This presentation is to motivate young minds to use alternate energy sources in innovative way. The students would have interest generated in solar energy, battery, aircraft technology.
13. o Clean
o Sustainable
o Free
o Provide Electricity to Remote Places
Advantages of Solar Energy
14. Energy
o Inefficient and costly equipment
o Part Time availability
o Reliability Depends on Location
o Environmental Impact of PV Cell Production
15.
16. The Pilots of Solar Aircraft on RTW
Bertrand Piccard and
André Borschberg are
taking #Si2 further East.
The solar airplane took off
on 18th morning from
Ahmedabad, with André
Borschberg at the
commands.
Bertrand Piccard will
continue onward from
Varanasi to Mandalay,
Myanmar next day.
18. Basics of Flights
Weight's opposing force
is Lift, which holds an airplane
in the air.
This feat is accomplished
through the use of a wings
(airfoil)
Drag is the force in opposition
to the Thrust.
19. Basics of Flights
The wing splits the airflow over the
wing and below the wing.
The shape and tilt of wing makes air
moving over it travel faster than the
air moving underneath.
As air speeds up, its pressure drops.
So the faster-moving air, over the
wing, exerts less pressure on it than
the slower moving air underneath the
wing.
The result is an upward push of lift.
Bernoulli's Principle
20. Ailerons for Roll Motion
• Ailerons, are horizontal flaps
located near the end of an
airplane's wings.
• These flaps help one wing to
generate more lift than the other,
resulting in a rolling motion.
• This results in banking of plane to
left or right.
• Ailerons usually work in
opposition.
21. Elevators for Pitching
On the horizontal tail wing, these
flaps are called elevators as they
enable the plane to go up and down
through the air.
22. Rudder for Yaw motion
Vertical tail wing features a flap
known as a Rudder that enables the
plane to turn left or right
26. SI-2 Facts
• Single seat aircraft made of carbon fiber
• Weight of just 2,300 Kg (~ a car)
• 72 meter wingspan (larger than that of the Boeing 747-8I)
• The 17,248 solar cells used on the wing to generate 66KW
peak
• Solar cell thickness 135 microns
• Four electric motors 4 x 17.4 BHP
• Lithium batteries: weighing 633 Kg, providing 13 kW each
• Propeller diameter: 4 m (13.1 ft)
27. SI -2 Facts
Performance
• Maximum speed: 140 km/h
• Cruise speed: 90 km/h (60 km/h at night to save power)
• Service ceiling: 8,500 m (27,900 ft) with a maximum altitude
of 12,000 meters (39,000 ft)
• Take-off speed: 35 kmph
28. SI -2 Facts about RTW trip
2 pilots (One at a time)
12 Halts
Total distance 35000 Kms
500 Hrs of flying Days n Nights in 5 Months
90 Support team members
340 KW Daily produced solar power
Average altitude 8500 km
Average speed 100 kmph
Abudhabi – India – Myanmar – China – USA –
UAE
Solar energy is radiation produced by nuclear fusion inside the sun’s core.
It takes millions of years for the energy in the sun’s core to make its way to the solar surface.
It takes 8 minutes to travel 93 million miles to earth. (186,000 miles per second)
The Greenhouse effect traps some of the heat making life on earth possible.
A car is a good example of how solar energy can be collected and put to use.
Because solar energy is radiant energy, no heat from the sun travels to the earth.
The radiant energy turns into thermal energy (heat) when it is absorbed by molecules on Earth.
In a car, the insides of the car(sets, floors, walls, etc.) absorb sunlight and change it to heat.
The glass window lets the light in but does not let the heat out.
The four technologies employed to make use of solar energy are:
Daylighting- the use of natural sunlight to brighten the building’s interior.
Passive Solar Heating- takes advantage of Sun’s warmth and materials that absorb that warmth during the day/release it at night when heat is needed.
Active Solar Heating- solar collectors concentrate the sun’s power on dark color plates that absorb heat. Air or liquid flows through tubes and warmed by the plates.
Concentrating Solar Thermal- mirrors direct sunlight on one point. Water is turned into steam with this heat. The steam turns a turbine to create electricity.
Photovoltaic(PV)- converts sunlight directly to electricity.
A PV cell is made from a thin disc of almost pure silicon crystal called silicon wafer.
A small amount of boron is added. The boron gives the crystal structure a positive electrical characteristic. Since this part has a positive characteristic it is referred to as a “P” type silicon and it forms the base of the cell.
A thin layer of silicon crystal is formed over the disc of “P” type silicon. This time a small amount of phosphorous is added to the mixture. The phosphorous mixture creates a negative characteristic and thus is referred to as an “N” type silicon.
When light penetrates to the junction of the “N” and “P” type silicon layers it creates a flow of electrons throughout the crystal structure. This flow of electrons occurs because sunlight is composed of photons, or particles of solar energy. When sunlight strikes a PV cell, some photons are absorbed. When enough sunlight (energy) is absorbed by the material (called a semiconductor), electrons are dislodged from the materials’ atoms.
A crystal structure of silicon contains empty areas which accept the electrons.
As one electron moves to fill a hole, it created another hole.
It is the flow of these electrons that produces electricity.
The photovoltaic cell is the basic building block of a PV system.
Individual cells can vary in sizes from about 1cm to about 10 cm across.
Most cells are made with silicon today.
Silicon must be purified– this is one of the biggest expenses in the production of solar cells.
One PV cell only produces 1 or 2 watts of electricity, which isn't enough power for most applications.
To Increase power groups of solar cells are electrically connected and packaged into packaged weather-tight modules and arrays to provide useful output voltages and currents to provide a specific power output.
A PV System typically consists of 3 basic components.
PV cells - Electricity is generated by PV cells, the smallest unit of a PV system,
Modules - PV cells are wired together to form modules which are usually a sealed, or encapsulated, unit of convenient size for handling.
Arrays – Groups of panels make up an array.
The conversion efficiency of a PV cell is the proportion of sunlight energy that the cell converts into electrical energy.
This is very important because improving this efficiency is vital to making PV energy competitive with more traditional sources of energy, such as fossil fuels.
The first PV cells were converting light to electricity at 1 to 2 percent efficiency.
Today’s PV devices convert up to 17 percent of the radiant energy that strikes them into electric energy. (40% NREL)
Solar PV System Solar cells produce direct current (DC), therefore they are only used for DC equipments. If alternating current (AC) is needed for AC equipments or backup energy is needed, solar photovoltaic systems require other components in addition to solar modules. These components are specially designed to integrate into solar PV system, that is to say they are renewable energy products or energy conservation products and one or more of components may be included depending on the type of application. The components of a solar photovoltaic system are:
Solar Module is the essential component of any solar PV system that converts sunlight directly into DC electricity.
2. Solar Charge Controller regulates voltage and current from solar arrays, charges the battery, prevents battery from overcharging and also performs controlled over discharges.
3.Battery stores current electricity that produces from solar arrays for using when sunlight is not visible, nighttime or other purposes.
4. Inverter is a critical component of any solar PV system that converts DC power output of solar arrays into AC for AC appliances.
5. Lightning protection prevents electrical equipments from damages caused by lightning or induction of high voltage surge. It is required for the large size and critical solar PV systems, which include the efficient grounding.