2. • Fungi are eukaryotes with cell walls that
give them their shape.
• Fungal cells can grow as a multicellular
filaments called moulds Or as single cells or
chains of cells called yeast.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16. ACCORDING TO PATHOGENICITY:
• Superficial mycoses/Mucocutaneous mycoses
• Subcutaneous mycoses
• Deep mycoses/SYSTEMIC MYCOSIS
17.
18. SPECIMEN COLLECTION:
SKIN SCRAPINGS
o Nail clippings/scrapings
o Hair
o Exudates
o Biopsy materials.
o Respiratory .
o Body fluids e.g CSF.
DIRECT EXAMINATION: Wood’s lamp
10-30% KOH
Histological stains- H&E, PAS
India Ink
Wet mount
19.
20. II. Isolation & Culture
SDA
Media with/without antibiotics
Macroscopic examination of culture
Microscopic examination
25. common and limited to the very superficial
or keratinized layers of skin, hair, and nails.
Dermatophyte (Ringworm) – skin lesions
characterized by red margins, scales and
itching.
onychomycosis – chronic infection of the
nail
26.
27. Mucocutaneous candidiasis – colonization of
the mucous membranes
• Caused by the yeast Candida albicans
• Often associated with a loss of
immunocompetence
• Thrush – fungal growth in the oral cavity.
• Vulvovaginitis – fungal growth in the vaginal
canal
Can be associated with a hormonal
imbalance e.g diabetes mellitus
28.
29. Localized primary infections of subcutaneous
tissue:involve lymphatics and rarely
disseminate
Can cause the development of cysts and
granulomas.
35. Deep mycoses Usually seen in
immunosuppressed patients with:
• AIDS
• Cancer
• Diabetes
Can be acquired by:
• Inhalation of fungi or fungal spores
• Use of contaminated medical equipment
Deep mycoses can cause a systemic infection –
disseminated mycoses
Deep/systemic mycoses
36.
37. 1. Fever with severe neutropenia or
immunosuppresion
2. Fever resistant to broad spectrum
antibiotics in neutropenic patient
3. Symptoms and signs of new resistant or
progressive lower respiratory tract
infection
4. Prolonged severe lymphocytopenia in
chronic graft versus host disease [GVHD]
and immunosuppression
5. Periorbital or maxillary swelling with
tenderness
37
38. 6. Palatal necrosis or perforation
7. Features of focal neurologic deficit or
meningeal irritation with fever
8. Unexplained mental changes with fever
9. Papular or nodular skin lesions
10. Intra-ocular evidence of systemic
fungal infection
38
39. Candidiasis
• Usually opportunistic and endogenous
originating from oropharyngeal, genitourinary or
skin colonization
• May be nosocomial
Acute disseminated
Chronic disseminated (hepatosplenic)
40.
41. Coccidiomycoses – caused by genus
Coccidioides.
• Primary respiratory infection.
• Leads to fever, erythremia, and bronchial
pneumonia.
• Usually resolves spontaneously due to immune
defense.
• Some cases are fatal.
42.
43. Histoplasmosis – caused by Histoplasma
capsulatum
• Often associated with immunodeficiency.
• Causes the formation of granulomas.
• Can necrotize and become calcified.
• If disseminated can be fatal.
44.
45. Aspergillosis – caused by several species of
Aspergillus
• Associated with immunodeficiency.
• Can be invasive and disseminate to the blood
and lungs
Causes acute pneumonia
• Mortality is very high.
Death can occur in weeks.
48. Etioliogical agent: Candida albicans
• Dimorphic fungus of the class
Deuteromycetes .
Grows as yeast or pseudohyphae
Spread by contact; often part of normal flora
Opportunistic infections common. Vulvovaginitis
Oral candidiasis (thrush)
Systemic candidiasis
49. Candidiasis
• Residing normally in the skin, mouth,
gastrointestinal tract, and vagina.
• DIABETICS AND BURN PATIENTS
susceptible to superficial candidiasis.
• Severe disseminated candidiasis: commonly
occurs in patients who are neutropenic due to
Leukemia, Chemotherapy, Or Bone Marrow
Transplantation, and may cause shock and DIC.
52. commonly candidiasis takes the form of a
superficial infection on mucosal surfaces of
the oral cavity (thrush):
Clinical features Oral thrush:
it is a sore mouth, shows white curd like
patches of the fungus on the oral mucosa and
tongue, which can be scrapped away leaving a
raw, tender, bleeding surface behind
55. Dermatomycoses are any fungal infection
of the skin or hair.
Caused by many different species and are
generally named after the infected area
rather than the species that causes it.
56. Cause: Several genera of dermatophytic fungi:
• Trichophyton.
• Microsporum.
• Epidermophyton.
• Grow on skin, hair, nails
• Transmitted by contact with infected persons or
animals.
57. • Tinea pedis
• Tinea corporis
• Tinea capitis
• Tinea barbae
• Tinea cruris
• Tinea unguium/onychomycosis
Tinea infections: Red, scaly or blister-like lesions;
often a raised red ring; “ringworm”
58.
59.
60. TOPICAL THERAPY: should be applied for at
least 2 weeks.
Topical azoles and allylamines high rates of
clinical efficacy. (miconazole/ terbinafin)
These agents inhibit the synthesis of
ergosterol, a major fungal cell membrane
sterol.
SYSTEMIC THERAPY: may be indicated for
tinea corporis in extensive skin infection,
immunosuppression, resistance to topical
antifungal therapy.
