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Swine Flu & Overview




   Dr.Sushmita Ghosh
   Registrar Dept.of Pediatrics

   Dr.S.K.Saha(moderator)
   Senior Consultant
   J.L.N.H. & R.C. Bhilai Steel Plant
Clinical Features & Complications
Case Definitions
 Suspected Case-
   defined as a person with acute febrile
  respiratory illness (fever≥38ºC) with onset:
Within 7 days of close contact with a person who
  is a confirmed case of swine influenza(H1N1)
  virus infection,or
Within 7 days of travel to community where there
  are one or more confirmed swine influenza
  A(H1N1) cases,or
Resides in a community where there are one or
  more confirmed swine influenza cases
Probable Case-
      defined as a person with an acute febrile respiratory
  illness who:
► Is positive for influenza A, but unsubtypable for H1 and
  H3 by influenza RT-PCR or reagents used to detect
  seasonal influenza virus infection,or
► Is positive for influenza A by an influenza rapid test or an
  influenza immunoflourescence assay(IFA) plus meet
  criteria for a suspected case.
► Individual with clinically compatible illness who died of an
  unexplained acute respiratory illness who is considered
  to be epidemiologically linked to a probable or confirmed
  case
Confirmed Case:
  defined as a person with an acute febrile illness
  with laboratory confirmed swine influenza
  A(H1N1) virus infection at WHO approved
  laboratories by one or more of the following
  tests:
 Real time PCR
 Viral culture
 Four-fold rise in swine influenza A (H1N1)
 virus specific neutralising antibodies
 Close Contact:
   defined as within 6 feet of an ill person who is a
  confirmed or suspected case of swine influenza
  A(H1N1) virus infection.

 Acute Respiratory Illness:
    defined as recent onset of at least two of the
  following:
      -rhinorrhoea or nasal congestion
      -sore throat
      -cough(with or without fever or feverishness)
Ordinary flu and pandemic flu – the
              differences
          Pandemic Flu                          Ordinary Flu
   Occurs during any season           Occurs every yr during winter

    Affects almost half of the           Affects 10-15% of world
           population                           population,
   Is a more serious infection       Most recover in 1-2 wks without
                                               treatment
Vaccine not available(new strain)   Virus identified & vaccine available
                                           in advance(protective)
  People of all ages at risk of
           infection
Antiviral med.stockpiled to treat
            people
Swine flu overview
Symptoms & Signs in Swine
 In pigs influenza infection produces
   fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing
 , difficulty breathing and decreased
   appetite.
 In some cases the infection can
  cause abortion.
 Although mortality is usually low,
  the virus can produce weight loss
  and poor growth
 Infected pigs can loose up to 12
  pounds of body weight over a
  3 to 4 week period
Signs and symptoms
 Symptoms of novel H1N1 flu in
  people are similar to those
  associated with seasonal flu.
 Fever
 Cough
 Sore throat
 Runny or stuffy nose
 Body aches
 Headache
 Chills
 Fatigue
 In addition, vomiting(25%) and
  diarrhea (25%) have been
  reported. (Higher rate than for
  seasonal flu.)
Swine flu overview
Watch for Emergency Warning Signs
Most people should be able to recover at home, but watch for
emergency warning signs that mean you should seek immediate
medical care.
 In adults:
  Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath

  Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen

  Sudden dizziness

  Confusion

  Severe or persistent vomiting

   Flu-like symptoms improve but then
   return
   with fever and worse cough
Emergency warning signs in children

If a child gets sick and experiences any of these warning signs, seek
    emergency medical care.
 In children:
  Fast breathing or trouble breathing
  Bluish or gray skin color
  Not drinking enough fluids
  Severe or persistent vomiting
  Not waking up or not interacting
  Irritable, the child does not want to be held
  Flu-like symptoms improve but then return
    with fever and worse cough
Transmission
Transmission between pigs
 The main route of transmission is through direct contact
  between infected and uninfected animals.
 These close contacts are particularly common during
  animal transport.
 The direct transfer of the virus probably occurs either by
  pigs touching noses, or through dried mucus.
 Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by
  pigs coughing or sneezing are also an important means
  of infection.
Transmission to humans

 Through contact with infected pigs or
 environments contaminated with swine flu
 viruses(zoonosis)

 Through contact with a person with swine flu
How does novel H1N1 Influenza
spread?
 This virus is thought to spread
  the same way seasonal flu
  spreads
 Primarily through respiratory
  droplets
    Coughing
     Sneezing
     Touching respiratory
      droplets on     yourself,
      another person, or an
      object, then touching
      mucus membranes (e.g.,
      mouth, nose, eyes)
      without washing hands
Can you get novel H1N1 Influenza from
eating pork?
No. The novel H1N1 influenza virus
 (formerly referred to as swine flu) virus is
 not spread by food.

 You cannot get novel H1N1 flu from
 eating pork or pork products. Eating
 properly handled and cooked pork
 products is safe
High Risk Groups
 Children younger than 5 years old. (more in <2 yrs old)
 Adults 65 years of age and older.
 Persons with the following conditions:
 Chronic pulmonary (including asthma), cardiovascular
 (except hypertension), renal, hepatic, hematological
 (including sickle cell disease), neurologic,
 neuromuscular, or metabolic disorders (including
 diabetes mellitus);
 Immunosuppression, including that caused by
 medications or by HIV;
 Pregnant women
 Persons younger than 19 years of age who are receiving
 long-term aspirin therapy
 Residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care
 facilities.
Complications
 Bacterial Pneumonia
 Ear infection(otitis media)
 Sinus infection
 Croup
 Bronchiolitis
 Status asthmaticus
 Myocarditis
 Pericarditis
 Myositis
 Rhabdomyolysis
                               contd.
Complications
 Encephalitis
 Seizures
 Toxic Shock Syndrome
 Dehydration
 Worsening of chronic medical conditions
 ,such as CHF ,asthma & diabetes
Pneumonia
               +
       Respiratory Failure

             SIRS

         Hypotension

   decreased oxygenation
& perfusion to brain,heart,kidneys
Cause of Death
 The most common cause of death is
 Respiratory Failure
 Other causes-
 -Pneumonia(leading to sepsis)
 -High fever
 -Dehydration

 Fatalities are more likely in young children
 and the elderly
Swine flu overview
INFLUENZA

  What is Influenza(also called Flu)?

     The flu is a contagious respiratory
 illness caused by influenza viruses.It can
 cause mild to severe illness, and at times
 can cause death.
What is an epidemic, an endemic and a
pandemic?
An epidemic is a sudden outbreak of
 disease that spreads through a single
 population or region in a short amount of
 time.
An endemic is when in a population
 infection is maintained without the need for
 external inputs.
A pandemic occurs when there is a
 rapidly-spreading epidemic of a
 disease that affects most
 countries and regions of the
 world.
History

 Greek physician Hippocrates“ Father of
  medicine” first described influenza in 412 BC
 The first Influenza pandemic was recorded in
  1580 and since then influenza pandemics
  occurred every 10-30 years
 Influenza pandemics occurred in 1729-
  1730,1732-1733,1781-1782,1830,1833-
  1834,1847-1848.
SPANISH FLU 1918
SPANISH FLU 1918
Pandemics of 20th century
Swine flu overview
Inter epidemic phase

Phase 1 : No new subtype
          human infection may be present
          in animals

Phase 2 : No new subtype
         circulating animal infection
Pandemic alert period
Phase 3 : Human infection with a new
          subtype.
          No human to human spread

Phase 4 : Small clusters with limited human
          to human transmission.
Pandemic phase

Phase 5 : large clusters with human to
          human transmission.



Phase 6: Increased & sustained
         transmision with spread to
         different continents.
Swine flu overview
Novel H1N1 Influenza


  First identified in april 2009
  Mutation of 4 known strains of influenza
   virus
  Outbreak began in Mexico
  Transmission is human to human
  Not transmitted by eating foods
Swine flu overview
Agent- genetic sequencing shows a new
 subtype of influenza A(H1N1) virus with
 segments from four influenza viruses:
        -North American Swine
        -North American Avian
        -Human Influenza
        -Eurasian Swine
Host factors- otherwise healthy young
 adults

Transmission- Droplet infection and
 fomites

Incubation Period - 1-7 days

Communicability- From day 1 before to 7
 days after the onset of symptoms.
CDC expects that more cases, more hospitalizations, and
 more deaths from this outbreak will occur over the coming
 days and months.

 Influenza is always serious – each year in the United
  States, seasonal influenza results, on average, in an
  estimated 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000
  hospitalizations from flu-related causes.
 This outbreak certainly poses the potential to be at least as
  serious as seasonal flu, if not more so, especially given the
  fact that there currently is no vaccine against this virus.
 Because this is a new virus, most people will not have
  immunity to it, and illness may be more severe and
  widespread as a result.
Swine flu overview
Swine flu overview
WHO Update
Last WHO update on july 6 ,2009
     94,512 confirmed cases
     122 countries
     429 deaths

In U.S. as of july 17,2009
     40,617 confirmed cases
     263 deaths
Indian scenario until Monday
Total 1707 cases reported

New cases 152

Cured 694

230 positive cases in Pune

Total no.of deaths so far 24
Influenza Virus-Microbiological Aspect
Swine flu overview
Genomic Segments of Influenza A
           Virus
Antigenic Variation

      Unique Feature: HA, NA undergo
       independent antigenic variation
                          Antigenic Drift
                          Antigenic Shift
      Drift: gradual sequential change in
       antigenic structure, occurring regularly
       at freq. intervals.New ags though diff.
       from the prev. ags are yet related to
       them-cause periodical epidemics.
 Shift: Abrupt, drastic, discontinuous variation
  in the antigenic structure resulting in a novel
  virus strain unrelated antigenically to
  predecessor strains-may involve both HA and
  NA.
 Antibodies to predecessor viruses do not
  neutralise the new variants, therefore spread
  widely in the popn causing major epidemics
  or pandemics.
 Present strain influenza 2009 A/ H1N1 is a
  rare recombination of gene segments from
  swine with avian and human influenza
  strains.
Swine flu overview
Laboratory diagnosis

Demo of the virus antigen
       • Direct detection
             Microscopy
             Ag detection
             Nucleic Acid analysis
             Nucleic Acid Act. Assay

Isolation
       • Culture

Serological test
Direct Detection

Microscopy-EM
Ag Detection
NA activity assay-rarely used
NA analysis-RT-PCR
Isolation
 Culture-Cell culture, chick embryo

          Identification and Typing
 HAI,Elisa

                  Serologic tests
 Four fold rise in ab titre
Swine flu overview
Principles of Management

1. Prevention of spread of disease from
   patient to others,
2. Prompt treatment to prevent severe
   illness and death,
3. Early identification and follow up of
   suspected cases.
Infra structure/ Man power/ Material support

 1. Isolation ward           - Well ventilated
                     -   Beds one meter apart
 2. Man Power        -   Dedicated doctors
                     -   Nurses
                     -   Paramedical staff
 1. Equipments       -   Portable X-Ray machine
                     -   Oxygen
                     -   Pulse Oxymeter
                     -   Ventilator
 1. Material         -   PPE, disinfectants, medicines
Standard Operating Procedures

1.   Standard infection control precautions – PPE for all contacts
             High efficiency mask       Three layer surgical mask
                                           N- 95 mask
             Gowns
             Goggles
             Gloves
             Caps
             Shoe cover
2.   Restrict number of visitors
3.   Antiviral treatment and prophylaxis
4.   Proper waste disposal
Anti Viral Treatment

 Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
       Recommended by WHO

       For treatment and prophylaxis

       Adult dose -75 mg. BD

       Supervised govt. supply



   Other drug – Zanamivir (Relenza)
Doses Of Oseltamivir
    By Weight:

 For weight <15kg       30 mg BD for 5 days

 15-23kg                45 mg BD for 5 days

 24-<40kg               60 mg BD for 5 days

 > 40kg                 75 mg BD for 5 days

For infants:

 < 3 months 12 mg BD for 5 days

 3-5 months 20 mg BD for 5 days

 6-11 months 25 mg BD for 5 days

 It is also available as syrup (12mg per ml )

 If needed dose & duration can be modified as per clinical condition.
Chemoprophylaxis

 All close contacts of suspected , probable and
  confirmed     cases.     Close      contacts      include
  household/social contact , family members , work
  place or school contacts, fellow travelers etc.
 All health care personnel coming in contact with
  suspected , probable or confirmed case.
 Drug recommended - Oseltamivir
 Mass chemoprophylaxis
Doses of Oseltamivir for chemoprophylaxis
 Prophylaxis should be provided till 10 days after last exposure (maximum period
   of 6 weeks)
    By Weight:

 For weight <15kg       30 mg OD

 15-23kg                45 mg OD

 24-<40kg               60 mg OD

 >40kg                  75 mg OD

   For infants:

 < 3 months      not recommended unless situation judged critical due to limited
   data on use in this age group

 3-5 months      20 mg OD

 6-11 months 25 mg OD
Side Effects of Oseltamivir
Generally well tolerated

 Mild             -   Nausea , vomiting , pain in abdomen
                  -   Vertigo , insomnia
                  -   Bronchitis , epistaxis
 Less common      -   Angina
                  -   Pseudomembranous colitis
                  -   Peritonsillar abscess
 Rare             -   Anaphylaxis

 Pregnancy        - Risk benefit analysis
Supportive

 Plenty of oral fluids
 I . V. fluids
 Parenteral nutrition
 Oxygen
 Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection
 Steam inhalation
 Paracetamol / ibuprofen
 Vasopressors for shock
 Mechanical ventilation
Avoid


 Aspirin

 Steroids

 Smoking

 Cough suppressants
Indication of Oxygen Therapy


 Dyspnoea

 Tachypnoea

 SpO2 < 90%
Indication of Mechanical Ventilation

 Severe pneumonia
 Acute respiratory failure
     SpO2 < 90% with oxygen
     PaO2 < 60mm Hg with oxygen
 Invasive ventilator – Preferred
 Hepafilters on expiratory ports
 Prophylactic antibiotic
Admission Policy

   Severe - Admission
   Mild   - Option of hospitalisation or isolation and
                   treatment at home

               Home
   Well informed consent
   Guidelines to patient and household contact
   Treatment to patient
   Chemoprophylaxis to household contacts
   Strict home quarantine
   Children should not attend school
          Not for passengers at the point of entry
CDC Guidelines for school



Inform students &parents about symptoms
Refer students with flu like symptoms
Use home isolation
Monitor closely
Consult with local authorities
Discharge Policy

 Adults – 7 days after symptoms have
 subsided

 Children - 14 days
Management of close contacts

 Voluntary home quarantine x 7 days
 Monitor for fever
 Prompt testing and hospitalisation sos
  when symptoms reported
 All suspected cases need to be notified to
  the state health authorities
Every day steps


Cover your nose & mouth
Wash your hands often with soap & water
Avoid touching your nose,mouth & eyes
Avoid close contact with sick people
If sick with flu like symptome stay home for at
 least 24 hrs after fever is gone.
SOP for Infection control

             Pre-Hospital Care

 Three layer surgical mask for patient
 Avoid aerosol generating procedure
 Ambulance attendant         – PPE
                           - N 95 mask
 Ambulance driver             - Three layer mask
 Cleaning of ambulance interior by sodium
  hypochlorite
 Proper waste disposal
During Hospital care

   Admit in isolation ward
   Three layer mask for patient
   Doctors , nurses , paramedical staff – PPE
                                         - N-95 mask
   Aerosol generating procedures with PPE and N95 mask
   Hand hygiene
   Cleaning of patient’s room, contaminated surface and
    equipments daily by 5% Lysol / 10% sodium hypochlorite
   Proper waste disposal
N-95 mask
Three layer surgical mask
How to prevent disease spread ?

   Home quarantine
   Defer nonessential travel
   Entry screening to all air ports / ports
   Air port / port quarantine
   Community quarantine
   Social distancing measure –closure of school , college ,
    cinema hall , market , shopping mall
    Avoid mass gathering like festivals , marriage , sports ,
                religious , political & funeral
Quarentine


If flu like symptomes stay home for 24 hrs
 after symptomes have subsided
Confirmed case on temiflu isolate for 3 days
Confirmed case without drug isolate for 7
 days
Vaccine

Seasonal Influenza vaccine is not effective against H1 N1
State Control Room

           State Surveillance Unit
         Directorate Health Services
Old Nurses Hostel , D.K.S. Mantralaya Campus,
                     Raipur

           0771-2220011 ( 24 x 7 )
Thank you

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Swine flu overview

  • 1. Swine Flu & Overview Dr.Sushmita Ghosh Registrar Dept.of Pediatrics Dr.S.K.Saha(moderator) Senior Consultant J.L.N.H. & R.C. Bhilai Steel Plant
  • 2. Clinical Features & Complications
  • 3. Case Definitions  Suspected Case- defined as a person with acute febrile respiratory illness (fever≥38ºC) with onset: Within 7 days of close contact with a person who is a confirmed case of swine influenza(H1N1) virus infection,or Within 7 days of travel to community where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza A(H1N1) cases,or Resides in a community where there are one or more confirmed swine influenza cases
  • 4. Probable Case- defined as a person with an acute febrile respiratory illness who: ► Is positive for influenza A, but unsubtypable for H1 and H3 by influenza RT-PCR or reagents used to detect seasonal influenza virus infection,or ► Is positive for influenza A by an influenza rapid test or an influenza immunoflourescence assay(IFA) plus meet criteria for a suspected case. ► Individual with clinically compatible illness who died of an unexplained acute respiratory illness who is considered to be epidemiologically linked to a probable or confirmed case
  • 5. Confirmed Case: defined as a person with an acute febrile illness with laboratory confirmed swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection at WHO approved laboratories by one or more of the following tests:  Real time PCR  Viral culture  Four-fold rise in swine influenza A (H1N1) virus specific neutralising antibodies
  • 6.  Close Contact: defined as within 6 feet of an ill person who is a confirmed or suspected case of swine influenza A(H1N1) virus infection.  Acute Respiratory Illness: defined as recent onset of at least two of the following: -rhinorrhoea or nasal congestion -sore throat -cough(with or without fever or feverishness)
  • 7. Ordinary flu and pandemic flu – the differences Pandemic Flu Ordinary Flu Occurs during any season Occurs every yr during winter Affects almost half of the Affects 10-15% of world population population, Is a more serious infection Most recover in 1-2 wks without treatment Vaccine not available(new strain) Virus identified & vaccine available in advance(protective) People of all ages at risk of infection Antiviral med.stockpiled to treat people
  • 9. Symptoms & Signs in Swine  In pigs influenza infection produces fever, lethargy, sneezing, coughing , difficulty breathing and decreased appetite.  In some cases the infection can cause abortion.  Although mortality is usually low, the virus can produce weight loss and poor growth  Infected pigs can loose up to 12 pounds of body weight over a 3 to 4 week period
  • 10. Signs and symptoms  Symptoms of novel H1N1 flu in people are similar to those associated with seasonal flu.  Fever  Cough  Sore throat  Runny or stuffy nose  Body aches  Headache  Chills  Fatigue  In addition, vomiting(25%) and diarrhea (25%) have been reported. (Higher rate than for seasonal flu.)
  • 12. Watch for Emergency Warning Signs Most people should be able to recover at home, but watch for emergency warning signs that mean you should seek immediate medical care. In adults: Difficulty breathing or shortness of breath Pain or pressure in the chest or abdomen Sudden dizziness Confusion Severe or persistent vomiting Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
  • 13. Emergency warning signs in children If a child gets sick and experiences any of these warning signs, seek emergency medical care. In children:  Fast breathing or trouble breathing  Bluish or gray skin color  Not drinking enough fluids  Severe or persistent vomiting  Not waking up or not interacting  Irritable, the child does not want to be held  Flu-like symptoms improve but then return with fever and worse cough
  • 14. Transmission Transmission between pigs  The main route of transmission is through direct contact between infected and uninfected animals.  These close contacts are particularly common during animal transport.  The direct transfer of the virus probably occurs either by pigs touching noses, or through dried mucus.  Airborne transmission through the aerosols produced by pigs coughing or sneezing are also an important means of infection.
  • 15. Transmission to humans Through contact with infected pigs or environments contaminated with swine flu viruses(zoonosis) Through contact with a person with swine flu
  • 16. How does novel H1N1 Influenza spread?  This virus is thought to spread the same way seasonal flu spreads  Primarily through respiratory droplets  Coughing  Sneezing  Touching respiratory droplets on yourself, another person, or an object, then touching mucus membranes (e.g., mouth, nose, eyes) without washing hands
  • 17. Can you get novel H1N1 Influenza from eating pork? No. The novel H1N1 influenza virus (formerly referred to as swine flu) virus is not spread by food. You cannot get novel H1N1 flu from eating pork or pork products. Eating properly handled and cooked pork products is safe
  • 18. High Risk Groups Children younger than 5 years old. (more in <2 yrs old) Adults 65 years of age and older. Persons with the following conditions: Chronic pulmonary (including asthma), cardiovascular (except hypertension), renal, hepatic, hematological (including sickle cell disease), neurologic, neuromuscular, or metabolic disorders (including diabetes mellitus); Immunosuppression, including that caused by medications or by HIV; Pregnant women Persons younger than 19 years of age who are receiving long-term aspirin therapy Residents of nursing homes and other chronic-care facilities.
  • 19. Complications Bacterial Pneumonia Ear infection(otitis media) Sinus infection Croup Bronchiolitis Status asthmaticus Myocarditis Pericarditis Myositis Rhabdomyolysis contd.
  • 20. Complications Encephalitis Seizures Toxic Shock Syndrome Dehydration Worsening of chronic medical conditions ,such as CHF ,asthma & diabetes
  • 21. Pneumonia + Respiratory Failure SIRS Hypotension decreased oxygenation & perfusion to brain,heart,kidneys
  • 22. Cause of Death The most common cause of death is Respiratory Failure Other causes- -Pneumonia(leading to sepsis) -High fever -Dehydration Fatalities are more likely in young children and the elderly
  • 24. INFLUENZA What is Influenza(also called Flu)? The flu is a contagious respiratory illness caused by influenza viruses.It can cause mild to severe illness, and at times can cause death.
  • 25. What is an epidemic, an endemic and a pandemic? An epidemic is a sudden outbreak of disease that spreads through a single population or region in a short amount of time. An endemic is when in a population infection is maintained without the need for external inputs.
  • 26. A pandemic occurs when there is a rapidly-spreading epidemic of a disease that affects most countries and regions of the world.
  • 27. History  Greek physician Hippocrates“ Father of medicine” first described influenza in 412 BC  The first Influenza pandemic was recorded in 1580 and since then influenza pandemics occurred every 10-30 years  Influenza pandemics occurred in 1729- 1730,1732-1733,1781-1782,1830,1833- 1834,1847-1848.
  • 30. Pandemics of 20th century
  • 32. Inter epidemic phase Phase 1 : No new subtype human infection may be present in animals Phase 2 : No new subtype circulating animal infection
  • 33. Pandemic alert period Phase 3 : Human infection with a new subtype. No human to human spread Phase 4 : Small clusters with limited human to human transmission.
  • 34. Pandemic phase Phase 5 : large clusters with human to human transmission. Phase 6: Increased & sustained transmision with spread to different continents.
  • 36. Novel H1N1 Influenza First identified in april 2009 Mutation of 4 known strains of influenza virus Outbreak began in Mexico Transmission is human to human Not transmitted by eating foods
  • 38. Agent- genetic sequencing shows a new subtype of influenza A(H1N1) virus with segments from four influenza viruses: -North American Swine -North American Avian -Human Influenza -Eurasian Swine
  • 39. Host factors- otherwise healthy young adults Transmission- Droplet infection and fomites Incubation Period - 1-7 days Communicability- From day 1 before to 7 days after the onset of symptoms.
  • 40. CDC expects that more cases, more hospitalizations, and more deaths from this outbreak will occur over the coming days and months.  Influenza is always serious – each year in the United States, seasonal influenza results, on average, in an estimated 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations from flu-related causes.  This outbreak certainly poses the potential to be at least as serious as seasonal flu, if not more so, especially given the fact that there currently is no vaccine against this virus.  Because this is a new virus, most people will not have immunity to it, and illness may be more severe and widespread as a result.
  • 43. WHO Update Last WHO update on july 6 ,2009 94,512 confirmed cases 122 countries 429 deaths In U.S. as of july 17,2009 40,617 confirmed cases 263 deaths
  • 44. Indian scenario until Monday Total 1707 cases reported New cases 152 Cured 694 230 positive cases in Pune Total no.of deaths so far 24
  • 47. Genomic Segments of Influenza A Virus
  • 48. Antigenic Variation  Unique Feature: HA, NA undergo independent antigenic variation Antigenic Drift Antigenic Shift  Drift: gradual sequential change in antigenic structure, occurring regularly at freq. intervals.New ags though diff. from the prev. ags are yet related to them-cause periodical epidemics.
  • 49.  Shift: Abrupt, drastic, discontinuous variation in the antigenic structure resulting in a novel virus strain unrelated antigenically to predecessor strains-may involve both HA and NA.  Antibodies to predecessor viruses do not neutralise the new variants, therefore spread widely in the popn causing major epidemics or pandemics.  Present strain influenza 2009 A/ H1N1 is a rare recombination of gene segments from swine with avian and human influenza strains.
  • 51. Laboratory diagnosis Demo of the virus antigen • Direct detection Microscopy Ag detection Nucleic Acid analysis Nucleic Acid Act. Assay Isolation • Culture Serological test
  • 52. Direct Detection Microscopy-EM Ag Detection NA activity assay-rarely used NA analysis-RT-PCR
  • 53. Isolation  Culture-Cell culture, chick embryo Identification and Typing  HAI,Elisa Serologic tests  Four fold rise in ab titre
  • 55. Principles of Management 1. Prevention of spread of disease from patient to others, 2. Prompt treatment to prevent severe illness and death, 3. Early identification and follow up of suspected cases.
  • 56. Infra structure/ Man power/ Material support 1. Isolation ward - Well ventilated - Beds one meter apart 2. Man Power - Dedicated doctors - Nurses - Paramedical staff 1. Equipments - Portable X-Ray machine - Oxygen - Pulse Oxymeter - Ventilator 1. Material - PPE, disinfectants, medicines
  • 57. Standard Operating Procedures 1. Standard infection control precautions – PPE for all contacts  High efficiency mask Three layer surgical mask N- 95 mask  Gowns  Goggles  Gloves  Caps  Shoe cover 2. Restrict number of visitors 3. Antiviral treatment and prophylaxis 4. Proper waste disposal
  • 58. Anti Viral Treatment  Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)  Recommended by WHO  For treatment and prophylaxis  Adult dose -75 mg. BD  Supervised govt. supply  Other drug – Zanamivir (Relenza)
  • 59. Doses Of Oseltamivir By Weight:  For weight <15kg 30 mg BD for 5 days  15-23kg 45 mg BD for 5 days  24-<40kg 60 mg BD for 5 days  > 40kg 75 mg BD for 5 days For infants:  < 3 months 12 mg BD for 5 days  3-5 months 20 mg BD for 5 days  6-11 months 25 mg BD for 5 days  It is also available as syrup (12mg per ml )  If needed dose & duration can be modified as per clinical condition.
  • 60. Chemoprophylaxis  All close contacts of suspected , probable and confirmed cases. Close contacts include household/social contact , family members , work place or school contacts, fellow travelers etc.  All health care personnel coming in contact with suspected , probable or confirmed case.  Drug recommended - Oseltamivir  Mass chemoprophylaxis
  • 61. Doses of Oseltamivir for chemoprophylaxis  Prophylaxis should be provided till 10 days after last exposure (maximum period of 6 weeks) By Weight:  For weight <15kg 30 mg OD  15-23kg 45 mg OD  24-<40kg 60 mg OD  >40kg 75 mg OD For infants:  < 3 months not recommended unless situation judged critical due to limited data on use in this age group  3-5 months 20 mg OD  6-11 months 25 mg OD
  • 62. Side Effects of Oseltamivir Generally well tolerated Mild - Nausea , vomiting , pain in abdomen - Vertigo , insomnia - Bronchitis , epistaxis Less common - Angina - Pseudomembranous colitis - Peritonsillar abscess Rare - Anaphylaxis Pregnancy - Risk benefit analysis
  • 63. Supportive  Plenty of oral fluids  I . V. fluids  Parenteral nutrition  Oxygen  Antibiotics for secondary bacterial infection  Steam inhalation  Paracetamol / ibuprofen  Vasopressors for shock  Mechanical ventilation
  • 64. Avoid  Aspirin  Steroids  Smoking  Cough suppressants
  • 65. Indication of Oxygen Therapy Dyspnoea Tachypnoea SpO2 < 90%
  • 66. Indication of Mechanical Ventilation  Severe pneumonia  Acute respiratory failure  SpO2 < 90% with oxygen  PaO2 < 60mm Hg with oxygen  Invasive ventilator – Preferred  Hepafilters on expiratory ports  Prophylactic antibiotic
  • 67. Admission Policy  Severe - Admission  Mild - Option of hospitalisation or isolation and treatment at home Home  Well informed consent  Guidelines to patient and household contact  Treatment to patient  Chemoprophylaxis to household contacts  Strict home quarantine  Children should not attend school Not for passengers at the point of entry
  • 68. CDC Guidelines for school Inform students &parents about symptoms Refer students with flu like symptoms Use home isolation Monitor closely Consult with local authorities
  • 69. Discharge Policy  Adults – 7 days after symptoms have subsided  Children - 14 days
  • 70. Management of close contacts  Voluntary home quarantine x 7 days  Monitor for fever  Prompt testing and hospitalisation sos when symptoms reported  All suspected cases need to be notified to the state health authorities
  • 71. Every day steps Cover your nose & mouth Wash your hands often with soap & water Avoid touching your nose,mouth & eyes Avoid close contact with sick people If sick with flu like symptome stay home for at least 24 hrs after fever is gone.
  • 72. SOP for Infection control Pre-Hospital Care  Three layer surgical mask for patient  Avoid aerosol generating procedure  Ambulance attendant – PPE - N 95 mask  Ambulance driver - Three layer mask  Cleaning of ambulance interior by sodium hypochlorite  Proper waste disposal
  • 73. During Hospital care  Admit in isolation ward  Three layer mask for patient  Doctors , nurses , paramedical staff – PPE - N-95 mask  Aerosol generating procedures with PPE and N95 mask  Hand hygiene  Cleaning of patient’s room, contaminated surface and equipments daily by 5% Lysol / 10% sodium hypochlorite  Proper waste disposal
  • 76. How to prevent disease spread ?  Home quarantine  Defer nonessential travel  Entry screening to all air ports / ports  Air port / port quarantine  Community quarantine  Social distancing measure –closure of school , college , cinema hall , market , shopping mall Avoid mass gathering like festivals , marriage , sports , religious , political & funeral
  • 77. Quarentine If flu like symptomes stay home for 24 hrs after symptomes have subsided Confirmed case on temiflu isolate for 3 days Confirmed case without drug isolate for 7 days
  • 78. Vaccine Seasonal Influenza vaccine is not effective against H1 N1
  • 79. State Control Room State Surveillance Unit Directorate Health Services Old Nurses Hostel , D.K.S. Mantralaya Campus, Raipur 0771-2220011 ( 24 x 7 )