] s;/L hfG5 <
+{ tyf dflg;n] agfPsf
xlNng] sfdÚ eg] / • k[YjLsf] leqL efudf kUn]sf] tftf] n]bf] jf ef}lts ;+/rgf, kf}/fl0fs
kl/eflift ul/Psf] 5 . t/n kbfy{ Hjfnfd' v Lsf ¿kdf aflx¿ tyf P]ltxfl;s ;Dkbf cflb
o;k| s f/ k[ Y jLsf] leqL ;d] t elTsP/, k' l /P/,
ef}ule{s cj:yfdf cfpg] lg:s“bf jf cGo sf/0fn] leqL ;txdf efl;P/ ;dfKt x' G 5g .
kl/jt{ g tyf xnrnaf6 xnrn x'“bf . dflg;, 3/kfn'jf hgfj/,
l;h{ g f x' g ] c;Gt' n gsf • ;d'b|df Hjf/ef6 p7]/ cf;kf;sf] hldgdf jGohGt' cflb dfl/g] /
sf/0f pTkGg x'g] ef}ule{s 7f]lSsO{ hldgdf xnrn cfp“bf . k|fs[lts ;+/rgfdf g} klg
sDkgn] e" ; txnfO{ lbg] kl/jt{ g cfpg] Jofks
hf]8bf/ wSsfaf6 hldg tyf e"ld xlNng] lqmofnfO{ ;Defjgf /xG5 .
e'Orfnf] elgG5 . o;/L e"ld xlNnFbf hldg lr/f kg],{
F
kmf6g,] dflg;åf/f lgld{t ef}lts ;+/rgf tx;gx; x'g,] e'O“rfnf] s;/L gflkG5 <
hldg wl:;g], kxf8L If]qdf klx/f] hfg] / t/fO{ If]qdf k[YjLsf] kUn]sf] leqL efu dflylt/ lg:sFbf kg]{ rfkn]
tyf ;dy/ e"ld efl:;g uO{ tnfp aGg]h:tf c:jfefljs rs]{sf] 7fpFdf 7"nf] zlQm pTkGg x'G5, h;nfO{ zlQms]Gb|
-Hypocenter_ elgG5 . zlQms]Gb|sf] 7Ls dfly kg]{
cj:yf l;h{g x'G5g .
e";txdf klxnf] wSsf kbf{ x'g] xnrnsf] s]Gb|nfO{
e'O“rfnf] lsg cfp“5 < s] G b| l aGb' (Epicenter) elgG5 . e' O F r fnf] hfF b f
k[YjLsf] ;tx w]/} tx tyf kftfx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] 5 . s]Gb|laGb'df slt 7"nf] wSsf k¥of] eg]/ gfKgsf nflu
k[YjLsf] ;txaf6 hlt tn tyf leqL efult/ uOG5 l;:df]u|fkm (Seismograph) gfds oGq k|of]u x'G5 .
TolQ g} tfk a9 b } hfG5 . j} 1 flgsx¿sf cg' ; f/ l;:df]u|fkmn] gfKg] e'OFrfnf]sf] wSsfnfO{ /]S6/:s]n
k[YjLsf] sl/a dWo;efult/ x'g] l;;f, kmnfdh:tf j:t' (Richter Scale) elgG5 .
klg clws tfksf sf/0f klUnP/ emf] n tyf
n]bf]sf]¿kdf kl/0ft ePsf x'G5g . u'?Œjfsif{0fn] ubf{ e'O“rfnf]sf] Ifdtf / Ifltsf] ;Defjgf
To;/L klUnPsf] t/n tyf emf]n kbfy{nfO{ k[YjLsf] e'OFrfnf] k[YjLsf] ef}ule{s agf]6, tNnf] txaf6 dflylt/
dflyNnf] txn] bjfj lbg] jf lyRg] sfd ub{5 . To;f] cfpg] nfef tyf klUnPsf] n]bf] kbfy{sf] ult / To;sf]
x'Fbf k[YjLsf] dflyNnf] tx emf]n jf n]bf]df 8'Ag] / leqL rfkdf e/ kb{5 . k[YjLsf] leqL ;txdf x'g] tLa|
txdf /x]sf] tftf] n]bf] kbfy{n] k[YjLsf] dflyNnf] txlt/ xnrnsf sf/0f e'OFrfnf] cfpg'cufl8 To;sf] k"j{
bafa lbg] qmd ;'? x'G5 . n]bf] / 7f]; j:t'aLr x'g] ;"rgf tyf To;sf] ult jf Ifdtfsf ljifodf s'g}
cfGtl/s rfksf sf/0f k[YjLsf] dflyNnf] sdhf]/ hfgsf/L kfpFg ;lsFb}g . lgoldt¿kdf x'g] ef}ule{s
efusf kq tyf r§fgL If]qn] Tof] rfknfO{ yfDg ;Sb}gg rfnaf6 ;fdfGotof ! b]lv # /]]S6/:s]nsf] e"sDksf]
/ lr/fx¿af6 n]bf] aflx/tkm{ lg:sG5 / lr/fg]/ 7"nf] wSsf pTkGg x'G5 . e'OFrfnf]sf o:tf ;fgf wSsfnfO{
zlQm pTkGg x' G 5 . ToxL zlQmsf sf/0f hf] 8 bf/ xfdLn] dx;'; ug{ ;Sb}gf} t/ # /]S6/eGbf dflysf]
e"sDkLo nx/x¿ k}bf x'G5g, h'g e' O F r fnf] n fO{ xfdLn] dx;' ;
k[YjLsf] aflx/L ;txsf] tn jf e'Orfnf];DaGwL unt wf/0ff ug{;S5f}F . l;:df]u|fkmdf eg] ;–
+{
leqsf] s'g} laGb'af6 k|lt;]s]G8 • b]jL b]jtf l/;fPsf] sf/0fn] ;fgf wSsfsf] ;d] t /] s 8{
;of}F lsnf]ld6/sf] ultdf k[YjLsf] eO/x]sf] x'G5 . xfn;Dd ul/Psf
aflx/L ;txtkm{ lg:sG5g . o:tf e'O{+rfnf] cfp“5 . cWoog / e' O F r fnf] a f6
nx/ cyjf t/ªun] ubf{ kxf8x¿ • ljZjdf cTolws kfkhGo sfo{ ljZjJofkL¿kdf ePsf Ifltsf]
PSsfl; k'm65g, 9N5g, hldg ul/Pdf e'O{+rfnf] cfp“5 . cfF s ng ubf{ %
lr/f k5{, ;fd'lb|s Hjf/ pTkGg /] s 6/:s] n ;Ddsf] e' O F r fnf] n ]
x'G5 . o;/L cfpg] e'OFrfnf]sf]
• k[YjLnfO{ sf“wdf af]Sg] xfQL, hldgnfO{ ;fdfGo ¿kdf dfq
lg/Gt/tfn] k[ Y jLsf] ef} l ts z]ifgfu, xj]ndf5f, a“b]n cflbn] xNnfpg] x'Fbf To;eGbf dflysf
;+/rgfdf kl/jt{g klg eO/xg] sf“w km]bf{ e'O{+rfnf] cfp“5 . e'OFrfnf]n] a9L Iflt k'¥ofpg]
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 17

18. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
u/] s f] kfOPsf] 5 . To;eGbf a9L /] S 6/:s] n sf] sf7df8f} pkTosf sl/a % xhf/ jif{klxn] 7"nf] tfnsf]
e'OFrfnf]n] eg] hldg lr/f kg]{, efl;g], klx/f] hfg], ¿kdf /x]sf]n] oxfFsf] leqL df6f] g/d / anf}6] 5 .
kfgLsf] d"n k'6g] tyf ;'Sg], dfgjåf/f ljsf; ul/Psf o:tf] g/d df6f]dfly agfOPsf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ 3/,
;+/rgfx¿ eTsfpFbf ToxLF k'l/P/, lylrP/, lslrP/ sfof{no ejg, Jofkfl/s ejg, d7dlGb/, k'n, ;8s
dflg; cGo hLjsf] Iflt x'G5 . e'OFrfnf]af6 x'g] Iflt cflbn] e'OFrfnf]sf] ;fdfGo wSsf klg yfDg g;Sg] x'Fbf
e'OFrfnf] hfg] k|s[lt, :yfg, cj:yf cflbdf klg e/ g] k fnnfO{ ljz] i fu/L sf7df8f} F pkTosfnfO{ clt
kb{5 . e'OFrfnf]sf t/ªux¿ ;txL ¿kdf (horigental) ;+j]bgzLn cyjf ;ªs6fled'v If]q dflgPsf] 5 .
uPsf 5g eg] To;n] 7"nf] Iflt gk'¥ofpg ;S5 / ToxL
t/ªudf aqmfsf/ (verticle) ¿k cfPdf w]/} Iflt g]kfnn] ;g !@%% b]lv clxn];Dd w]/} ljWj+;fTds
k'¥ofpg] x'G5 . t;y{ e'OFrfnf] e'OFrfnf]sf] kL8f ef]lu;s]sf] 5 .
cfpg'cufl8 o;af6 x'g] Ifltsf] e'Orfnf]n] ug]{ c;/ < !(() ;fn -;g !(#$_ df uPsf]
“
s'g} cg'dfg ug{ ;lsFbg . } • hldg lr/f k5{, kxf8 eTsG5 jf e' O F r fnf] s f] kL8faf] w ;dfKt
e' O F r fnf] a f6 s' g 7fpF d f, slt eO;s] s f] 5} g . ef/tsf] pQ/
klx/f] hfG5, ;a} If] q sf 3/ ljxf/ / g] k fndf uPsf] ;f]
Iflt k' U b5 eGg] s' / f o;sf] elTsG5g .
pTklQs]Gb| / km}nfj6 / ef}uf]lns e' O F r fnf] n ] 7' n f] hgwgsf] Iflt
agfj6h:tf s'/fdf e/ kb{5 . • ef}lts ;+/rgf elTs“bf dflg;, u/] s f] lyof] . d] h / hg/n
e' O F r fnf] s f t/ª u x¿ o;sf] 3/kfn'jf hgfj/ k'l/P/, lylrP/ a| X dzdz] / ha/f åf/f lnlvt
s] G b| l aGb' a f6 hldgsf] rf/} l t/ 3fOt] x'G5g jf dfl/G5g . …g] k fnsf] dxfe" s Dk, !(()Ú df
km}nG5g . o;nfO{ /fd|/L a'‰g • k'/ftflTjs ;Dkbf gi6 x'G5g . pNn]v ePcg';f/ ;f] e'OFrfnf]af6
xfdLn] kf]v/Lsf] dfemdf 9'ªuf jf • hldg elTsP/, klx/f] uP/ w"jf“ g]kfndf *,%!( / ef/tdf &,!**
hgfn] Hofg u' d Psf] tYofª s
s' g } j:t' kmNbf pTkGg x' g ] w"nf]n] k|fs[lts jftfj/0fdf vnn kfOG5 . g]kfndf To; e'OFrfnf]af6
t/ª u nfO{ x] g { ; Sb5f} F . 9' ª u f pTkGg x'G5 / jftfj/0fLo k|b"if0f @,)&,&$) 3/, d7dlGb/ tyf
v;]sf] :yfgaf6 t/ªu–nx/ hlt a9 b 5 . kf6Lkf}jf Wj:t ePsf lyP . ;f]
6f9f uof] TolQ g} ;' : t x' F b } e'OFrfnf] *=! /]S6/:s]ndf sl/a
hfG5 . o;k|sf/ e'OFrfnf]sf] s]Gb|laGb' cf;kf; jf @÷# ldg]6 uPsf] dflgPsf] 5 . To;}u/L @)$% ;fndf
glhssf] If]qdf a9L Iflt k'Ub5 eg] hlt 6f9f uof], g]kfnsf] k"jL{ w/fgdf uPsf] e'OFrfnf] klg ljgf;sf/L
To;sf] c;/ klg sd x'Fb} hfG5 . t/, e"v08sf] cj:yfn] /x]sf] lyof] . g]kfndf uPsf e'OFrfnf]sf P]ltxfl;s
To:tf] Ifltsf] :t/df kl/jt{g klg NofOlbg;S5 . tYosf] cWoogsf cfwf/df ljz]if1x¿n] k|To]s &)
pbfx/0fsf] nflu @)$% ;fndf pbok'/lt/ s]Gb|laGb' b]lv !)) jif{sf] cjlwdf dxfe"sDk hfg] s'/f atfPsf
ePsf] e'OFrfnf]af6 ToxfFaf6 k"j{ w/fgdf a9L Iflt 5g .
k'¥ofPsf] lyof] eg] pbok'/df s]xL ePsf] lyPg / klZrd e'OFrfnf]sf] Iflt To;sf] cj:yf, :t/ / ;dofjlwn]
If]qsf] Iflt klg Go"glyof] . lgSof]{n ug]{x'Fbf clxn] sf7df8f}F pkTosfdf !(()
g]kfndf e'O“rfnf]sf] hf]lvd slt < ;fnsf] h:t} e'OFrfnf] cfPdf s] slt Iflt x'g;S5
g]kfn blIf0fsf] OlG8og / pQ/sf] lta]ltog 6]S6f]lgs eg] / 7f] s ' j f ug{ ;lsg] cj:yf 5} g . t/ klg
Kn]6x¿ -e"v08sf tx jf kfk|fx¿_ sf] ;ªuddf /x]sf] sf7df8f}Fsf] ef}ule{s agfj6, ;x/Ls/0fsf] cj:yf /
5 . oL b'O{ Kn]6x¿ x/]s jif{ s]xL ;]lG6ld6/sf b/n] w]/}h;f] k'/fgf / clgof]lht ¿kdf lgld{t ;+/rgf ePsf
Ps csf{lt/ ;l//x]sf 5g . oL Kn]6sf] o;/L ;g]{ ultdf sf/0f lgs} 7"nf] Iflt x'g;Sg] cg'dfg ;lhn};Fu ug{
obfsbf leGgtf cfpg] ub{5 / e"v08df cgfof; rfk ;lsG5 . ljleGg If]qaf6 ePsf cWoogcg';f/ !(()
pTkGg eO{ e'Orfnf] cfpg] ;Defjgf a9b5 . sydsbflrt ;fnsf] h:t} e'OFrfnf] cfPdf sf7df8f}Fsf nueu ^)
F
tL b'O{ Kn]6x¿ Ps cfk;df 7Ss/ vfP eg] o; If]qdf k|ltzt 3/ tyf ejg / ef}lts ;+/rgf elTsg], ljB't
k|nosf/L e'Orfnf] hfg]5 . log} sf/0f g]kfnnfO{ e"sDk cfk"lt{ aGb x'g,] ;8sdf lr/fx¿ kg]{ / 7"nf] dfgjLo Iflt
F
;+jbgzLn If]q dflgG5 .
] x'g] k"jf{g'dfg ul/Psf] 5 . To;f] ePdf sf7df8f}Fsf]
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 18

19. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
hghLjg xKtf},F dlxgf}F / jiff};Dd klg c:tJo:t x'g]
+{ • ufpF tyf 6f]ndf ePsf ;|f]t / ;fwgsf] klxrfg
;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 . ug]{ . l5d]sdf ePsf 8fS6/, OlGhlgo/x¿;Fu klg
e'O“rfnf]af6 x'g] Iflt lgoGq0f tyf Go"gLs/0f 5nkmn u/L cfktsfnLg a;f]af;sf] ;Defljt
If]qsf] klxrfg ug]{ / ;ªs6df
e' O F r fnf] lgoGq0f ug{ g;lsg]
;a}eGbf ljgf;sf/L k|fs[lts k|sf]k e'Orfnf]af6 w]/} Iflt x'g] k/]sfsf] p4f/, 3fOt]sf] pkrf/ /
“
-;ªs6fled'v_ If]qx¿ /fxt Joj:yfkgsf nflu
xf] . o;sf] ljgf;sf/L k|efj k|fo
cfjZos s' / fx¿df ;fd' b flos
;a} If]qdf kb{5 / o;n] ;fgf] jf
7"nf] eGb}g . t/ o;sf] ;Defjgfk|lt • hueGbf dfly km} l nPsf, 5nkmn u/L /0fgLlt tof/ ug]{ .
;r]t /x]/ Iflt Go"g ug{ cfjZos kxf8sf] 6' K kf] , km] b jf • cfk" m eGbf 6f9f /x] s f jf
k" j { t of/L ug' { xfdL ;a} s f nflu le/fnf]df agfOPsf 3/x¿ . sf7df8f} F a flx/ /x] s f cfˆgf]
lxts/ x'g]5 . o;af6 x'g] Ifltsf] • 7" n f Uof;sf kfOknfOg / kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf gft]bf/sf]
:j¿ksf ljifodf hfgsf/L lnP/ ;Dks{ 7]ufgf cfk"mn] /fVg] cfˆgf]
pRr ljB'tLo If]q glhssf 7f]ufgf klg pgLx¿nfO{ lbg' /fd|f]
aRg] / arfpg] k| o f; ul/Pdf 3/ / a:tLx¿ .
hgwgsf] IfltnfO{ t'ngfTds ¿kdf x'G5 . 7]ufgfdf kmf]g, Od]n cflb
Go"g ug{ ;lsG5 M • cTolws hg3gTj ePsf, :ki6 n] v ] / cfk" m ;F u ;' / lIft
;f“u'/f, u'h'd'Hh / cUnf tyf /fVg'kb{5 .
e'O“rfnf] cfpg'eGbf cufl8 s] ug]{ < sdhf]/ hu ePsf 3/x¿ . • ljBfnodf ljBfno ejgsf]
s'g} klg k|fs[lts k|sf]k k"j{ ;"rgf lbP/ • c;' / lIft tj/af6 lgdf{ 0 f cj:yf, v'nf :yfg cflbsf] cWoog
cfpFbg . To;df klg e'Orfnf] cfpg] /
} F u/L ljBfno e" s Dk ;' / Iffsf
ul/Psf ef}lts ;+/rgfx¿ . pkfox¿sf] klxrfg u/L
To;n] k'¥ofpg] Ifltsf] k"j{ cg'dfg
ug{ ;Dej 5}g . ljutdf uPsf e'OFrfnf] / To;af6 cfktsfnLg of]hgf tof/ ug]{ / cfˆgf ljBfyL{nfO{
ePsf Ifltsf] cWoogaf6 o:tf] x'g;S5 eg]/ cg'dfg To;sf] hfgsf/L lbP/ ;'/lIft /xg] pkfox¿ l;sfpg] .
ug];Dd dfq xf] . of] k|sf]k s'g} klg ;dodf x'g;Sg] • a"9fa"9L, ckfªu / afnaRrfx¿sf] ;'/Iff tyf
{
ePsfn] o;af6 aRg cfktsfnLg of]hgf agfO/fVg' x]/ljrf/sf nflu ljz]if k|aGw ug]{ .
pkof]uL x'G5 . e'Orfnf]af6 aRg / hgwgsf] Iflt Go"g • cfktsfnLg ;]jf k'¥ofpg] ;/sf/L lgsfo, :jf:Yo
F
ug{ agfOg] cfktsfnLg of]hgfdf d"ntM lgDg s'/fx¿ rf}sL jf c:ktfn, ;'/Iff lgsfo, /]8qm;, jf?0foGq /
;dfj]z ul/g' x'G5g M :yfgLo txdf sfd ug]{ ;fdflhs ;ª3;+:yfx¿sf] gfd,
s= hgr]tgf clej[l4 / cfktsfnLg of]hgf M 7]ufgf, kmf]g gDa/ cflb cfk"mn] af]Sg] 8fo/Ldf ;'/lIft
/fVg] / ufpF, 6f]n l5d]sLnfO{ klg /fVg nufpg] .
• cfˆgf 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:o / ufpF, 6f]nl5d]ssf • cfˆgf] ;DklQsf] ljdf u/fpg] / To;sf nflu
;b:o tyf ;d'bfonfO{ e'OFrfnf] cfPsf] ;dodf 6f]nl5d]snfO{ klg clek|]l/t ug]{ .
gcfFQLsg ;s];Dd ;'/lIft :yfgdf a:g l;sfpg] . v= cfktsfnLg emf]nfsf] Joj:yf M
• e''O{+rfnf] uPdf To;kl5 cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:ox¿ • cfktsfnLg ;dodf cfjZos kg]{ kfgL, vfg]s'/f,
s'g 7fpFdf e]6 ug]{ eg]/ cfktsnLg ;~rf/of]hgf k|fylds pkrf/sf nflu cf}iflw, dndk§Lsf ;fdfg,
agfpg] . e'O{rfnf] uO;s]kl5 6]lnkmf]g laR5]b ePsf] cf>osf nflu kfn, nufpg] tyf cf]9g] cf]5ofpg]
x'g;S5, aflx/ lxF88'n ug{ s7Lg / 8/nfUbf] x'G5 . n'uf, s]xL cf}hf/x¿ / Pp6f emf]nfsf] ;+of]hgnfO{
o; cj:yfsf] ;fdgf ug{ kl/jf/ / 5/l5d]saLr cfktsfnLg emf]nf elgG5 . o:tf ;fdfg ;s];Dd
ldn]/ cfktsfnLg of]hgf agfP/ To;sf] kxn ug'{ xn'sf / pkof]uL x'g'kb{5 .
/fd|f] x'G5 . • o:tf ;fdfg ;''/lIft /fVg l6gsf] afs; jf emf]nf
• e'OFrfnf] s] xf] / o;af6 s;/L aRg ;lsG5 eGg] klg k| o f] u ug{ ;lsG5 . cfktsfnLg ;fdfg
ljifodf ufpF, 6f]n tyf 5/l5d]sdf 5nkmn ug]{ . /flvPsf] To:tf] afs;df ;fFrf] nufpg x'Fb}g lsgeg]
cfk;L ;DaGw / ;befj sfod /fv]/ ufpF tyf e'OFrfnf] cfPsf] ;dodf ;fFrf] e]6g sl7g x'G5 .
6f]n:t/Lo cfktsfnLg of]hgf agfpg] . ;'/Iff afs;nfO{ cfk"m / cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:on]
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 19

20. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
;d]t ;lhn} e]6g;Sg] 7fpFdf /fv]/ / kl/jf/nfO{ cfˆgf] cf]5ofgd'lg /fVg] / 6r{nfO6 tTsfn cfk"mn]
To;sf af/]df hfgsf/L klg lbg'kb{5 . e]6g]u/L l;/fgd'lg /fVg] .
• o:tf] cfktsfnLg ;fdu|L ePsf] afs;sf] k|aGw e'O“rfnf] cfO/x]sf] cj:yfdf s] ug]{ <
cfˆgf] sfd ug]{ :yfg jf sfof{no / 3/sf] cj:yf e'OFrfnf] cfOxfn]df clQg' dfgjLo :jefj g} xf] . t/,
cflbnfO{ klg ljrf/ u/]/ ug'{kb{5 . e"sDkLo ;'/Iff xfdLn] cfk" m nfO{ ;Dxfn] / gcfF Q LO{ s g jf w} o { ; F u
cjwf/0ffcg';f/ ;lsPdf o:tf] cfktsfnLg ;fdu|L xf]l;of/L ckgfof}F eg] o;sf] df/af6 aRg ;lsG5 .
ePsf] # j6f afs; agfpg' /fd|f] x'G5 . Pp6f afs; e'OFrfnf] sltv]/ cfpF5 eGg] yfxf gx'g] x'Fbf xfdL
3/sf] nflu, Pp6f sfof{nosf] nflu / Pp6f xd]zf 3/kl/jf/;Fu} x'G5f}F eGg] 5}g . xfdL sfof{no, ;8s,
;fydf af]Sg] jf ufl8df /fVgsf nflu . ahf/ jf 3/ hxfF klg x'g;S5f}F / e'OFrfnf] klg
• cfktsfnLg afs;df /flvPsf ;fdfgsf kf]sfx¿sf] cfpg;S5 . ctM xfdL hxfF x'G5f}F, To;}cg';f/ aRg] pkfo
aflx/ s'g ;fdfg xf] eg]/ k|:6;Fu n]Vg'k5{ . To;f]
u/]df cfktsf ;dodf rflxPsf] ;fdfg lgsfNg e'Orfnf]af6 aRg s] ug]{ <
+{
;lhnf] x'G5 / ;dosf] art klg x'G5 . • eTsgnfu] s f jf k' / fgf 3/ eTsfP/
• e'OFrfnf] cfO;s]kl5 3/ tyf a;f]af; ;g'{kg]{
x'g;Sb5 . To;sf nflu cTofjZos ;fdfg ;lhn} e" s DkLo ;' / Iffo' Q m 3/ agfpg] .
af]Sg;Sg] u/L ;–;fgf kf]sf agfP/ kfgLn] gleHg] 3/glhssf ;'s]sf jf 9Ng nfu]sf ¿v
u/L ;' / lIft 7fpF d f /fVg' k 5{ . o;/L ul/g] sf6]/ x6fpg] .
cfktsfnLg ;fdfgsf] tof/Ln] e'Orfnf] cfO;s]kl5
F • cTojf:os ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] lgsfo jf
kg]{ ljkbsf] ;dodf s]xL xb;Dd eP klg /fxt k'Ub5 . ;+:yfx¿–/]8qm;, PDa'n]G;, bdsn, :jf:Yo
u= ;'/lIft 3/ jf :yfgsf] klxrfg / cGo Joj:yf M ;]jf pknAw u/fpg] lgsfo, ;'/Iff lgsfo
• cfˆgf] 3/ ;'/lIft 5 jf 5}g, klxrfg ug]{ . k'/fgf] / :yfgLo:t/df ;fd' b flos sfo{ ug] {
cyjf n8g nfu]sf] 3/ eP eTsfP/ gofF agfpg] jf lgsfosf] hfgsf/L, ;Dks{ kmf]g cflb /fVg] .
/fd|/L dd{t ug'kb{5 . gofF 3/ agfpFbf e"sDkLo ;'/Iff
{
k|ljlwo'Qm 3/ agfpg' ;a}eGbf /fd|f] pkfo x'g5 .] • 3/kl/jf/sf ;b:o tyf ;d' b fodf
• cfˆgf] 3/leqsf] ;a}eGbf vt/fk"0f{ / ;a}eGbf e'O{+rfnf]af6 aRg / cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf
;'/lIft :yfg jf sf]7f, cfktsfnLg ;dodf aflx/ ug]{ sfo{sf af/]df 5nkmn ug]{, cfktsfnLg
lg:sg] j}slNks af6f] klxrfg tyf Joj:yf ug]{ . of]hgf agfpg] .
kfgLsf] wf/f, lah'nL, Uof; cflb aGb ug]{ 7fpF yfxf • 3/leq /]l8of], 6r{nfO6, Aof6«L, d}gaQL
kfO/fVg] , cfkt s fnLg pkrf/ cyjf ;' / Iff / k|fylds pkrf/sf ;fdfgx¿ssf] Joj:yf
;fdu|Lsf] Joj:yf ug]{ / o:tf s'/fsf] hfgsf/L
kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ u/fpg] . u/L cfk"m / kl/jf/n] ;lhn} e]6g;Sg]
• 3/leq b/fh, 7"nf] jf cUnf] ¥ofs, 6]lnlehgh:tf 7fp“df /fVg] .
;fdfg ;fdfGo xnrnaf6 gn8g] jf gemg]{u/L • cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf cfjZos kg]{ xn'sf
alnof];Fu afFw]/ /fVg] . / ;'Vvf vfg]s'/f–e'6]sf] ds}, la:s'6,
• k|m]d nufOPsf tl:a/, P]gfh:tf j:t' cf]5ofgaf6 rfprfp, e' h f, u' G b| ' s cflbsf] hf] x f]
6f9f /fVg] . ul///fVg] .
• lalu|Psf lah'nLsf tf/ dd{t ug],{ aNa tyf 6oanfO6
' • cfktsfnLg cj:yfdf k|of]u ug{ cfj:os
gv:g]u/L alnof];Fu hf]8g], sL6gf;s cf}iflw,
HjngzLn kbfy{x¿nfO{ ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg], ;s];Dd ;fwgx¿ –a]Nrf, 8f]/L, km?jf, afN6L,
vfgf ksfpg] Uof;sf] l;lnG8/nfO{ efG;f jf lqkfn, af]/f, v's'/L cflb tTsfn e]l6g]
3/alx/sf] a/G8f cflbdf 8f]/L jf tf/n] afFw/ /fVg] .
] :yfgdf /fVg] / o;k|sf/sf] Joj:yf ug{
• cfktsfnLg ;dodf nufpg Pshf]/ h'Qf, hfd ;d'bfonfO{ klg ;Nnfx / k|]/0ff lbg] .
ePsf] 9f]sf jf ‰ofn vf]Ng kmnfdsf] un -8G8L_
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 20

21. k|fs[lt k|sf]k
ckgfpg' cfjZos x'G5 M 3/aflx/ ePdf
3/leq ePdf • eTsg nfu]sf jf cUnf] 3/, lah'nLsf] vDaf jf
• gcfFlQg], zfGt /xg] / kl/jf/sf ;b:onfO{ klg zfGt tf/, 9Ng nfu]sf ¿v cflb vt/fo'Qm 7fpFdf ghfg]
/ To:tf 7fpFdf eP ;s];Dd v'nf 7fpFlt/ hfg] .
/fVg] . afnaflnsf, ue{ j tL dlxnf, czQm
;b:onfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg k|of; ug]{ . • ;fF3'/f] uNnL / k'nlt/ ghfg] .
• hldgdf 3f]lK6P/ a:g], e'OFrfnf] g/f]lSsP;Dd To;/L
• 3/sf] ;a}eGbf ;'/lIft 7fpFdf vf;u/L 6]a'n, vf6, g} a:g] .
9f]sfsf] rf}sf];d'lg a:g] / kl/jf/sf ;a} ;b:onfO{ • kl/l:ylt 7Ls ePkl5 la:tf/} v'nf 7fpFdf hfg] /
;Dxfn]/ To:t} ;'/lIft :yfgdf /fVg] . ;ªs6df k/]sfsf] p4f/sf nflu cfk"mnfO{ tof/ /fVg] .
• l;;fsf] ‰ofn / ux|f}F j:t' v:g ;Sg] 7fpFdf ga:g] .
• lgx'/]/ s'g} j:t'n] 6fpsf]nfO{ 5f]Kg] / To:tf s'g} rln/x] s f] ;jf/L;fwgdf eP
j:t' geP cfˆgf] kfv'/fn] 6fpsf]nfO{ arfpg] k|of; • ;8s v'nf 5 eg] tTsfn uf8L /f]Sg], a;f]af;
ug]{, cfFvf lrDng] . If]q, 7"nf ejg, ¿v, k'n jf lah'nLsf tf/x¿ ePsf]
If]qdf eP la:tf/} v'Nnf 7fpFdf k'Ug] k|of; ug]{ .
• 3/ xlNn/x]sf] ;dodf e¥ofªaf6 glxF8g,] ‰ofnaf6
• e' O F r fnf] cfPsf] ;dodf uf8Lleq eP sDkg
aflx/ gx]g,{] ;s];Dd tTsfn} 3/af6 aflx/ glg:sg] . g/f]lsP;Dd ufl8leq} a:g] .
• efG;fdf eP Uof;, cfuf] cflb aGb ug]{, cf]5ofgdf e'OFrfnf]af6 aRg cGo w]/} pkfox¿ ckgfpg ;lsG5
eP tlsofn] 6fpsf] 5f]Kg] jf vf6d'lg l5g]{, sf]7fsf] tfklg d"ntM dfly pNn]v ePsf ljlw ckgfPdf Ifltsf]
9f]sf aGb ePdf To;nfO{ tTsfn} vf]Ng] . 7"nf] df/af6 aRg ;lsG5 / IfltnfO{ klg sd ug{ ;lsG5 .
• e'OFrfnf] /f]lsPkl5 klg To;sf nx/x¿ k'gM cfpg] xfdLn] ;r]t eP/ cfˆgf kl/jf/sf ;b:o / l5d]sLnfO{
;Defjgf x'G5 ctM ;a} kl/l:ylt ljrf/ u/]/ dfq ;d]t ;ts{ u/fpg;s] o;sf] k|sf]kaf6 aRg / arfpg
3/aflx/ lg:sg] . ;xof]u ldNg]5 . ✪
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg tyf k"j{tof/Lsf If]qdf sfo{ ug]{ k|d'v ;+:yfx¿
!= >L % sf] ;/sf/, u[xdGqfno !)= #$ j8f k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ;ldlt
b}jLk|sf]k Joj:yfkg dxfzfvf ledz]guf]nf sf7df8f}F
l;+xb/af/, sf7df8f}F} . !!= g]kfn k|x/L k|sf]k lgoGq0f zfvf
@= g]kfn /]8qm; ;f];fO6L, k|x/L k|wfg sfof{no, gS;fn, sf7f8f}F .
k|sf]k Joj:yfkg ljefu !@= o'gfO6]6 ld;g 6' g]kfn
kf]:6aS; g+= @!&, tfxfrn, sf7df8f}F . kf]:6aS; g+= !@^, sf7df8f}F .
#= PS;gP8 g]kfn !#= s]o/ g]kfn
kf]:6aS; g+= ^@%&, nflhDkf6, sf7df8f}F . kf]:6aS; g+= !^^!, sf7df8f}F .
$= n'y/g jN8{ km]8/];g g]kfn !$= k|sf]k Joj:yfkg s]Gb| g]kfn
kf]:6aS; g+= ###), lqk'/]Zj/, sf7df8f}F . kf]:6aS; g+= $)%*, sf7df8f}F .
%= cGt/f{li6«o PsLs[t kj{tLo ljsf; s]Gb|, !%= k|fs[lts k|sf]k Joj:yfkg d~r
kf]:6aS; g}+= #@@^, sf7df8f}F kf]:6aS; g+= !*&(, sf7df8f}F .
^= e"sDk k|ljlw /fli6«o ;dfh– g]kfn !^= g]kfn :sfp6
kf]:6aS; g+= !#&&%, afg]Zj/, sf7df8f}F, /fli6«o k|wfg sfof{no –g]kfn
&= ;+o'Qm /fi6«;ª3 ljsf; sfo{qmd kf]:6aS; g+= !)#&, n}grf}/, sf7df8f}F .
kf]:6aS; g+= !)*, sf7df8f}F . !&= jftfj/0f tyf afn ;/f]sf/ ;+:yf– g]kfn
*= ljZj :jf:Yo ;ªu7g kf]:6aS; g+= !(&@), wf]law/f/f, sf7df8f}F .
;+o'Qm /fi6« ;ª3 ejg ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L
kf]:6aS; g+= !)*, k'Nrf]s sf7df8f}F .
(= sf7df8f}“ dxfgu/kflnsf, ;dfhsNof0f ljefu, != sf7df8f}df e'Orfnf]sf] k"jtof/L, LWF & NSET, 2002
F F {
kf]:6aS; g+= !#%!@, sf7df8f}F . @= e"sDk Ps kl/ro, sf7df8f}F dxfgu/kflnsf, ;dfhsNof0f ljefu
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 21

22. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nL k|0ffnL
–;/f]h yklnof
;" o{sf] tfkzlQmnfO{ ;f]em} ljB'tLo zlQmdf kl/jt{g yfn]sf 5g .
u/L pTkfbg ul/g] lah'nLnfO{ ;f}o{ (Solar) lah'nL
elgG5 . 3/]n' ;f}o{ lah''nL k|0ffnL ljB'tsf cGo ;|f]t g]kfndf ;f}o{ lah'nLsf] ;Defjgf
gePsf 7fp“df aQL afNg, /]l8of]–Sof;]6 ahfpg / g]kfn hn;|f]tsf nflu wgL d'n's eP klg k|ljlw /
6]lnlehg x]g{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fwf/0ftof #) b]lv nufgLsf] cefjn] ubf{ kof{Kt lah'nL pTkfbg x'g
$) jf6 Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{ k|0ffnLsf] h8fgaf6 Ps 3/sf] g;s]sfn] b]zsf sl/a *# k|ltzt gful/s lah'nLsf]
nflu & b]lv !) jf6sf tLgj6f aQL afNg / b'O{ ;' l jwfaf6 jl~rt 5g . To;df klg ef} u f] l ns
306f;Dd ZofdZj]t 6]lnlehg x]g{ ;lsG5 . t/ a9L ljs6tfsf sf/0f pTkflbt hnljB'tsf] ;j{;'ne ljt/0f
Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{ k|0ffnL h8fg u/]df Ifdtf cg';f/ a9L lgs} sl7g 5 eg] s]Gb|Lo k|;f/0f nfOgaf6 b'u{d
aQL afNg / /ªuLg 6]lnlehg klg x]g{ ;lsG5 . ufp“df lah'nL ljt/0f ug{ dx“uf] klg x'G5 . oftfoftsf]
cefj /x]sf clwsfªz ufp“df 7"nf hnljB't pTkfbg
;f}o{ lah'nL pTkfbg ug{ k|of]u ul/g] d'Vo pks/0fnfO{
cfof]hgfsf] ljsf;sf] ;Defjgf Go"g ePsf]n] ljB't
;f]nf/ Kofg]n jf ;f]nf/ df]8o'n elgG5 . ;f]nf/
nufot lasf;sf cGo k"jfwf/x¿ tL ufp“;Dd k'Ug
df]8o'n ;f]nf/ ;]n (Solar Cell) x¿ ldn]/ ag]sf]
x'G5 . ;f}o{ df]8o'n cw{;'rfns l;lnsg (Silicon) af6 ;s]sf] 5}g . o;/L lk5l8Psf ufp“sf] ljsf;sf nflu
ag]sf] x'G5 . k[YjLdf kfOg] afn'jf g} cw{;'rfns j:t' j}slNks pkfox¿ cjnDag ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . u|fdL0f
xf], h'g ;f}o{ df]8o'n agfpg k|of]u x'G5 . If]qdf
;f}o{ lah'nLsf] pTkfbg ;f]nf/ Kofgnsf] Ifdtfdf e/ 3/]n';f}o{ lah'nL k|0ffnL
kb{5 . Ps yfg ;f]nf/ Kofg]naf6 ;fdfGotof
Pp6f 3/df #–$ j6f aQL afNg,
/]l8of] Sof;]6 ahfpg, Zofd–
Zj]t 6]lnlehg x]g{ rflxg] lah'nL
pTkfbg x' G 5 . o;eGbf a9L
Ifdtfdf lah'nL pTkfbg ug'{k/]df
jf PseGbf a9L ;f]nf/ Kofg]n
:yfkgf ug'{k5{ .
g]kfndf pknAw ;f}o{ lah'nLdf
8L= ;L= (Direct Current)
ef]N6]h dfq x'G5 . o; k4ltaf6
pTkfbg x' g ] lah' n Lsf] Pp6f
tf/df wgfTds (+) / csf] {
tf/df C0ffTds (-) ljB'tLo wf/fsf] k|jfx x'G5 . ;f}o{ k|of]u eO/x]sf k/Dk/fut OGwgsf] ;f6f] ;f}o{zlQmaf6
Kofgn jf df]8o'naf6 pTkfbg x'g] lah'nL Aof6«Ldf pTkflbt pmhf{{ pkof]udf Nofpg;s] ToxfFsf] hghLjg
;~ro x'g] / Toxf“af6 k|of]udf cfpg] x'“bf k|ToIf ;xh x'g] / pmhf{ vktdf ;d]t art x'g] ePsfn]
s/]G6 (Direct Current) sf] ¿kdf pTkfbg x'G5 . t/ ljs6 u| f ld0f If] q sf] lasf;sf nflu ;f} o { 3/] n '
o;nfO{ ljz]if k|ljlwaf6 P= ;L= (Alternating Current) lah'nLsf] dxŒj a9b} uPsf] 5 .
df klg kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . cGt/f{li6«o ahf/df ;f}o{ pmhf{–;|ftsf] cefj ePsf u|fdL0f If]qsf nflu ;f}opmhf{{
{ ] {
lah'nL pTkfbgdf P= ;L= ;f}o{ df]8on klg pknAw x'g pko'Qm ePsfn] o; If]qdf sfd ul//x]sf ;/sf/L
'
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 22

23. gjLs/0fLo pmhf{
lgsfo, u} / ;/sf/L pks/0fdf nfug] eG;f/ z'Ns ldgfxf u/]sf] 5 . o;/L
;ª3;+:yf / lghL ;f}o} pmhf{{ pkof]u Ifdtf ;'ljwf pknAw u/fPsf sf/0f 3/df lah'nL afNg,
If]qn] ;f}o{ pmhf{{sf] 10% Zofd–Zj]t 6]lnlehg x]g{ x'g] Ifdtfsf] ;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nL
ljsf;sf nflu sfd 15%
%
3 k|0ffnL :yfkgf ug{ sl/a @( xhf/ ?k}of“ / dWod:t/sf]
ul//x] s f 5g . 1 % Ifdtf ePsf] k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf ug{ sl/a $^ xhf/
cfsfz v' N nf eO{ 21%
¿k}of“ nfUb5 . o; /sddf ;/sf/n] ;'ud If]qdf eP
3fd nflu/xg] x'“bf 50 %
?= &,@)) / b'u{d If]qdf ?= !),))) cg'bfg lbg]
g] k fndf ;f} o { Joj:yf u/]sf] 5 . ;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nL k|0ffnL :yfkgf
pmhf{sf] k|r/ ;Defjgf eP klg xfn;Dd !=$ d]ufjf6
{ " ubf{ ;'?df s]xL dx“uf] k/] klg o;sf] ;~rfng / dd{t
dfq ;f}o{ pmhf{ pTkfbg ePsf] 5 . pTkflbt ;f}o{ vr{ Hofb} Go"g x'g] x'“bf bL3{sfnLg nfut ;:tf] kb{5 .
pmhf{dWo] g]kfn b"/;~rf/ ;+:yfgn] &)) lsnf]jf6 pmhf{{ >L % sf] ;/sf/ tyf 8flg8fsf] pmhf{{If]q ;xof]u
vkt ul//x] s f] 5 . gjf} “ k~rjifL{ o of] h gf;Dddf sfo{qmdcGtu{t g]kfndf ;a} lsl;dsf gjLs/0fLo
clw/fHosf ljleÌ lhNnfsf #* xhf/ 3/df ;f}o{ ljB't pmhf{{sf] ljsf;df cg'bfg pknAw u/fpg] sfo{qmd
ljt/0f ug]{ nIo /flvPsf] eP klg g]kfndf 3/]n' ;~rflnt 5 . o:tf]] cg'bfg sfo{qmddf ;/sf/n] !)
pkef]usf nflu xfn;Dd ;/sf/L cg'bfgaf6 sl/a !# k|ltzt / 8flg8fn] () k|ltzt nufgL ug]{ Joj:yf
xhf/ 3/df dfq ;f}o{ lah'nL k|0ffnL :yfkgf ePsf 5g . /x]sf] 5 . x'g t xfd|f]h:tf] ljsf;f]Gd'v b]zdf dfq
ljZj hnjfo' ;ªu7gsf cg';f/ g]kfnsf] Ps ju{ld6/ geP/ ljsl;t b]zx¿ cd]l/sf, hfkfg, hd{gh:tf
If]qkmndf k|ltlbg $=% lsnf]jf6 k|lt306f ;f}o{zlQm d'n'sdf klg ;f}o{pmhf{{sf] ljsf;df cg'bfg lbg] Joj:yf
pknAw x'G5 . o; lx;fan] x]bf{ g]kfnsf] s"n If]qkmnaf6 /x]sf] 5 . o;/L b]zsf] ul/aL lgjf/0f / jftfj/0f
^,^@,#)) luufjf6 k| l t306f ;f} o { z lQm pTkfbg ;+/If0fsf nflu klg ;f}o{ pmhf{{sf] ljsf; dxŒjk"0f{
x'g;S5 . o;/L g]kfnsf] s'n If]qkmnsf] )=! k|ltzt ePsfn] ;/sf/L cg' b fg j[ l 4 u/L ;f} o { pmhf{ { s f]
dfq ;f}o{ pmhf{{ pTkfbg ug]{ xf] eg] ^^@ luufjf6 ljsf;df oy]i6 ;3fpg'kg]{ b]lvG5 . t/, ;/sf/n]
k| l t306f zlQm pTkfbg x' G 5 . oxf“ s f] ef} u f] l ns j}slNks pmhf{{df lb“b} cfPsf] cg'bfgdf k|To]s jif{
agfj6sf sf/0f jif{df sl/a #)) lbg 3fd nfUg] x'“bf 36fp“b} hfg' eg] b'vb kIf xf] .
k|r'/ dfqfdf ;f}o{zlQm pTkfbg x'g;Sg] atfOPsf] 5 . g]kfndf xfn ;f}opmhf{sf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ lghL tyf
{
g]kfndf ;f}o{ lah'nLsf] pkof]u Ifdtf Jofkfl/s ;+:yfx¿ Ps bh{geGbf a9L /x]sf 5g . ;/sf/n]
g]kfn ;f}opmhf{{ ;dfhn] k|sfzdf NofPsf] tYofªscg';f/
{ u|fdL0f If]qdf ;~rflnt a}ªssf zfvf tyf ;xsf/L
d'nssf sl/a )=@% k|ltzt kl/jf/ cg'bfg gkfP klg
' ;+:yfdfkm{t ;'ne Jofhb/df C0f pknAw u/fpg]] Joj:yf
;f}o3/]n' lah'nL pkof]u ug{;Sg] Ifdtf /fV5g eg] sl/a
{ u/]df dfq klg ;f}o{ pmhf{{ pTkfbg tyf ljt/0fsf If]qdf
% k|ltzt kl/jf/ ;/sf/L cg'bfg kfPdf ;f}o{ pmhf{{ sfo{ ug]{ sDkgLx¿ kl/rflnt eO{ cg'bfglagf klg ;f}o{
pkef]u ug{ ;Sb5g . g]kfnsf !) k|ltzt kl/jf/ pmhf{sf] ljsf;sf] /fd|f] ;Defjgf /x]sf] 5 .
{
;/sf/L cg'bfgsf ;fy}} ljQLo ;+:yfx¿af6 ;x'lnot ;f}o{ 3/]n' lah'nLsf] dxŒj tyf pkof]lutf
Jofhb/df C0f kfPdf ;f}opmhf{{ pkef]u ug{ rfxG5g .
{ b]zsf] 7"nf] If]qkmn lxdfnL / kxf8L e"ldn] 9fs]sf sf/0f
t/ %) k|ltzt kl/jf/ eg] sdhf]/ cfly{s cj:yfsf b'/b/fhsf las6 Onfsfdf ljsf;sf k"jf{wf/ g} tof/
sf/0f rfx]/ klg of] pmhf{{ pkef]u ug{ ;Sb}gg . cWoogn]
x'g ;s]sf 5}gg . ;8s oftfoft, cf}Bf]lus ljsf;,
@@ k|ltzt dflg;df ;f}opmhf{sf ljifodf s]xL hfgsf/L
{ { :jf:Yo, lzIffsf] cefjsf sf/0f cfly{s ultljlwdf
g} gePsf] s'/f;d]t b]vfPsf] 5 . lk5l8Psf xfd|f u|fdL0f ;dfhsf] ;a}eGbf 7"nf] ;d:of
ul/aL xf] . xfdL;“u pknAw ;fwg / ;|ftsf] kl/rfng
]
;/sf/af6 eO/x]sf] cg'bfg Joj:yf ;xL 9ªuaf6 x'g g;Sbf ul/aL lgjf/0fsf of]hgfx¿n]
g]kfnsf u|fdL0f If]qdf ;f}o{pmhf{{sf] ljsf; ug]{ nIo klg ;kmntf kfpg ;ls/x]sf] 5}g . pmhf{ cefjs} sf/0f
lnP/ ;/sf/n] @)$% ;fnb]lv o;sf nflu cfjZos ljsf;af6 lk5l8Psf] u|fdL0f If]qdf ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] lj:tf/{
jftfj/0fLo ;r]ttf Û xfd|f] k|lta4tf ÛÛ
/)f÷
kof{ j /)f ÷ 23